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 Index
S. NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.
1) RE-ORGANISATION OF MP 3-11
2) GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MP 12-18
3) SOIL OF MP 19-22
4) CLIMATE, SEASON AND RAINFALL 23-26
5) MOUNTAIN RANGES OF MP 27-28
6) DRAINAGE SYSTEM/RIVERS OF MP 29-33
7) RIVER VALLEY PROJECT OF MP 34-40
8) TRIBAL ASPECTS OF M.P. 41-55
9) FOREST OF MP 56-64
10) WILD LIFE IN MP 65-71
11) EDUCATION IN MP 72-76
12) SPORTS IN MP 77-80
13) AGRICULTURE IN MP 81-86
14) COMMUNICATION AND BROADCASTING 87-90
15) THERMAL POWER PLANTS 91-94
16) MINERAL RESOURCES IN MP 95-100
17) INDUSTRIES IN MP 101-110
18) ADMINISTRATION IN MP 111-123
19) ART AND CULTURE OF MP 124-145
20) HISTORY OF MP (ACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUS) 146-158
21) CONTRIBUTION OF MP IN FREEDOM MOVEMENTS 159-160

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 RE-ORGANISATION OF M.P.
At the time of Independence undivided India was categorised into British
provinces and princely states. After partition those British provinces and princely
states came under the Indian geographical boundaries clubbed into 29 states and were
divided in to four fold classification i.e. A, B, C & D categories.
But it was an ad hoc arrangement & was re-organized by
state reorganization commission chaired by Justice Fazal Ali and thus 14 states & 6
U.T.’s came into existence in which M.P. was one.

 At that time contemporary M.P. was the part of following princely states.

(i) Central province including Berar, Bhagelkhand, Mahakaushal, Chhattisgarh and

Vidharba
 Categorised as Part – A state

 Capital – Nagpur.

(ii) Madhya Bharat (Including Western – central part of Malwa)

 Categorised as Part – B state

 Capital – Gwalior and Indore (For 6-6 months)

(iii) Vindhya Pradesh (Bundelkhand and Bhagelkhand)

 Categorised as Part – C state

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  Capital – Rewa.

(iv) Bhopal, it was the separate state of Part – C with capital Bhopal.
 On 29th of Dec. 1953 Central govt. Constituted State re-organisation commission

(SRC) under the chairmanship of Justice Fazal Ali with two other members –
1) K.M. Panikkar. 2) Hriday Nath Kunzuru.
 On the recommendation of Fazal Ali commission M.P. was created on 1st of Nov.

1956 with following changes.

1) Vidharba and Berar region of Central province (i.e. 8 Districts – Buldhana,
Akola, Amaravati, Yavatmal, Wardha, Nagpur Bhandara and Chanda)
handed over to than Bombay state and rest 17 Hindi linguistic dist of the Part – A
became the part of M.P.
2) In Madhya Bharat two changes had been made –
a) Excluding the Sunel Tappa region of Bhanpura Tehsil of Mandsaur district
rest of the Part – B merged into M.P.
b) Sironj Tehsil of Kota district of Rajasthan was merged in Vidisha dist. of M.P.
3) Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal state was completely merged in to M.P.
 Pattabhi Sitaramayya became first governor and Pandit Ravi Shandar Shukla

became the first Chief Minister of newly formed M.P.

 Bhopal was declared as the capital of M.P. and at that time it was the Tehsil of

Sehore dist.
 On Nov 1, 1956 M.P. was classified under and divisions and 43 districts.

 At that time M.P. holds first rank in area with 4,43,446 Km2.

 On Jan. 26, 1972 two new districts were formed i.e. – Bhopal and Raj Nandgaon

and count went to 45.

 In 1982 M.P. govt. Constituted “District re-organisation commission” under the

chairmanship of B.R. Dubey. This commission recommended to from 16 new

districts.
 On May 25, 1998, 10 new districts were formed and count went to 55.

 Due to some regional disputes Singh Dev Commission was formed by state govt.

In 1998. Hence on June 10, 1998 rest 6 new districts were formed.

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  At that time M.P. was classified under 12 division and 61 districts.

 According to M.P. re-organisation act, 2000 on Nov 1, 2000 Chhattisgarh came in

to existence as 26th state 3 divisions and 16 districts went over there and count
reduced to 45 districts and 9 divisions.
 In this way the new area of M.P. reduced to 3,08,252 km2 which covers 9.38% of

total area of India.

 Due to this change M.P. has lost its first rank as per area and shifted to 2nd rank.

 State govt. has created 3 new districts on the recommendation of Bose

commission on 15th of Aug. 2003.

(i) Ashok Nagar from Guna.
(ii) Burhanpur from Khandwa.

(iii) Anuppur from Shadol.

Date of Formation Existing District Newly formed District

17th of May 2008 Jhabua. Alirajpur
24th of May 2008 Sidhi Singrauli
15th/16th of Aug 2013 Shajapur Agar Malwa
1st of Oct. 2018 Tikamgarh Niwari (52nd District)

Note : Niwari - 3 Tehsils – Niwari, Prithvipur and Orchha

- First Collector – Akshya Kumar Singh
- First S.P. – Mukesh Shri Vastav

 Miscellaneous facts

In 2008 M.P. govt. declared to form two new divisions, they were Shadol and
Chhindwara. Out of which Shadol division came in to existence as 10th division on 14th
of June 2008 and Chhindwara is still proposed as 11th division.

Note – (i) M.P. Titled as Hriday Pradesh by Jawahar Lal Nehru.

(ii) M.P. is a land locked state. Apart from M.P. Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
Haryana and Telangana are also land locked state.

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  Note : 14 districts of M.P. lie on the Tropic of Cancer. These are –
1) Ratlam 6) Bhopal 11) Jabalpur
2) Ujjain 7) Vidisha 12) Katni
3) Agar Malwa 8) Raisen 13) Umaria
4) Rajgarh 9) Sagar 14) Shahdol
5) Sehore 10) Damoh

Note : M.P. Shared maximum boundary with U.P. and minimum with Gujarat.

Administrative Distribution

M.P. State Secretariat Situated at Bhopal

Chief Secretary
Sudhi Ranjan Mohanti
10 – Divisions

Cities (476) 52 – Districts Jila Panchayat (51)

Munciple Munciple City Council 385 – Tehsils

Coporation Council
Nagar Nigam Nagar Nagar
16 Palika Panchyat 313 – Blocks Janpad Panchayat
(New- 98 272 (89 – S.T. Blocks) (313)
Morena and (1st Datia)
Chhindwara)
(1st Jabalpur)
54,903 – Villages Gram Panchayat
22,812

53738 - Revenue
Villages

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 GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE
 Location
The present state of Madhya Pradesh lies between 2106’N to 26030’N
latitudes and 7409’E to 82048’E longitudes. Its total geographical area is 3,08,252 km2,
which is 9.38% of the area of India. Geographically Madhya Pradesh is the second
largest state of India after Rajasthan. Its extent from East to West is 870 km and from
North to South 605 km. Its Northern boundary is drawn by the Chambal and Southern
boundary by Tapti River.
Eastern and Western boundaries are made by hills of Maikal, Kaimur and
Gujarat respectively. The Tropic of Cancer divides the state into two equal halves
parallel to the river Narmada.
 Neighbours
This Central state of India being landlocked shares its boundaries with five
states as-Rajsthan on North-West, Uttar Pradesh on North-East, Chhattisgarh on East,
Maharashtra on South and Gujarat on West. The different bordering districts of Madhya
Pradesh sharing the boundary with other states are as –

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[Link]. Bordering State Bordering Districts (Madhya Pradesh)
1) Uttar Pradesh Morena, Bhind, Datia, Shivpuri, Ashoknagar, Sagar,
Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Niwari, Panna, Satna, Rewa, Sidhi,
Singrauli. (No. of Districts - 14)
2) Rajasthan Morena, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Guna, Rajgarh, Agar Malwa,
Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch Jhabua. (No. of Districts - 10)
3) Maharashtra Alirajpur, Badwani, Khargone, Burhanpur, Khandwa, Betul,
Chhindwara, Sieoni, Balaghat. (No. of Districts - 9)
4) Chhattisgarh Singrauli, Sidhi, Shahdol, Anuppur, Dindori, Balaghat. (No.
of Districts - 6)
5) Gujarat Jhabua, Alirajpur (No. of Districts - 2)

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF MADHYA PRADESH

Structurally, Madhya Pradesh is a part of continental plateau of India.
Because of being a part of the oldest portion of Earth, Madhya Pradesh has witnessed
structural changes in various eras. Geological formations of following times are found
in the state.
 Archaean Era
Rocks of Archaean era are the oldest hard rocks over Earth. These rocks are
devoid of any fossils because they belong to the times when there was no life on Earth.
In Madhya Pradesh, such rocks could be found in Bundelkhand. In this region the
proofs of these Archaean rocks could be found in the form of pink granite, sil and dike
in long, narrow caves of Bundelkhand.
 Dharwar
Rocks belonging to the Dharwar times are majorly the metamorphic rocks
formed out of the erosion of Archaean rocks. Due to their metamorphism under very
high temperature and pressure, even rocks of these times are devoid of any fossils. In
Madhya Pradesh, These rocks are majorly found in Jabalpur, Balaghat and Chhindwara.
 Purana System of Rocks
In the due course of time, the Dharwar rocks got converted into hills through
folding and faulting. The cycle of erosion converted these hills further into plains and
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eventually these plains again got converted into Purana system of rocks. Based on the
time of formation, this old system of rocks is divided in two categories.
 Cuddapah System of Rocks
It is an older system of rocks than the Vindhyan. Most of this system rocks
are fragile, eroded and metamorphic, majorly these rocks are found in the plains of
Chhattisgarh but their extensisons could also be seen in Bijawar, Panna and Gwalior.
Thus, these rocks are found on the North-Western boundaries of Madhya Pradesh in
the form of Shale, Gaspar and hornstone. Diamonds are also found in lower Cuddapah
system’s Bijawar series.
 Vindhyan System of Rocks
A rock System of thickness of about 4200 m is found in Vindhya system of
rocks. In Madhya Pradesh, this rock system is extended from Rewa in North-West of
Son River till Rajasthan in West of the Chambal. In Madhya Pradesh, this system of
rocks is divided into two categories –
 Lower Vindhyan
LowerVindhyan group of rocks are extended in North of Narmada from
East to West. They could also be found in the valleys of Bheema and Son. In the
valley of son, they could be seen in the form limestone, shale and sandstone.
 Upper Vindhyan
This group of rocks is extended in the North of Narmada in the form of
Kemur, Rewa and Bhander Series. A small amount of fossils is also found in this
system of rocks. The building material and stones used in the historical buildings
and monuments of Northern-India is found here in abundance.
 Aryan System of Rocks
Under this the rock system from Upper Carboniferous till the most recent
rock systems could be covered. During the Upper Carboniferous period the Deccan
Plateau was affected by several endogenetic forces. But due to the excessive stress the
rocks got fragile and the long and narrow plains got submerged between them. In these
small areas the fresh water lakes formed and in due course of time from the sediments
of these banks the Gondwana rocks got formed.
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 Gondwana System of Rocks
This system of rocks is majorly found in Satpura and Baghelkhand Plateau
region of Madhya Pradesh. Gondwana system of rocks mainly consists of layery rocks.
The Gondwana rocks of Madhya Pradesh are divided in the following three categories -

 Lower Gondwana Rock System

This is also known as Talcheer system of rocks and is majorly found in Son-
Narmada valley and the Satpura region, Because of an average thickness of 10-122m,
the geologists consider them to be made up the action of ice and winds both.
Penchghati and Mohpani coal fields come under this talcheer system of rocks only.

 Middle Gondwana Rock System

In Madhya Pradesh, the middle Gondwana rock system is developed in
Satpura region and in the surrounding areas like Panchat, Pachmarhi, Denwa and
Bagra. In the Pachmarhi region, the big layery sandstone is found which is yellowish
red in appearance because of the excess of iron in it. Clay stone is found in
Panchmarhi.

 Upper Gondwana Rock System

This is found in Satpura and Baghelkhand both the regions. Sandstone and
shales are most abundant in this rocks system. Also, the layers of coal, vegetation and
limestone are also found in these stones. These are known as Chaughan and
Jabalpur ister in Satpura. In Chaughan ister the limestone, clay, sandstone and their
conglomerated layers are found whereas in Jabalpur ister soft sandstone, white-
yellow shale, brown coal etc occur more frequently.

 Cretateous Rocks

In Madhya Pradesh, the proof of Cretateous rocks is found in the Narmada

valley. In Narmada valley, there are groups of rocks formed by the sediments of the
rivers and estuaries, which are also called as Bagh series, whereas in other regions of
Madhya Pradesh the rocks formed through comparatively newer sediments, are known
as Lameta series. In such rocks the mixed linestone rocks, sandstone, grit and clay
stones are majorly found along with some fossils.

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 Tertiary Rock System
In the tertiary rock system the Gondwana landmass got fragmented in small
parts and thus submerged under the sea. During this time only the Deccan Plateau
evolved in the present form and the Great Himalayas also evolved from the sediments
of Tethis Sea through folding in the form of young fold mountains. All these endogenetic
forces had and effect over the other parts of the India too and in the South and South-
East of Madhya Pradesh the Narmada and Sone Valley emerged due to the degrading of
the landmass. Also, whole of the Northern plateau got raised and gave rise to the slopes
and falls on the Northern boundaries of the state. These high falls and low lying slopes
resulted in the erosion through rivers which also lead to the formation of river valleys
in the plateau region of the state.

[Link]. Time Proof (In Madhya Pradesh)

1) Archaean Pink Granite of Bundelkhand, Niese, Sil, Dyke
2) Dharwar Chilpi hills of Balaghat, Sausar hills of Chhindwara
and Bijawar of Bundelkhand
3) Purana Panna, Bijawar of Gwalior, Kemur, Bhander
4) Dravid No proofs in Madhya Pradesh
5) Aryan Coal fields of Satpura and Bahelkhand
6) Cretateous Bagh and Lameta series and volcanoes of Malwa
7) Tertiary Narmada and Sone Valley

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 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF M.P.

M.P. lies in the middle of the India, hence also termed as Hriday Pradesh
and shares it’s boundaries with neighbouring states. It has varied topographic and
climatic characteristics and it is completely landlocked.
The state is transversed by Satpura, Vindhyan and
Maikal Ranges. No. of significante River through this State. Thus with the preservence
of river, mighty plains and mountain ranges, Madhya Pradesh is endowed with varied
physical future. In this way M.P. is divided into following geographical zones.

Geographical Zones

Central High land Satpura Maikal Range Eastern Plateau/Plateau

of Baghelkhand
1) Plateau of Central India
2) Plateau of Malwa
3) Valley of Narmada-Son
4) Plateau of Bundelkhand
5) Plateau of Rewa-Panna

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A. Central High Land
1) Plateau of Central India :

It is situated in the North-East of Malwa Plateau. It is also termed as a semi-

arid region of Chambal. It is lies in the sub-tropical region hence it is very hot at
summers and very cool at winters. It is made up of weathering of Vindhayn Rocks and
depositions of Chambal River.
- Districts like Bhind, Murena, Gwalior, Shivpuri, Mandsaur, Neemuch and Guna
constitute this region.
- Prominent River – Chambal, Kali Sindh, Parvati, Kunwari and Kuno.
- Crops – Mustard, Sorghum, Flax and Sesam Seeds.

Note : Due to maximum production of Mustard Plateau of Central India is also known
as Mustard Bowl of M.P.

- Forest Produce – Sheesham, Khair and Babool.

- Average height – 400 m.
- Rainfall – less than 75 cm.
Note : Least Rainfall of M.P. is recorded at Bhind which is about 55 cm.

- Nature of Soil – Alluvial Soil.

 Historical Background
 In the Ayterai Brahamana (Rigveda) this region is described as a Madhya

Desha.
 Gwalior Fort was built by Raja Suraj Sen in 525 AD. The Gwalior State was

founded by Ranoji Rao Scindia in 1736 and his capital was Ujjain. Daulat Rao
Scindia transferred to Gwalior.
 The Gurjar Pratiharas established their empire at Gwalior in the 8th Century

AD. Gurjar Pratihar ruler Mihir Bhoj constructed Teli Ka Mandir at Gwalior
Fort in 850 AD.
 The Temple of Sahastra Bahu (Saas-Bahu, at Gwalior) was constructed by

Kachchhap Ghaat ruler Mahipal in 1092-93 AD. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.

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 2) Plateau of Malwa :

It is situated in the Western-Central part of M.P. It is found by the Besalt

rocks of Deccan Trap. Since this plateau has been made by the Lava and Besalt Rocks
hence the soil of this region is black.
- Districts – Guna, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dhar, Ujjain, Dewas, Sehore,
Indore, Agar-Malwa, Shahjapur, Bhopal, Raisen, Vidisha, Sagar and Ashoknagar.
- Prominent River – Chambal, Kshipra, Kali Sindh, Mahi, Parvati, Betwa and Kahn.
Note : Chambal originate from Vanchu Point of Janapav.
- Crops – Soyabean, Wheat, Cotton and Groundnut.
Note : Famous Grain Market (Anaj Mandi) of Malwa is situated at Sehore.
- Forest Produce – Teak, Tendu-Patta and Samal.
- Average Height – 500 m.
- Rainfall – 75-125 cm.
- Nature of Soil – Black
- Prominent Peaks –
a) Sigar – 881 m.
b) Janapav – 854 m. MHOW/Ambedkar Nagar
c) Ghajari – 810 m.
 Historical Background

During Mauryan Period the western part of Malwa was known as Avantika
and its capital was Ujjain where as its eastern part was known as Akka and its
capital was Vidisha. The name Malwa originated from ancient tribe Malav which
migrated from Punjab to this region and they ruled this region in 6th Century BC.
In 1734 Malhar Rao Holker established there camp at Indore later which
called as Malhar Ganj. In 1747 started the construction of Rajwada Palace. In 1767
Ahilya Bai Holker took the throne and shifted her capital from Indore to Maheshwar.
She ruled till 1795 and did lots of construction at Maheshwar like Palace of
Maheshwar and Narmada Ghat.

Note : 1) In 1770 Ahilya Bai established Indore as a prosperous and beautiful city.
2) Samadhi of Ahilya Bai is situated at Maheshwar.
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  Jantar-Mantar is situated at Ujjain.

 Two UNESCO’s world heritage site situated in Malwa Region –

1) Stupas of Sanchi (1998)

Raisen
2) Caves of Bheembetka (2003)
 Mandu which is one of the prominent historical sites of Malwa situated at Dhar

in Vindhyan Region.
 Religious Background

Out of 12 Jyotirling one is situated at Malwa i.e. Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain).

After every 12 years Simhastha has been organized in Ujjain at the bank of Kshipra,
recent one was held in 2016.
 Miscellaneous
 Indore is the first city of India which is having both IIM (in 1996) and IIT (in

2009).
 Main Industrial Centres of Malwa :

1) Pitampur – Dhar. 5) Maxi – Shajapur.

2) Mandideep – Raisen. 6) Lateri & Ganj Basoda – Vidisha.
3) Pilukhedi – Rajgarh. 7) Aga Saud – Bina (Sagar).
4) Megh Nagar – Jhabua.
3) Valley of Narmada-Son

It is a made up of Besalt rocks of Deccan Plateau. This region is drained by

Narmada and Son River and it extends from North-East to West. It is deepest part of
M.P. which is situated at the Southern Part of Malwa and Rewa-Panna and Northern
Part of Satpura Maikal Range.
- Districts – Jabalpur, Narsimhapur, Hoshangabad, Raise, Khandwa, Khargone,
Dhar, Jhabua and Alirajpur.
- Prominent Rivers – Narmada, Son, Tawa, Hiran, Barna, Sher, Shakkar, Doodhi
and Hatni.
Note : Valley of Narmada-Son is the largest rift valley of India in which the valley of
Narmada is wider and lengthier were as valley of Son is narrower.
- Crops – Wheat, Cotton, Soyabean, Groundnut and Rice.
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Note : (i) This fault Area is very fertile hence it is termed as a Food Belt of M.P.
(ii) This region is good for Zaid Crops.

- Forest Produce – Teak, Sal, Bamboo and Tendu leave.

- Average Height – 300 m.
- Rainfall – 70-140 cm.
- Nature of Soil – Dark Black.
 Miscellaneous
 Omkareshwar Jyotirling is situated at Khandwa it is also named as Mamleshwar.

 Dhuandhar Waterfall (Maheshwar), Ashokan rock edict of Roopnath (Jabalpur)

is famous tourist place in this plateau.

4) Plateau of Bundelkhand
It lies in the East of the Central Plateau. It is made up of Granite and Gniess
rocks of Archean Series. This plateau is surrounded by Panna, Bijawar and Chanderi
Hill Series. Highest Peak of this plateau is Peak of Siddha Baba – 1172 m. (Chirgaon,
Jhansi).
- Districts – Datia, Chhatarpura, Tikamgarh, Niwari, Shivpuri (Pichhor and Karera
Tehsil), Gwalior (Dabra Tehsil), Bhind (Lahar Tehsil).
- Prominent Rivers – Sindh, Betwa, Ken and Dhasan.
- Crops – Sorghum, Wheat, Mustard and Seesam Seeds.
- Forest Produce – Khair, Palash, Mahua and Tendu leaves.
- Average Height – 300 m.
- Rainfall – 75-125 cm.
- Nature of Soil – Red-Yellow.
- One UNESCO’s world heritage site situated in Bundelkhand Region –
1) Khajurao (1986)
 Historical Background –
 The famous temple of Khajuraho and Mahoba were built by the Chandels.

 In 1531 AD. Raja Rudra Pratap singh made Orchha as it’s capital.

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 5) Plateau of Rewa-Panna
It is also termed as Vindhyan Hilly Region it lies in the North-West of
Baghelkhand Plateau. This plateau is made up of Vindhyan Rocks.
- Districts – Rewa, Panna, Satna, Damoh and Rehli and Banda Tehsil of Sagar.
- Prominent Rivers – Ken, Sonar, Tons/Tamsa, Satna, Bihad and Beorma.
- Crops – Mainly Wheat, Then Rice, Sorghum and Oil seeds.
- Forest Produce – Bamboo, Teak and Tendu Leaves.
- Average Height – 350 m.
- Rainfall – 100-125 cm.
- Nature of Soil – Red-Yellow.
- Kevti, Bahuti and Chachai Waterfalls are the Prominent Spots of this region out of
which Chachai is the Highest Waterfall of M.P. (130m. /450 ft.). It is situated
in the Rewa district on Bihad River.
- Ancient Name of Rewa was Mrityunjaya.
 Historical Background
In 249 A.D. Haihayee rulers established their kingdom at Kalinger and
they are considered as a primary ruler of this region. Chandel Ruler Yashovarman
defeated the Haihayee rulers in 925-950 AD. In 14th Century A.D. Kalinger was taken
over by Bundel rulers.
B. Satpura Maikal Range
It is made up of Deccan Trap and Gondwana Rock Groups. It covers the area of
Madhya Pradesh ranging from south west boundary of Madhya Pradesh up to the
Amarkantak in the East. It is the chief Mountain range of the state and comprises of the
most important and highest mountain range of the state lies between Narmada and
Tapti rivers.
- Districts – Mandla, Dindori, Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul, Harda, Khandwa,
Khargone, Burhanpur and Badwani.
- Prominent Rivers – Narmada and Tapti are the major rivers of this region that
drains into the Arabian Sea, the next prominent river is Wainganga.
- Crops – Cotton, Sorghum in Satpura Region and Paddy (Rice) in Maikal Region.

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Note : As Nimar Region is good at cotton production hence Nimar is considered as
Silver Bowl of M.P.
- Forest Produce – Teak, Sal, Bamboo and Tendu Leaves.
Note : This region is heavily forest almost 50% of the associated land.
- Average Height – 500m.
- Rainfall – 75-140cm.
Note : Pachmari receives highest rainfall in M.P. which is about 200 cm.
- Nature of Soil – Layred Black in Satpura Region and Red-Yellow in Maikal Region.
 Miscellaneous

Pachmari is most prominent tourist place of this region which is also the
hill station of M.P. It is situated in Hoshangabad district. Highest Peak of M.P. is
Dhoop garh (1350m.). It is situated in the Mahadev hills.
Patalkot is in important tribal site which is situated in Chhindwara District
and it is famous for primitive life style of Bhariya’s.
C. Eastern Plateau/Plateau of Bagelkhand
It includes the eastern region of the M.P. This region made up of Gondwana
Rocks hence it forms abundand resources coal in M.P.

Note : (i) Prominent Coal region of M.P. is situated at Sohagpur which is situated in the
Shahdol districts.
(ii) Waidhan (Singrauli) is consider is the power capital of M.P.
- Districts – Sidhi, Singrauli, Shahdol, Umaria, Anuppur, Katni, Jabalpur and Mandla.
- Prominent Rivers – Son, Johila, Rihand, Banas and Tons. Naramada the Lifeline of
M.P. originates from Amarkantak (1057 m.) situated in the Anuppur District of this
plateau.
- Crops – Rice is the main crop is this region while other are Sorghum and Seesam
seeds.
- Forest Produce – Sal, Tendu Leaves and Bamboo.
- Average Height – 450 m.
- Rainfall – 100-125 cm.
- Nature of Soil – Red-Yellow.
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 SOIL OF M.P.

Soil can be defined as the organic and inorganic material on the surface of the
Earth that provides the medium for plant growth. It includes organisms, weathered
rocks, minerals etc. Soil formation process is called Pedogenesis.
- Soil is the natural body called the pedosphere. Which has four important functions –
1) It is a medium for plant growth.
2) It is a means of water storage, supply and purification.
3) It is a modifier of earth’s atmosphere.
4) It is a habitat for organisms.

Types of Soil

Black (47.6%) Red-Yellow Alluvial (3%) Laterite Mixed

(37%)

Normal Black Dark Black Layerd Black

(37%) (3.5%) (7.1%)

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1) Black Soil
It is also termed as Regur Soil and Black Cotton Soil. It is available on the
major part of state and it covers almost 47.6% land of M.P. It is formed by the
weathering of Basalt rocks of Deccan Trap. Mainly it covers the region of Malwa
Plateau, Narmada Valley and Satpura Mountain Series.
Such soil mainly consists of Iron and Limestone. The presence of iron gives it
black colour and the presence of lime increase of Moisture retention capacity. There
fore, it needs less irrigation.
- Cotton and Soyabean are most suitable crops to be grown in such soil.
- The quantity of Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Iron, Potassium and Magnesium
carbonate is more in black soil but is lacking in Nitrogen, phosphorus and carbonic
elements. It is alkaline (Basic) in nature with pH value 7.5 to 8.5
- On the basis of it’s colour and characteristics this soil can further be classied into
three parts.
(i) Normal Black (37%) – It covers whole northern part of Malwa Plateau.
(ii) Dark Black (3.5%) – It is mainly spreaded in southern Malwa, Narmada
valley & Northern Satpura.
(iii) Layred Black (7.1%) – It is spreaded in the Satpura region.
2) Red-Yellow Soil (37%)
Red-Yellow soil developed on crystalline igneous rocks. It is mostly found in
eastern M.P. especially in Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand region. It is made by vindhyan
Rocks and weathering of granite and gneiss. It’s yellow colour is due to the presence of
ferric oxide & it’s red colour is due to the presence of compounds produced after the
oxidation of Iron.
Since it lakcs in Nitrogen and Humus so its average fertility is low but due to
good rainfall it help in the cultivation of rice.
- pH value 5.5 to 8.5
3) Alluvial Soil (3%)
This soil is made by the erosion of gneiss rocks of Bundelkhand & Sediments
of Chambal River. It is found in the north-western district of M.P., especially in Chambal
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region. It is most fertile soil but it lacks in humus, organic material, nitrogen &
phosphorus hence it needs proper use of fertilizers.
- It is best suitable for the Mustard, Sugarcane & Cotton.
- Water retention capacity of such soil is very poor. It is facing the problem of soil
erosion.
- It is alkaline (Basic) in nature & having the pH – 7.5 to 8.5
4) Laterite Soil

Word Laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means
brick. This type of soil is generally rich in iron oxide and aluminium. Laterite soil is less
fertile soil which is mainly found in northern & south eastern part of Madhya Pradesh,
i.e., in the districts of Shivpuri, Gwalior, Bhind and Morena.
This type of soil also lacks nitrogen, phosphorus and organic substances.
Hence in general laterite soil is not suitable for cultivation but with the application of
manure and fertilizer soil can be made fertile and crops like Wheat, Sugarcane and
Cotton can be grown.
- It is acidic in nature, having pH – 4.5 to 6.5
5) Mixed Soil

In different region of state like Panna, Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Satna, Rewa &
Sidhi Red-Yellow and Black soil are found in mixed form. This soil lacks in phosphate,
nitrogen & carbonic compounds. It is mainly used for the cultivation of coarse grain like
Sorghum, Barley.

 Soil Erosion

The loss of soil cover due to natural agents like wind & running water is called
soil erosion. The root of plants & trees keep the soil moist and hold the soil particles
together. Without vegetation cover, soil become dry and loose hence easily gets eroded.
Soil erosion is termed as crawling death in Chambal revine region. In M.P.
morena is facing major effect of soil erosion. In state highest soil erosion takes place
through Chambal River. Bhind & Morena districts are facing the gully erosion due to
Chambal River.

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 Gully Erosion

Running water carves deep channels through clayey soil called gully erosion,
which converts the land in to bad land and convert it unsuitable for cultivation.
 How to prevent soil erosion
1) Plant Grass and Shurbs.

2) Use mulch matting to hold vegetations on slopes.

3) Built retaining walls.

4) Reduce watering if possible.

5) Control grazing in wet seasons.

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 CLIMATE, SEASON AND RAINFALL IN M.P.

 Introduction
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state of our country as it extends
approximately 870 km from east to west, and it is for this reason varied climatic
conditions prevail over the state. The presence of Tropic of Cancer passing midway
through the state has great influence on the weather patterns of Madhya Pradesh. The
summers of Madhya Pradesh are extremely hot, winters are quite cold and rainfall too
is extreme in nature that is either surplus or a drought situation prevails.
 Weather and Climate
Weather is defined as the momentary state of the atmosphere while the
climate refers to the average of the weather conditions taken over a longer period of
time. Weather change takes please very quickly which may vary from a day to a week
but climate changes are noted after many years.
 Factors that determine climate of a place
 Latitude  Relief features

 Distance from the sea  Distribution of land and water

 Altitude

 Climate of Madhya Pradesh

Climate of Madhya Pradesh has been divided into four parts :
1) Northern Plains

In northern plains the extremes of climatic conditions prevail. It includes

regions of Bundelkhand, Rewa-Panna plateau and Central India. The chief reason for
the extremes of climate can be attributed to the absence of moderating effect of the
sea.
2) Vindhya Hilly Region

In this climatic zone the summers as well as winters are balanced in nature,
i.e., the extreme of climate is not experienced. Major hill stations of the state like
Pachmarhi and Amarkantak are in this climatic zone.

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 3) Malwa Plateau
This climatic zone remains slightly hot and moderately cold in summers and
winters respectively. This zone has relatively even type of climate.
4) Narmada Valley
Since this climatic zone has proximity to Tropic of Cancer, the summers are
extremely hot and the winters are moderately cold. Typical monsoon type climate
prevails here.
Climate of Madhya Pradesh is composed of three main seasons like the other
states of India but it varies in duration. Winters and rainy seasons are relatively short,
while summers are comparatively long. Since the Tropic of Cancer passes through the
middle of Madhya Pradesh, with the shifting of the sun towards the northern
Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere, climatic conditions vary. The impact of the
Great Himalayas takes place extensively throughout Madhya Pradesh particularly
during the winters.
 Seasons of Madhya Pradesh
As per the climate of Madhya Pradesh it experiences three seasons :
1. Summer Season : March to June tea
2. Rainy Season : June to October
3. Winter Season : October to March
The summers in Madhya Pradesh start around middle of March and end in
July with the outbreak of monsoon. During the summer season, the temperature may
rise even above 45 degree Celsius. The southern part of Madhya Pradesh (south of
Tropic of Cancer) receives much insolation.
The state also experiences monsoon rainfall. The winds which blow from Bay
of Bengal cover almost the entire of Madhya Pradesh. The intensity of the rainfall
reduces towards the west and especially towards north-west. The highest rainfall
occurs in the extreme east. The duration of rainfall also varies. In the western part,
during winters, the rainfall occurs due to western disturbances whereas in the eastern
part during the similar period, rainfall occurs due to easterlies the wind blowing from
the plain of Siberia. Cities like Jabalpur followed by Rewa district and Sagar experiences
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maximum rainfall. While Indore Ratlam district, Gwalior and Bhopal experiences
comparatively lower rainfall. It is interesting to note that the intensity of rainfall is very
less in the entire state and most of the districts are drought west prone.

Rainy season also varies from east to west. In the eastern part of Madhya
Pradesh, the first outbreak of monsoon takes place in the mid June, while in the west
monsoon reaches up to mid July. Most of the rainfall occurs due the winds blow from
Bay of Bengal with a significant contribution from winds from Arabian Sea. Few parts of
the western region of Madhya Pradesh rainfall take place due to the winds blowing
from the Arabian Sea. The state experiences both flood and drought conditions. Winters
are very short. Winters start from October and lasts up to the mid February. Rainfall
also occurs during the winters due to western disturbances.

When the Sun shifts towards the Northern Hemisphere, Madhya Pradesh
experiences tremendous intensity of heat till the month of July. The temperature may
soar up to 49 degree Celsius in certain parts of Madhya Pradesh while the average
temperature remains at 40 degree Celsius. During the winters, when the entire count
under cold waves, the temperature of Madhya Pradesh is regulated by the same waves
coming from the Great Himalayas and an average of 15 degree Celsius is recorded
throughout the state. The temperature variation in some of the places is highest with
extreme winters and extreme summers.

As Madhya Pradesh is also a major tourist attraction for nature lovers,

adventure seekers or plain holiday goers. We find tourists visiting many locations
spread across Madhya Pradesh round the year.

 Rainfall Distribution in Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh receives its rainfall monsoon [Link] onset of the rainy
season from in Madhya Pradesh depends directly on the southwest monsoon winds
which have their origin on the West Coast of India. In general, it starts from mid June.
When the western part receives rain from Arabian Sea branch, it is the winds from Bay
of Bengal which are responsible for rainfall on the eastern part of the state. Toward the
end of September the monsoon starts retreating itself and till October the rains become

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very less and at times result in slight increase in temperature before the winter begins.
Sometimes rains also occur in the month of December and January due to cyclones.

Thus, North Western part of the state receives relatively less rainfall. Average
rainfall of Bhind district of the state is 55 cm which is the lowest. So we can say that
areas with minimum rainfall is the western part of the state which varies from 50 to 75
cm. Absence of humidity is also responsible for this. When the Southwest monsoon
arrives here it lacks moisture and hence less rainfall.
Areas with average rainfall vary from 75 to 80 cm which includes north
Eastern part of the state. Plateau of Bundelkhand, central Highlands’s areas of less
rainfall which is due to their physical and relief features and humidity. There are areas
where rainfall is above average which included areas of Betul, Chhindwara,
Narsinghpur and Seoni districts and they lie on the eastern part of the state. Here the
rainfall varies from 120 to 150 cm.
The south-eastern part of the state receives excess rainfall which is about 150
cm which include areas of Pachmarhi, Mandla, Sidhi, Balaghat and areas of Mahadev
Hills. Major contribution of rainfall is from Arabian Sea branch. Pachmarhi in Madhya
Pradesh receives the highest rainfall of approximately 200 cm.

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 MOUNTAIN RANGES OF M.P.

Mountains of M.P.

Satpura Maikal Range Vindhyachal Range

Rajpipla Mahadev Maikal

Series Series Series

- Two major mountain range of M.P. are –

1) Satpura – Maikal range. 2) Vindhyachal Range.
1) Satpura – Maikal Range (Length – 1120 km.)

It rises from the eastern Gujarat & running towards east through the border of
M.P. and Maharashtra to the east till Chhattisgarh. Prominently it includes 3 mountain
series.
a) Raj Pipla
It stretches from Eastern Gujarat and runs up to western burhanpur. Burhanpur
pass is situated in this region which is also termed as a “Gate way of South”.
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 b) Mahadev Series
It is the highest part of Satpura-Maikal series. Pachmari and Dhoopghar are
located in Mahadev series.
c) Maikal Series
It is south-east extension of Satpura range. Mainly it is consist of laterite
rocks. Its highest peak is Amarkantak.
2) Vindhyachal Range (Length 965 km)

It is located in the northern part of Narmada-Son Valley. It is a chain of hills in

central India and streatches from western central part to north-west of M.P. It is an old
fold mountain which geographically seperates the peninsular India from indo-gangatic
plains. Its eastern extension is Bhander and Kaimur Range.

Note : Highest Peak of Vindhyachal range is Goodwill Peak (Sadhbhawana Shikar, Ht.
752m.) at Damoh.

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 DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF M.P./RIVERS OF M.P.

1) Narmada

It is 5th longest river of India (after Ganga, Godavari, Krishna and Yamuna) and
longest and largest in M.P. It’s total length is 1312 km. But in M.P. it flows only 1077
km. & rest 235 km. in Gujarat. It is most important river of M.P. hence it is termed as
Lifeline of M.P. Geographer Ptolmey titled it Nammadus. It is also called as Maikal
Suta, Somodevi and Reva, out of which Reva is ancient name.
It originated from Narmada Kund of Amarkantak and flows west word in rift
valley. Total Catchment of Narmada of about as 93180 km2 out of which 89.9% comes
under M.P., where as 10.1% covers by Gujarat. It falls in Gulf of Khambat in Gujarat
near Bharuch after making estuary.

Note : The archaeological finding of 4.5 lack year back indicates the human habitate in
Narmada Valley. From Hathnora (Sehore) Dr. Arun Sonakia discovered the broken
skull of Homoeractus in 1982.

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  Waterfall made by Narmada
 Kapil Dhara (Amarkantak)

 Doogdh Dhara (Amarkantak)

 Dhunadhar Dhara (Maheshwar, Khargone)

- Main cities located on the bank of Narmada – Jabalpur, Maheswar, Omkareshwar,

Mandla, Hoshangabad, Narshimapur etc.
- Tributaries – Narmada is having 41 tributaries out of which prominent are Tawa,
Hiran, Barna, Sher, Shakkar, Doodhi, Hathini, Kolar etc.
2) Chambal
It is also named as Chamranvati and in Mahabharata it is named as Poorna.
It originated from Vanchu point of Janapav hill. It is second longest river of M.P. with
965 km. It makes parting line between M.P. and Rajasthan at Sheopur and Morena and
finally conflunced into Yamuna near Itawa (U.P.).
- In Bhind – Morena Dist. It forms revines which causes extreme soil erosion.
- Waterfalls in Chambal –
a) Patalpani Waterfall (300 ft. height) at Indore.
b) Chulia Waterfall (18 m. High) at Kota, Rajasthan.

Note : First Hydle project of M.P., Gandhi Sagar Dam (1953-54) is situated at Bhanpura
Tehsil of Mandsaur dist. on Chambal River.
- Direction – Northward.
- Tributaries – Kshipra, Kali Sindh, Parvati, Kuno, Sindh etc.
- Main cities on the bank of Chambal – Ratlam, Sheopur, Morena.
3) Tapti
Tapti word originates from Tap word of Sanskrit. It originated from Multai tehsil
of Betul dist. it drains very little in M.P., only in Betul and Burhanpur dist. and it falls in
Bay of Khambhat near Surat after making Estuary.
Note : Tapti is known as Daughter of the Sun.
- Length – 724 km.
- Direction – Westward parallel to Narmada.
- Tributaries – Poorna, Shiva, Bori etc.
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4) Son

An ancient time it was named as a Swarna River, Mahanad Son and Hiranya Bhau.
It originates from Amarkantak and confluence into Ganga in Bihar at Danapur.

Note : On the confluence of Ganga and Son ruler Haryak ruler Uddain established
Patliputra.
- Length – 780 km.
- Direction – North.
- Tributaries – Johila, Banas and Rihand.
- Prominent cities situated on the bank of Son – Anunpur, Shahdol, Umaria and Sidhi.
5) Betwa

It is termed as Ganga of M.P. due to same pollution level. It originates from

Kumra village of Raisen and confluence into Yamuna in U.P. at Hamirpur. In Puranas it
is termed as Vestravati. The cultural city likes Sanchi, Vidisha and Orchha situated on
the bank of Betwa.
- Length – 480 km.
- Direction – North.
- Tributaries – Bina, Dhasan and Sindh.
6) Kshipra

Originated from Kakri bardi location of Ujjayini village in Indore dist. and it
confluence into Chambal near Mandsaur. It is termed as a Ganga of Malwa. It is one of
the sacred river of Hinduism, Ujjain is situated on its bank, after every 12 year Simhasta
organised on its bank.
- Total Length – 195 km. Out of which 93 km. It flows in Ujjain.
- Direction – North.
- Tributaries – Kahn and Gambhir.

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Note : Narmada-Kshipra Link Project –
Ujjain
N

Dewas

Kakri-Bardi (Ujjaini Village of Indore)

Barwaha

7) Wainganga

Originated from Paraswada Plateau of Seoni dist. and confluence into Vardha
River at Maharashtra. Confluence of Vardha and wainganga is termed as Pranhita.
- Length – 579 km.
- Direction – It is the only river of M.P. which flows in Southern direction.

Some other rivers of M.P.

1) Ken
- It is also known as Shuktimati.
- Source – Kaimur hills of Katni.
- Confluenced into Yamuna.
2) Tawa
- Source – Mahadev hill of Pachmari.
- Confluenced into Narmada.
3) Kali Sindh
- Source – Bagli tehsil of dewas.
- Confluenced into Chambal.
4) Tons/Tamsa
- Source – Maiher tehsil (Tama kund) of Satna.
- Confluenced into Ganga at U.P.
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5) Parvati
- Source – Sehore.
- Confluenced into Chambal.
6) Mahi
- Source – Munda village of Sardarpur (Dhar).
- It finishes in Bay of Khambhat.
Note : It is the only river of M.P. which crosess Tropic of Cancer two times.

7) Sindh
- Source – Sironj tehsil of Vidisha.
- Confluenced into Chambal.
8) Kunwari
- Source – Devpura village of Shivpuri.
- Confluenced into Sindh.

Main Waterfalls in M.P.

Name of Waterfall Height River Place
Dhuandhar 18 m Narmada Bhedaghat-Jabalpur
Dugdh-Dhara 4.6 m Narmada Anuppur
Mandhar 12 m Narmada-Tawa Handiya-Barwaha
Chachai 130 m Bihad Rewa
Kewati Kewati Rewa
Bahuti Aoda Near Rewa
Chuliya 18 m Chambal Mandsaur
Patal Pani Chambal Indore
Kapil Dhara 24 m Narmada Anuppur
Sahastra-Dhara 8m Narmada Maheshwar
Dardi Narmada Near Barwaha
Dutches fall Mountain of Pachmari
Apsara Tawa Mountain of Pachmari

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 RIVER VALLEY PROJECT OF M.P.

1) Chambal Valley Project

It is a joint venture of M.P. & Rajasthan with 50%-50% Share, River impounds
Chambal. This project was under taken during 1953-1954 and commissioned in 1960.
Three dams has been constructed under this project –
a) Gandhi Sagar Dam

It is M.P.’s first hydle power project. This dam is located in the Bhanpura
tehsil of Mandsaur district. Dam’s foundation stone was laid by Jawahar lal Nehru on
7th of March 1954. But it’s opening year is 1960.
 Ht. – 62.17 m. & length – 514 m.

 Electricity production - 115 MW.

b) Rana Pratap Sagar Dam

 Location - Rawatbhata in chittaurgarh district (Rajasthan)

 Electricity production – 172 MW.

c) Jawahar Sagar or Kota Barrage

 Location – Kota.

 Electricity production – 99 MW.

2) Narmada Valley Project

It is a joint venture of M.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan impounds on

Narmada River.
Dams constructed under this project
 6 huge dams -

(1. Bargi, 2. Harinpal, 3. Punasa, 4. Barwaha, 5. Jal Sandhi, 6. Navgam).

 29 Big Dams

 135 Medium dams

 More than 3000 small dams.

 Power distribution
 This multipurpose project will irrigate 27.55 lack hectare of land and will also

produce 2600 MW power.

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  M.P. - 57 %
 Maharashtra - 27 %
 Gujarat + Rajasthan - 16 %
 Water Distribution
To resolve the disputes between the states in sharing the water, Narmada
water dispute tribunal was formed by the govt. of India in 1969. In 1978 this
tribunal had allocated the water to four associated states i.e. –
1. M.P. - 18.25 MAF (Million Acre Feet)
2. Gujarat - 9 MAF
3. Maharashtra - 0.05 MAF
4. Rajasthan - 0.25 MAF
 This distribution was however under the condition that the states will utilized

the allocated water upto 2025.

 Related committees
1) Khosla Committee (1964)
On the height of Sardar Sarovar Dam
2) Saifuddin Soz Committee (2006)
3) Shunglu Committee (2006) – For the proper rehabilitation of displaced ones.
Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA)
89.9 % Catchment area of Narmada River is laying in M.P. hence it becomes prior
issue for the state to look after it from any disastrous means. This body also insures
that proper rehabilitation is provided to the displaced ones and the negative impact on
the environment and minimized it by taking appropriate measures.
 This authority was founded by govt. of M.P. on 9th of Aug 1985.

 Headquarter – Bhopal.

A. Indra Sagar Dam

It is located at the Punasa in Khandwa district. The foundation stone of project
was laid by smt. Indra Gandhi on 23rd of Oct. 1984. River impounds Narmada.
This dam is creating the biggest reservoir of India with the 12.22 Billion m3 Water
holding capacity.
 Height – 92 m. It is the highest dam of M.P., Length – 653 m.
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  Power Generation – 1000 MW.
 This project provides irrigation in 1.23 million hectare land in Khandwa,
Khargone and Barwani.

Note : Harsud was submerged under the water in July 2004 due to back water of Indra
Sagar Dam. The new town Chhanera was established for displaced people, it is also
known as New Harsud.

B. Omkareshwar Dam
 It is located at Omkareshwar in Khandwa.
 Power Generation – 520 MW.
 Height – 33 m., Length – 949 m.
 Irrigated area – 1.43 Lack Hectare.
C. Maheshwar Dam
 It is located at Maheshwar in Khargone.
 Power Generation – 400 MW.
 It is a supplementary project of Sardar Sarovar Dam.
 It is first Hydel power project of India which has been privatised.
3) Rani Avanti Bai Project or Bargi Dam
 Located at Bijora Village in Jabalpur.

 River impounds – Bargi.

 Power Generation – 100 MW.

 Irrigation – 1.57 Lack Hectares.

4) Tawa Dam
 Location – Ranipur near Itarsi (Hoshangabad)

 Impounds – Tawa River.

 Irrigation – 24.7 Thousand Hectare.

 Power Generation – 200 MW.

5) Ban Sagar Project

Ban Sagar Dam is the multipurpose river valley project on Son River. Construction
Began in 1978 and completed in 2006. It is a joint venture of M.P., U.P. and Bihar with in
the ratio of [Link] respectively.

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  Height – 67 m.

 Length – 1020 m.

 Location – Deolod (Shahdol district) and Rewa.

 Power Generation – 435 MW.

 Irrigation – 1.54 Lack Hectare.

6) Urmil Project
 It is a joint venture of M.P. and U.P. with proportion of 60:40 respectively.

 Location – Bhirota village of Chhatarpur.

 Impounds – Urmil River.

 Irrigation – 4.77 thousand hectare.

7) Halali Project
 It is also known as Samrat Ashok Sagar Dam.

 Location – Vidisha and Raisen.

 Impounds – Halali river (Tributary of Betwa)

 Irrigation – 37637 hectare area.

8) Rajghat Project
 It is a joint venture of M.P. and U.P.

 Location – Chanderi (Ashok Nagar)

 Under this project the Matatila Dam is also constructed in Lalitpur.

 Impounds – Betwa River.

 Power Generation – 45 MW.

 Irrigation – 1.16 lakh hectare in M.P., 1.09 lack hectare in U.P.

9) Pench Project
 It is a joint venture of M.P. and Maharashtra.

 Location – Manchgora village of Chhindwara.

 Impounds – Pench River.

 Irrigation – 63338 hectare area.

 Power Generation – 160 MW. (97% - M.P. and 3% - Maharashtra)

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10) Bawanthadi Dam

It is also known as Rajiv Sagar Dam. It is an interstate irrigation project of M.P. and
Maharshtra across river Bawanthadi.
 Location – Katangi tehsil of Balaghat.

 Irrigation – 28,000 hectare area.

Some other Projects

Name of the Project River Place
1. Mahi Project Mahi Dhar & Jhabua
2. Sindh Project Sindh Shivpuri
3. Upper Wenganga Project/Sanjay Wenganga Balaghat and Seoni
Sarovar Project
4. Thanwar Thanwar Mandla
5. Ken Ken Chhatarpur and Panna
6. Barna Barna Raisen
7. Kolar Kolar Sehore
8. Choral Choral Indore
9. Sukta Sukta Khandwa
10. Maan Project Maan Manavar Tehsil of Dhar

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 IRRIGATION
 Total Irrigation facility
 Total Water assets (MP) : 90.75 Million Cubic Mtr.

There is approximately 81,523 million cubic meter water is available in 10

major rivers of the state, out of which 56, 857 million cubic meter is utilized which is
69.7% of their available water.
Irrigation capacity till 2011-12 was 78-80 lakh hectare which is increased
to 113.94 lakh hectare in 2017-18. (6.77% increated)

Irrigation statistics (2018)

Gross irrigated Area 113.94 lakh hectare
Net irrigated are 105.66 lakh hectare
Gross cultivable area 240.47 lakh hectare
Gross irrigated area 42%
Percentage of irrigated area out of total cultivable area 31.28%
Net irrigated area to net sown area 69.6%
Highest irrigated district Gwalior
Highest irrigation % Gwalior (61%)
Lowest irrigation % Dindori (0.80%)

Highest Irrigated 4 districts

1) Gwalior (61%) 3) Hoshangabad (49.40%)

2) Tikamgarh (55.70%) 4) Morena (48.30%)

Area with prone source of Irrigation

Canal irrigated Area North M.P.
Well-Tubewell irrigated Area West-Central M.P.
Ponds Irrigated Area South-East

Highest Irrigated area and crop

Chambal Valley (North M.P.) Gwalior, Morena, Datia
Bundelkhand Tikamgarh (55.70%)
Narmada Valley Area Hoshangabad
Highest Irrigated Crop Wheat
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 Irrigated Belts

Depending on the availability of irrigation facility, the MP has following four belts.
1. Highest Irrigated Belt
This pertains to North M.P. i.e. Chambal area. Here 40% of the net sown
area is irrigated. Actually a strong canal network is present in the belt. Highest
irrigated districts are : Gwalior (61%) Tikamgarh (55.7%), Hoshangabad (49.4%),
Morena (48.3%).
2. Average Irrigated Belt
It pertains to west and central-east M.P. In this zone % of irrigation is
about 35 to 40. District from Shivpuri to Chhatarpur are included in the belt. It also
includes Bhind (38.8%) of North Zone and Balaghat (38%) of South Zone.
3. Below Average Irrigated Belt
It pertains to Narmada valley and western districts of M.P. there is 25% to
35% of agriculture land is irrigated. It includes all districts of Ujjain and Indore
division and Harda district of Narmadapuram division. Here main sources are wells,
tubewells etc.
4. Lowest Irrigated Belt
This belt is situated in East M.P. here. The area irrigated is less than 25%.
It includes Rewa Plateau, bundelkhand zone and Satpuda zone (except Balaghat 38%),
Dindori is the least (0.8%) irrigated district of M.P. the main source of irrigation in
the belt is pond etc.

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 M.P. SCHEDULE CAST AND SCHEDULE TRIBE
Article 366

Clause – 24 Clause – 25
S.C. (Listed in Art. – 341) S.T. (Listed in Art. – 342)
No. (Count) – 1108 744
Max. (Count)–Karnataka (101)(SC groups) Odisha (62)(ST groups)
Pop. (Max) – U.P. M.P.
% (Max.) – Punjab (31.9%) Mizoram (94.4%)

- S.C. Pop. in India - 201378086 (2011)

- S.C. Pop. in India (Percentage wise) - 16.6%
- S.T. Pop. in India - 104281034 (2011)
- S.T. Pop. in India (Percentage wise) - 8.6%
Distribution of SC/ST in M.P.

Titles SC ST
Max. (Pop. wise) Indore Dhar
Min. (Pop. wise) Jhabua Bhind
Max. (%age wise) Ujjain Alirajpur
Min. (%age wise) Jhabua Bhind

 Schedule Caste (SC)

“Schedule Castes means such castes which are deemed under Article-341
of Indian constitution to be Schedule Caste.”

Note : Definitions are given under Art.366 whose clause-24 stated that Schedule
Caste are those castes which has been listed under Art.341

 Population of S.C. in MP- 11342320 (2011)

 It covers 15.6% of Total population of M.P.

 47 Schedule tribal groups resides in M.P.

 Chamar is the most populous caste of M.P., which covers 49.1% of total S.C.

population of State. Whereas Khatik holds second rank.

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  M.P. State Scheduled Caste Commission was incorporated in 1995.

 Scheduled Tribes (ST)

“A tribe is a group of distinct people based on certain criteria such as

indications of primitive traits, distinct culture, geographic isolation, shy in general
contact etc.”
Term Schedule tribe was coined by G. S. Ghurye for tribal people & it is
acknowledge by Indian constitution under Art.342.

Note : Definition are given under Art.366 whose clause-25 stated that scheduled
tribes are those tribes which has been listed under Art-342.

 46 Scheduled Tribal groups resides in M.P.

 S.T. population in M.P.- 153616784 (2011)

 It covers 21.1% of total population in M.P.

 M.P. holds first-rank among all the states & U.T.s in terms of S.T. population &

12th Rank in respect of proportion.

 Bhil is the most populous tribe of M.P. where as Gond hold second rank & Kol

stands third.

Note : As a single tribe Bhil holds first rank in M.P. but as a tribal groups Gond holds
first rank.

 For tribal people Adivasi word was first used by Thakkar Bapa. He did a lot in

the field of tribal development programme. Hence He is known a “Father of

tribal development programme”.
 M.P. State Scheduled tribe commission was incorporated in 1995-96.

For the development of tribal people, tribal sub-plan (1974-75) was

introduced in the session of 5th five year plan. Under tribal sub-plan M.P. govt. has
marked 31 tribal regions.
 Most Primitive Tribe of M.P.

Three tribes of M.P. have been declared as a most primitive tribe of M.P. by
the govt. of India and these are -
1) Baiga 2) Bharia 3) Sahariya

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 The recognitions of most primitive tribe is given under sum criteria -
1. Low level of technology used in agriculture.
2. Resides in extremely backward and remote regions.
3. Low literacy level.
 Institutions Focused on Tribal Development
1) Tribal research and Development institutions –

It was established on 20th April 1954 at Chindwara. Later it was shifted to

Bhopal. This Institution works under the tribal welfare department of M.P.
2) Tribal Culture Museum

This institution runs the following museum to promote and protect tribal culture.

a) Shri Badal Bhoi State Tribal Museum Chindwara

b) Tribal Museum Bhopal
c) New Tribal Museum Bhopal
d) Saharia Tribal Museum Sheopur

3) Vanya Publication
 It was founded in 1988 at Bhopal.

 Objectives -

(a) To provide good quality tribal literature.

(b) It edits and works for the publication of old records related to tribal culture.
(c) It also helps to preserve and protect the tribal culture.
4) M.P. Scheduled Tribe finance and development Corporation.
 It was established in 1994 at Bhopal under the section-25 of Indian Company

Act 1956.
 Objectives -

(a) For economic, social and academic development of tribal ones.

(b) To protect tribal people from exploitation and to uplift them in economic
sphere.

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 1. Bhil
Bhil covers 37.7% of tribal population of state. It holds first rank in M.P. and third
in India. They belong to the proto-oustraloid family. Ptolmey titled them flight.
Colonel James Taad titled them Pawan Putra. Bhil is the biggest tribal community of
western M.P., mainly they found in Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dhar, Khandwa, Khargone,
Ratlam, and Neemuch. Along with it they also reside in Gujarat, Rajasthan &
Maharashtra.
Villages of Bhil’s are termed as a Paal, their residential locations are
termed as a phalya & their houses are called as Koo. Their houses don’t have
windows.
They burn mountainous region & acquire the land that is known as
Chimata, and cultivate coarse grain on it. Such type of cultivation is known as Dajia.
As per culture Bhils are rich & prosper. It is one of the ancient tribe of India. In
Ramayana, Mahabharata & Purans Bhills are mentioned as Nishad.
 Word Bhil originates from Sanskrit word “ ”, it is stated in Sanskrit- “
” means Bhil is one who hit the target.
 In Tamil or Dravid language word “Vil” or “Villuvar” is used for Bow & Arrow.

Since they are archers hence termed as Bhil.

 Types of marriages
1. Manganee Marriage (Most Prevailed type of Marriage).
2. Ghar Jamai.
3. Abduction Marriage.
4. Natara (Re-marriage).
5. Ghar Ghussi.
6. Bhagoria Marriage.
Sub Tribe - Bhilala, Patalia, Bareliya, Rathiyas.
Note : Bhilala belives that they are the ancestors of Maharana Pratap.
 Bhagoria Haat :
Bhagoria is the tribal festival celebrated by Bhils. It starts 7 days before
the holi. During this festival, young boys & girls are allowed to elope after choosing
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their partners. It is also celebrated to mark the completion of harvesting. Its main
concentration is Jhabua & Alirajpur.
 Principal Diety : Raja Pantha
 Pithora :

Pithora is the famous ritual wall painting

of Bhil’s. Humans, birds & animals are painted in
it. It is more a ritual than an art form. These
rituals are performed either to thank god or for a
whish or boon to be granted. These paintings
have significance in their lives & executing the
pithora paintings in their homes brings peace, prosperity & happiness.
Note : Mr. Prema Phalya is the famous artist of this painting. He was conferred Sikhar
Samman in 1987.

Young Bhil likes to play flute & they named it Bhali. Along with Bow and
Arrow flute is also an identification mark of Bhils. Bhils like to get addressed as a
Mama.
 Those Bhils, who accepted Islam, termed as a Tadvi Bhil.

 Principal Dance

 Bhagoria  Ghoomar
 Doha  Gauri
 Barwa
 Principal Festival

 Gal  Dushera
 Bhagoria  Diwali
 Jaatra  Holi
 Navratri
Staple food of Bhils are Maize, Onion, Garlic and Chilli. Wheat and rice are
used at time of festivals and other special occasions only. They profusely use alcohol,
distilled it from the flower of Mahua. Iconic Persons in Bhil Community –

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 a) Bhagat – Most sacred person.
b) Pujaro – One who wizard.
c) Kotwar – Care taker of Bhil Village.
2. Gond

Gond covers 35.6% of S.T. population of state. It is India’s largest & M.P.’s second
largest tribe. Gonds resides in all most entire state specially in South-Eastern & central
part of M.P., along with it they also reside on the both the sides of Narmada valley like
Satpura & Vindhyan region. Gond belongs to the Dravid ethnic groups or family.
Word Gond has been originated from Telugu word Kond which means
mountain. Since their habitat is in mountains that’s why they are termed as Gond. The
Gond like to called themselves Koiture, that means man who resides in green
mountain.
As per the profession Gonds were divided in to few sub-casts. i.e. –

a) Ageria Black Smith

b) Paradhan/Pradhan A priest
c) Ojha One who wizards
d) Solahas Carpenter
e) Koila Bhutis Nomadic dancing group of Gond

Note : There are 50 sub-tribes of Gonds are available in M.P. out of which Kamar is
very few in numbers.

 Principal Diety : Budha dev or Bada dev, Dulha dev, Bhuri mai, Thakur dev,

Khair mata etc.

Note : Bara dev or Budha dev is believed to live on Saja tree. It is the most sacred
tree of Gonds. It is believed that a true Gond never lies after having the leaf of saaj
tree in hand.

 Types of Marriages
1. Doodh Lautava 3. Lamsena Marriage
2. Pathoni Marriage 4. Chad Marriage.

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a) Doodh Lautava

Doodh Lautava

Gonds have the culture of marriage between Son of brother & daughter of sister.
b) Chad-Marriage

It is most acceptable type of marriage in Gond society in which boy comes

with cavalcade & performs the rituals similar to Hindu marriage system.
 Doodh Bandh

Gonds have a culture of “Bridal value” Those families which are unable
to pay it than they have to follow the rituals Doodh Bandh. In this systems Groom
has to offer services at the house of would be in-laws for definite span of time. And
that groom is termed as a Lama Nai.
 Ghotul

Ghotul is the youth club of Gond tribe. Which is basically an organisation of

unmarried boys and girls. Main motive of the members of Ghotul is to serve the
society. Girl member of Ghotul is termed as Motiar while boy member is known as
Chelika.
 Gonds has been divided in to two prominent class –
(a) Raj Gond (b) Dhur Gond

Raj Gonds were come under the effect of Rajput & turned to rulling class &
known as land holders while Dhur Gonds were soldier only & they belongs to the
normal class of gonds.
- Pej is the staple food of Gonds, it is a liquid food which is prepared with rice.
- Prominent profession of Gonds is agriculture which is termed as Baari. It is
classified in to two parts.
(a) Tippa – Cultivation on plains.

(b) Penda – Cultivation on hills & mountains.

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  Madai Haat

Madai is the socio-economic & cultural fair of Gonds & their sub-tribes,
it is also termed as Madai Haat. India’s prominent Madai Haat is organised at
Narayanpur of Chhattisgarh. While madai haat of Mandla is famous in M.P.
 Kheul pata is the death song of Gond tribe which they use to sing on the death

of their caste men.

 Principal Dance

 Karma  Sajnee
 Sua  Kaharva
 Saila  Diwani
 Bharoni  Birha
 Chief person of Gond’s village is Mukkaddam, he is also called as Gautiya.

 Main Festivals –

 Vidri Pooja  Madai

 Cherta  Jawara

Note : Ghara Mandla was most powerful Gond kingdom in Medieval Era. Sangram Shah,
Dalpat Shah and his widow Rani Durgavati were the famous and the strongest rural of
the Gond State.

3. Baiga

Baiga initially acted as a priest in Gond tribe hence they also called as panda. Baiga
is the most primitive tribe of M.P. Mainly they found in the southern part of state.
Baiga belongs to Dravid family.
 Sub-tribes :
(i) Bharotia (iii) Raimaina

(ii) Narotia (iv) Kathmaina

Principal diety of Baigas are Budha Dev. It is believed that Bura dev
resides on Saal tree. Other ieties are Thakur Dev, the god of land and Dulha Dev,
who protects from diseases.
Anthropologist Verrier Elwin did research on Baigas and wrote a book
on it “The Baiga” (1939).

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Note : “The Muria and their Ghotul” (1947) is also written by Varrier Elwin.
The Baiga tribes practice Shifting cultivation in forest area. They never
plough the earth because they believe that it would be a sin to scratch the body of their
mother. In this way she will get weaken and will not produce good crops. In regional
languages “Shifting cultivation” also termed as Bewar, Dahiya or Pondu.
Government has allotted more than 80 villages of Mandla district to Baigas
for their agriculture practices and their region is known as Baiga Chak Belt.
Their villages are administered by the group of five people known as Panch
Mukkaddam :
a) Diwan d) Kotwar
b) Mukkaddam e) Dawar
c) Samrath
- Their colony is termed as Purva.
 Prominent Dance :
a) Karma : To cheer the god of Karma.
b) Bilma : It depends on love affair.
c) Pardhoni : It is performed to welcome cavalcade.
d) Dadaria and Dusshera : It starts from Dusshera, Boys perform Dusshera
dance while girls perform Dadaria.
 Types of Marriages :
1) Lamsena marriage 3) Mangni or Chad marriage
2) Udharia marriage 4) Chor marriage or Uthva marriage
 They take three type of food as per time :
(i) Baasee – Taken in morning.

(ii) Pej – It is the prominent food of Baigas. It has been taken in noon. It is the

liquid food which is the combination of coarse grain and salt.

(iii) Baiyari – Taken in night.

Baiga cuisine primarily consist of coarse grains, Such as kodo millet and
Kutki. Another staple food of the Baiga is Pej. Their main tool is Axe. Tattooing is an
integral part of their life style.
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 4. Kol

Kol is the third highly populated tribe of M.P. Mainly they found in Vindhyan
region but their core area is the Kudali which is situated in the Bardiraja region of
Rewa. Kols are anthropologically related to Munda tribe of Chhota Nagpur.

 Sub-tribes :
(i) Rautiya (ii) Rautal

Kol resides near the village in the form of groups that is termed as Kolhan
Tola or Toli. Their principal deities are Dulha dev, Bairam dev, Bade dev, Thakur
Dev, Jwalamukhi, Bhairav Baba and Sanyasi Dev.

Manganee marriage is the most acceptable form of marriage in their society

apart from it some other types of marriages are Raji-Baji, widow marriage &
remarriage.

- Their principal tribal dance is Kol Dahka.

- Their Panchyat is termed as a Gauhiya where as chief person is known as
Chaudhary.
- They used to speak Munda Dialect but now days they speak Bhageli.
5. Saharia

Saharia is the most primitive tribe of M.P. They are mainly found in the
north-west part of M.P., especially in Bhind, Morena, Gwalior, Shivpuri and Guna. But
their original home land is located in the forest of Shahbaad at Kota, Rajasthan. They
traces their origion from Shabri. They belong to the Koloriam family.

- They speak Munda dialect.

- They inhabit in the cluster of sequential houses which is termed as a Saharana
and their Chief is known as patel. Their panchyat is termed as a Chokla
Panchyat.
- Saharia consider themselves as a younger brother of bhils. They believe that
saharia means the Company of Lion. (i.e. )
- Their principal dance is Duldul Godhi and Lahangee. Lahangee dance is
performed on the next day of Raksha Bandhan.

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 - They believe in the Hinduism hence they worship Brahma, Shiv, Vishnu, Sun,
Moon etc.
- Prinicpal deity – Sita, Durga, Bhairav.
6. Bharia

Bharia is the most primitive tribe of M.P. They belongs to the Dravid family.
Bharias are considered as a sub-tribe of Gonds and hence they consider Gonds as a
elder brother. They mainly resides in the Chhindwara, Seoni, Jabalpur, Balaghat, Betul,
Hoshangabad etc.
- They consider Karna as their ancestor.
- Their houses are termed as a Dhana. Their prominent food is Pej. In rainy season
they eat the chapatti of seeds of Mahua and Mango.
- Their chief person is termed as a Patel, other affluent person are known as
Bhumka, Padihar and Kotwar.
 Types of Marriages :
a) Manganee marriage
b) Lamsena marriage
c) Raji-baji marriage
d) Widow re-marriage
 Principal Dance :
(i) Bharam (iii) Karma

(ii) Saitan (iv) Saila

- Principal diety – Budha dev, Dulha dev, Barua, Naga dev, Bhim sen.
- Bharias used to Practice Dhaiya cultivation which is a type of shifting cultivation
but now a days they are doing stable cultivation.
 Bhariya’s of Patalkot :

Patalkot is situated at Tamia tehsil in Chhindwara district it is famous for

the concentration of Bharia Tribe. It is situated in the depth of 2000 to 3000 ft. From
plains hence it is termed as a patalkot. It is spreaded over 79 km2 areas. There are
almost 23 villages out of which 12 are habitat villages. Females of Bharia of patalkot
perform Bharia Bharam or Shailam dance.

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7. Korku
Korku means the group of people. They belongs to the Kolorian family.
Mainly they found in the region of Satpura, Betul, Chhindwara, Nimar and Burhanpur.
Principal diety is Dongar Dev, Murda dev and Meghnath.
- They take liquid food i.e. Lachka.
 Praitam Milani
It is a sort of ritual has been performed in the Korku tribe after the
funeral. The closed relatives of departed person get collected at the place of funeral
and make a small hut and they sit in it for some days because it is believed that the
sole of departed person come over there.
 Principal marriage :
(i) Lamsen marriage (ii) Raji-baji marriage (iii) Hath marriage

- Korku traces their origin from Rajputs.

- Khamb Swang is their famous dance cum play.
8. Agariya
It is a sub-tribe of gonds and consider themselves as a younger brother of
Gond. They traces their origin from fire. The word agariya is derived from Aag (fire).
Agaria is the ancient dravididan tribe of India and are the inventors of
iron smelting. They worship gond diety Bura dev, Dulha Dev. With equal devotion
they worship Agyasur (the god of fire) and Loha Sur (the god of Iron) whome they
believe resides in Smelter and sacrifice black hen (Some time Kadaknath) to make
them happy.
9. Pardhi
Word pardhi originates from Marathi word Paradh which means hunting.
This tribe belongs to Bahaliya (Bird Hunters) Community. Pardhis claims their
descent from Rajputs.
Out of 8 branches of Pardhi one is Kargar and they mainly found in M.P.
and hunts especially black birds.
- Principal diety Pardhi dev.
- They mainly resides in Raisen and Sehore.
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10. Panika

Panika belongs to the Dravid family. It is believe that kabir was born in
Water and he was saved and cherished by a panika women. That’s why they follow the
kabir panth and called themselves Kabirha. Panikas are pure vegetarian and follow
Nirgun Ideology.
- Dieties – Sun, Moon, Indra, Hanuman etc.
- Panikas are conventional cloth makers hence also termed as Bunkars.
11. Uraon

Uraon belongs to the Dravid family. They migrated from the Southern India
and mainly settled in Sidhi, Anuppur and Shadol. Their chief person is known as
Mahato. Their disputes get settled by parha king. Their youth club is known as
Dhumkoriya.
- Out of all tribes of state uraon participated much to accept Christianity.
12. Khairwar

They resides in Sidhi, Umaria, Anuppur and Shahdol. Their main profession
is to extract catechu from khair tree hence they known as Khairwar.

WELFARE PROGRAMMES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF S.C. AND S.T.

 Deendayal Antyodaya Yojna : In Nov. 1990 state govt. launched 13 different types

of schemes for the upliftment of S.C., S.T. and OBC.

1) Navjeevan – To provide residential plots at nominal cost.

2) Vasundhara – Provide interest free loan to farmers.

3) Jal Jeevan – Group irrigation scheme to benefited the farmers.

4) Swablamban – Provides loan and working capital for self employment.

5) Madhuban – For the development of community dairy and animal husbandry.

6) Pawan putra – Provides loans for unemployed persons to buy auto or tempo.

7) Nirmit – Contract shceme for small construction work.

8) Sahkar – Mining and Brick manufacturing units on co-operative basis.

9) Raftar – Provides grants for transport committees, trucks and buses.

10) Vanja – To facilitate tribal people in the collection of minor forest produce.

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 11) Dhanvantri – To help the Doctors and medical practitioner for their private

practice.
12) Nyay Niketan – To help advocates for their Judicary practice.

13) Sahara – To provide financial assistance for disabled, widow, unsheltered ones.

 Panchdhaara :

- This program was started on 1st of Nov. 1991. The aim of this project was to
improve the condition of poor women.
- Their are five programs under this project :
(i) Vidhawa pension yojna
(ii) Aayushmati

(iii) Kalpvriksha

(iv) Vatsalya

(v) Gramya

 Some other Schemes :

- Annadoot – To distribute food materials.

- Tendu patta – Scheme for Beedi manufacturing unit.
- Sadabahar – Provide fodder.
- Arunima – To spread awareness about health and ensure efficient knowledge
regarding health related facilities.
- Vraksha sahakarita – Scheme for plantation.
- Manishi – Fore the development of Children.
- Pratistha Scheme – This scheme aims to assist scavengers and the members of
their families, who are engaged in the dehumanising practice of manually carring
or cleaning human excreta, to be able to establish themselves in alternate
occupations.
- Utthaan – For the upliftment of BPL people.
- Chunauti – For the rehabilitation of physically challenged people.
- Jabali Scheme – For the rehabilitation of those sex workers who had to accept it
on tribal traditional ground.
- Janta Joota Scheme – Provides employment for coobler.

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 Constitutional Provisions
- Art. 15 (4) – State empowers to make any special provision for the advancement
of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the S.C., S.T.
and OBC.
 Like reservation will be given in educational institutions apart from it they will

be facilitate by funds, grants etc.

- Art. 16 (4) – The state will make any provision for the reservation of
appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which in the
opinion of the state is not adequately represented in the services under the state.
- Art. 46 – The state shall promote with special care for the educational and
economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and in the particulars of
the schedule castes and scheduled tribes and shall protect them from social
injustice and all forms of exploitation.
- Art. 164 (1) – In the states of M.P., Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha there shall
be minister in-charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in-charge of the
welfare of secheduled castes and backward classes or any other work.
- Art. 330 – Reservation of seats of Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the
house of people (Lok Sabha).
- Art. 332 – Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the
legislative assemblies (Vidhan Sabha) of the states.
- Art. 338 – Incorporation of National commission of scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes.

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 FOREST OF M.P.

- “A forest is a large area dominated by tress”.

- M.P. has the highest forest cover in India which is almost 12.44% of India’s
recorded forest.

Note : There is difference in area between recorded and actual forest (satellite images).

- Recorded forest area in M.P. is 94689.38Km2 which covers 30.72% of the total
area of M.P.
- According to India state of forest report – 2019 (based on satellite figures) M.P.
covers maximum forest area in India. Which is 77414Km2 and it is 25.11% of total
area of M.P. In this way M.P. titled as a forest state.

Note :
 Area wise :
- 2nd rank hold by Arunachal Pradesh.
- 3rd rank hold by Chhattisgarh.
 Percentage wise :
- 1st rank – Lakshadweep (90.33%)
- 2nd rank – Mizoram (86.87%)
- 3rd rank – Andaman and Nicobar (81.84%)

- There are 16 forest circles in M.P. The administrative head of the forest circle is
the chief conservator of forest (CCF).
- Biggest forest circle – Khandwa (9290.74Km2) {Than Jabalpur and Rewa}
- Smallest forest circle – Hoshangabad (3706Km2) {Than Indore and Betul} Forest
circles are divided into forest divisions.
- There are 62 forest divisions in M.P. A forest circle can be divided into two or more
divisions. Mandla is the largest forest division which comes under the area of
Jabalpur forest circle.

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 M.P. Forest Administration
(Officers)

Chief conservator of forest (CCF) Forest circles 16

Conservator of forest (CF) Forest divisions 62

Assistant conservator of forest (ACF) Forest Sub-divisions 473

Ranger Range 1871

Deputy ranger Sub-Range 8286

- Three districts with largest forest cover –

a) Balaghat (4775.54 Km2)

b) Rewa (4507.50 Km2)

c) Chhindwara (4168.65 Km2)

- Three districts with lowest forest cover –

a) Ujjain (31.84 Km2)

b) Shajapur (69.17 Km2)

c) Bhind (88.06 Km2)

Classification of Forest in M.P.

On Geographical On Regional On On Grounds of According to

bases bases Administrative species Forest Dept.
bases

a) Tropical Vindhya Madhya Satpura - Teak a) State forest

decidious Kaimur Bharat Maikal - Sal b) Forest under
forest (Rainfall forest belt forest belt - Mixed municipal
forest belt
– 50-100 cm) corporation
b) Tropical
c) Private forest
Semidecidious
forest (Rainfall
– 100-150 cm)
c) Tropical Dry Protected or Reserved forest Un-classified forest (2%)
decidious conserved (65%)
forest (Rainfall forest (33%)
– 25-75 cm)

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1. Geographical bases
a) Tropical decidious forest

Trees found in such region shed their leafs in summer season due to the
scarcity of water. Such forest mainly found in the region having the average rainfall of
50-100 cm.
b) Tropical semidecidious forest

Trees found in such regions shed their half of the leafs in summer season.
Such forest mainly found in the region having the average rainfall of 100-150 cm.
c) Tropical dry deciduous forest

Such types of forest contains those trees which mainly sheds their leas in
summer season. Mainly bushy trees comes under these forests. Such forest mainly
found in the region having average rainfall of 25 to 75 cm. Such types of forest mostly
provide minor forest produce.
2. Regional bases
a) Vindhya-Kaimur forest belt : This belt covers the Kaimur range which is

spreaded from the north of Damoh up to the high land of Sagar. Low density forest
found in such region.
b) Madhya-Bharat forest belt : It is spreaded on the plateau region of Morena and

Shivpuri. Mainly bushy trees found in such region.

c) Satpura-Maikal forest belt : It is the prominent forest belt of M.P. mainly dense

forest found in such region. This widest belt of forest spreading from the east to
west of the state on the southern part of river Narmada. This belt includes the
Satpura-Maikal ranges and hilly area of highlands of Bhagelkhand.
3. Administrative bases

On administrative ground forests have been classified under three heads.

a) Protected or Conserved forest

It covers almost 33% area of state forest i.e. 31089 Km2. Such forest
comes under the control of govt. Grazing and wood cutting is strictly prohibited in
these areas. Though wood cutting is allowed under licence.

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 b) Reserved forest

Reserved forest covers almost 65% part of state forest area which is
almost 61886 Km2 in area. Such forest plays a significant role to prevent soil errosion
and environmental perspectives. Such forest comes under the complete control of
govt. Public mobility, grazing and wood cutting is strictly prohibited in reserved
forest.
c) Unclassified forest

Such forest are not comes under any specific classification. Such forest
covers almost 2% part of state forest, which is almost 1705 Km2 in area. Here wood
cutting and grazing is allowed with some fee.
4. On the bases of Species
a) Teak (Tectona Grandis)

Teak forest covers maximu forest area of M.P. which is about 17.8% and it
contributes 20% of Teak production of India. It requires the rainfall of 75 to 125 cm
and mainly grows under the black soil. These are tropical semi deciduous forest.
Mainly it is found in the South-Central region of state especially in Bori
Valley (Harda and Hoshangabad) apart from it they also found in Jabalpur, Mandla,
Chhindwara, Sagar and Betul.
b) Sal (Shoera Robusta)

Sal forest covers 16.54% part of State forest. It requires the rainfall of
100-125cm and grows under the red-yellow soil. They are tropical semi-decidious
forest. Mainly they found in the eastern part of M.P. and are highly densed.
Sal wood is use to manufacture railway sleepers in Budhni Railway
sleepers manufacturing unit (Sehore).

Note – The heart borer commonly known as a Sal borer is damaging the Sal tees of
state. Borer killed more than 26 lakh of Sal trees in recent years.

c) Mixed forest

It covers 65.66% part of total state forest. Mainly found in Balaghat,

Hoshangabad, Mandla, Seoni and Chhindwara.

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5. According to Forest Department
a) State Forest – Completely comes under the control of govt.
b) Forest under muncipal corporation – Forest which comes under Munciple and
City council.
c) Private – Forest which comes under individual control but subjected as per the
terms and conditions of forest departments. e.g. Plantation etc.
 Bamboo [Bamboosoideae (Grass family)]
- Dandro Calamus strictus type of Bamboo mainly found in M.P.
- M.P. stands second in the production of bamboo following Arunachal Pradesh.
Almost 50 lakh national tonn bamboos are available in M.P.

1 National tonn = 24m Length of Bamboo

Mainly it is used in the paper manufacturing unit of Amlai (Shahdol) and
Nepanagar (Burhanpur). More than 75 cm of rainfall is required for bamboo. Maximum
availability is at southern and eastern M.P.
Note – Main forest produce of M.P. is Teak, Sal and Bamboo which contributes 20% in
national wood production. Every year state produces more that 2.5 lakh cubic meter of
timber, two lakh cubic meter of fuel wood and about 65 thousand national tonnes of
bamboo.
 Minor forest produce
The state minor forest produce federation established in 1984 at
Bhopal prominent minor forest produce of M.P. are Tendu leaf, Harra, Gum, Khair,
Bhilawa and Laakh.
a) Tendu Leaf
M.P. stands first in the production of Tendu leaf, state contributes 60% in
the total national production. It is used in Bidi manufacturing.
There are almost 260 Bidi manufacturing units in M.P. Jabalpur is the
main centre of bidi manufacturing.
Availability – maximum in Sagar than Rewa, Jabalpur, Damoh, Shahdol, Sidi, Singrauli
etc.
Note – At the time of nationalisation of forest (1971) Tendu leafs were nationalised
first in M.P.
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 b) Harra (Terminalia chebula)
- Use – In taining of leather, Ink, paints, Ayurvedic medicines etc.
- Availability – Mandla, Shahdol, Umaria, Balaghat etc.
c) Gum :
- It is extracted from the trees of Babool, Salai and Kullu.
- Use – Food items, cosmetics, medicines etc.
- Availability – Dhar, Jhabua, Alirajpur, Morena, Gwalior, Shivpuri.
d) Khair (Senegalia catechu)
- It is abundantly found in Shivpuri and Morena.
- There are three catechu manufacturing unit in state – (i) Shivpuri, (ii) Banmore,
(iii) Rewa.
Note – In state Khairwar tribes making catechu from khair tree.
e) Bhilawa (Semicarpus anacardium)
- Bhilawa is used in making Ink, medicines and paints.
- Availability – Eastern M.P.
- One Ink making unit is situated in Chhindwara.
f) Laakh :
- Laakh mainly taken from Jujube, pigeon pea (Arhar), Palash and Kushum trees.
Laakh worm feeds on these trees and excrete laakh.
- Uses – Medicines, Toys, and Bangles.
- Laakh manufacturing unit is situated in Umaria.
 Forest research institutes and training colleges
 Forest Research Institute (FRI) – Dehradun

It was founded in 1878 as the British Imperial forest school. In 1906 it was
re-established as the Imperial forest research institute. In 1938 it was established as
the Indian forest college. Officers recruited to the superior forest service by the states
and provinces were trained here.
In 1991, it was declared as a Deemed university. It is an exclusive
institution for forest research, & training. The FRI campus hosted by the Indra Gandhi
National Forest Academy (IGNFA).
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 - Out of four regional research centre of FRI one is situated in Jabalpur.
 State forest research institute (SFRI) – Jabalpur
- It was founded on 27th of June, 1963.
- It is administered by Central Agriculture and Irrigation department.
 M.P. State forest Development Corporation has been established on July 24,
1975.
- Headquarter – Bhopal
 State wild life Board

Under the section – 6 of wild life protection act (amendment), 2002

(original act – 1972). State govt. incorporates state wild life board. Chief Minister is the
ex-officio chairperson where as state forest minister is ex-officio deputy chairman of
this board.
 Indian Institutes of forest management (IIFM)
- Establishment - 1982.
It is a premier national level institute located at Bhopal. It is established by
the ministry of environment, forest and climate change with the financial assistance
from the Swedish International development corporation agency (SIDA) and
course assistance from IIM Ahmadabad.
Objective - To full fill the growing need for the managerial human resource in the area
of forest, environment and natural resources management and allide sectors.
 Other Institutes
 Forest management and Education centre established in 1979 in Balaghat.

 Forest rangers training institute – Balaghat.

 Tropical forest research institute – Jabalpur

 Forest research and human development institute – Chhindwara.

 Training schools for forest guards

1) Pachmari 4) Amarkantak 7) Betul
(Hoshangabad) (Anuppur) 8) Balaghat
2) Umariya 5) Lakhnadon (Seoni) 9) Jhabua
3) Shivpuri 6) Govindgarh (Rewa)

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 State forest schools
1) Jhabua
2) Govindgarh
3) Betul
4) Shivpuri
5) Amarkantak
 Sanjeevani Sansthan
M.P. minor forest produce federation has established “Sanjeevani
Sansthan” to encourage the marketing herbal products. 27 sales outlets named as a
Sanjeevani Ayurveda Kentra have been established under it.
 Eco-Tourism Board
To promote the Eco-tourism in state M.P. Eco-tourism development board
has been established in Bhopal in 2005. It is first board of India of this nature.
 Lok Vaniki Yojna
To protect the forest M.P. govt. has started the pilot project with the title of
Lok vaniki yojna. 33% of Geographical area should come under forest cover. According
to Indian forest act – 1972 there should be 60% forest in mountainous region and 20%
forest in Plains.
Since 1976 “Panchvan Scheme” is working in those states which are
having less than 33% of forest.
- Forest were nationalised in 1971. M.P. was the first and the only state which
nationalised their 100% forest in 1971. Since then hunting is strictly prohibited in
state.
 Vanaspati Van five year Plan - 2013
This plan was launched in Katni. It is introduced by health and family
welfare ministry. Under this scheme medicinal plants which is useful for the health of
children and women being sown in various places.
 Social forestry scheme (Samajik Vaniki Yojna)
M.P. govt. has started this scheme in 1976. Under this scheme farmers are
being financially motivated for plantation, horticulture, forestry etc.
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 M.P. State forest policy – 2005

First forest policy of M.P. had been announced in 1952 where as M.P.’s new
forest policy has been announced on 4th of April 2005.
 Main objectives of forest policy – 2005
a. To promote forest based industries.
b. To curb uncontrolled grazing.
c. To get maximum participation of localities in forest protection.
d. To save is improve the forest products.
e. To establish special courts for speedy trial in forest based crime.

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 WILD LIFE IN M.P.

- “State wild life protection act” has been enacted in M.P. in 1974.
- The wild life protection act – 1972. An act to provide the protection of wild
animals, birds and plants and for matters connected there with. It extends to the
whole of India.
- Section – 35 of wild life protection act – 1972 defines “National park” and
Section – 18 defines “Sanctuary”.

Note – National parks are managed and control by central government whereas
sanctuaries are managed and control by govt.

- There are 11 national parks and 26 santuries are situated in M.P.

 Project Tiger

Project tiger is a tiger conservation programmer launched in 1973 by the

government of India.
In the Initial phase of project tiger, only 9 Tiger reserves were established
in different states during the period of 1973-74.
1) Manas (Assam)
2) Palamu (Jharkhand)
3) Simlipal (Odisha)
4) Corbett (U.P. – now in Uttarakhand), in 1973, the first project of India was
launched in Jim Corbett national park.
5) Kanha (M.P.)
6) Melghat (Maharashtra)
7) Bandipur (Karnataka)
8) Ranthambore (Rajasthan)
9) Sunder ban (West Bangal)

Note – (i) Project Tiger in India is administered by National Tiger Conservation

Authority (NTCA). India is the home of 70% of Tigers in world.
(ii) On global level Ganni Mumbord is considered as Father of Project tiger whereas in
India Kailash Chandra Sankhala is considered as a father of project tiger.

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 There are 7 project tiger in M.P. out of which 6 are running in National
Parks and one is in Santuary.
 National Parks
1) Kanha Kisli (Mandla) 4) Panna (Panna-Chhatarpu)

2) Pench/Indra Gandhi 5) Sanjay (Sidhi)

(Seoni-Chhindwara) 6) Satpura (Hoshangabad)

3) Bandhavgarh (Umaria-Katni) 7) Ratapani (Raisen)

Note – Ratapani has been a wild life sanctuary since 1976. As of March 2013, in
principal approval by National Tiger conservation Authority (NTCA) has been granted
for upgrading it to a status of tiger reserve.

 11 National Parks of M.P.

1) Kanha Kisli (Mandla, 940 Km2)

It is a largest national park of M.P. It was set up in 1933 as a wild life sanctuary.
After Independence it was re-established as a Santuary in 1952. In 1955 Kanha Kisli
was designated as a First National Par of M.P. Hallon and Banjar Valley is the two
prominent part of this national park.
In 1974 it came under the scheme of “Project Tiger”. It is the first project tiger of
M.P.
- With the help of America Park Interpretation scheme is going on in this National
park.
- Fauna – Tiger, Leopard, Swamp deer (Barasingha) of Braider Species, Black
Buck, Nilgai.

Note – (i) Swamp deer is only found in Kanha National park.

(ii) Zoological name of Swamp deer – Cervus duvaucelii.

2) Bandhav Garh National Park (Umaria – Katni – 437 Km2)

In 1968 it was established as a national park. In 1993 it came under the scheme
of project tiger. This national park is famous for white Tigers.
The density of tiger population at Bandhavgarh is one of the highest known in
India. It is about one tiger/per 8 Km2 area.

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Note – Maharaja Martand Sing of Rewa captured first white tiger of world in this region
in 1951. This white tiger Mohan is now stuffed and on display in the place of Rewa.
The park derives its name from the most prominent hillock of the area,
which was said to be given by lord Rama to his brother Lakshmana to keep a watch on
Lanka. Hence it is known as Bandhavgarh. This national park is surrounded by 32 hills.
3) Panna (Panna – Chhatarpur, 543 Km2)

In 1981 it was established as a national park. In 1995 it came under the

scheme of project tiger.
- It was declared as a Third Biosphere reserve of M.P. on Aug. 25, 2011.
- State’s only reptile park in situated in this national park.
4) Pench (Seoni - Chhindwara, 293 Km2)

In 1983 it was established as a national park. In 1992 it came under the

scheme of Project Tiger.
- It is also known as Indra Priyadarshini National park.
- This national park is being developed as a Mogli Land.
Note – In Ain-i-Akari abul fazal also stated about this forest region.
- This national park also comes under the Sanctuary conservation Scheme of
World Bank.
5) Madhav National Park (Shivpuri, 337 Km2)

- In 1958 it was established as a national park.

- In 1911 Scindia rulers constructed castle on the name of King George-V with in
the national park at its highest point.
- NH-3 passes through this national park.
6) Satpura National Park (Hoshangabad, 545 Km2)

In 1981 it was established as a national park. In 1999-2000 it came under

the scheme of Project tiger. Dhoopgarh peak (1350m) is situated in the national park
- Here black bucks (Antilope Cervicapra) are available in maximum numbers.
7) Sanjay National Park (831.91 Km2, Sidhi)

In 1981 it was established as a national park. Primarily it was titled as a

Dubri but after the formation of Chhattisgarh a large part went over there. In M.P. it
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 was renamed as sanjay while in Chhattisgarh it was renamed as Guru Ghasidas
national park.
- In 2006 it came under the scheme of project tiger.
8) Fossils park (Dindori, 0.27 Km2)

- It is also known as Gughwa Fossil Park.

- In 1983 it was established as a national park. Fossils of animals and vegetations
are preserved in this national park.
- It is the smallest national park of M.P.
9) Van Vihar (Bhopal, 4.45 Km2)

In 1983 it was established as a national park. Although it has a status of a

national park, it is also developed and managed as a modern Zoological park following
the guidelines of the central zoo authority.
It is the first national park in India which has been awarded as a ISO-9001
Certificate.
- One and only snake park of M.P. is situated at Van Vihar.
- One & only Ex-Situ conservation centre of M.P. is situated at Van Vihar.
10) Dinosaur Fossil National park, Bagh (Dhar, 90 Km2)

- Established – in 2010, Area

- It is M.P.’s first Dinosaur fossil national park.
11) Kuno National Park (Sheopu – Morena, 344 Km2)

- In 1981 it was established as a wild life sanctuary that received the status of
National park in 2018.
- It is famous for the translocation of Asiatic Lions from Gir (Gujarat).
 Bio Sphere reserve in M.P.
- There are three Biosphere reserves in M.P.
1. Panchmari – It is M.P.’s first and India’s 10th (out of 18) Biosphere reserve.

- In 1999 it is designated as a Biosphere reserve.

- It includes Satpura National Park, Pachmari Santuary, Bori Santuary and their
vicinity. (Total area 4926 Km2)
2. Achanakamar (Amarkantak) Bio Sphere Reserve (2005)

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 3. Panna Biosphere reserve (2011)

 White Tiger Safari

World’s first white tiger safari has been established in Mukundpur

(Satna dist.) in 3rd of April 2016. The main district covered white tiger safari in Rewa.
 Wild Life Sanctuaries in M.P.
- M.P. has 26 Sanctuaries.
- Nauradehi (Sagar) is the biggest with area of 1034.52 Km2 and Ralamandal
(Indore) is smallest with 2.34 Km2 areas. But when it comes to aquatic animals
Chambal National Sanctuary of Morena Stand first with 3902 Km2 area.
- Four proposed Santuries are –
1) Kalibheet – Betul 3) Mandhata – Khandwa
2) Surmeniya – Khandwa 4) Katthiwada – Alirajpur
 Wild life santuries
1) Bori – Hoshangabad

2) Bagdara – Sidhi

3) Fen Minicor – Mandla

4) Ghatigaon - Gwalior

- It is also known as a great Indian bustard (Son Chidiya) Santuary.

- Son chidiya is also known as Gondwana Bird.
- Established in 1981 to protect Son Chidia or Golden bird.
5) Karera - Shivpuri

- Established in 1981 to protect Son Chidia or golden bird.

6) Gandhi Sagar – Mandsaur

- Famous for – Neelgai

7) National Chambal – Morena

- Gharial Santuary (3902 Km2)

8) Ken Gharial Santuary – Chhatarpur – Panna.

9) Son Ghariyal Santuary – Sidhi – Shahdol.

10) Keoni – Dewas – Sehore.

11) Narsinghgarh – Rajgarh

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 12) Nauradehi – Sagar

- It is famous for Black Buck and Neelgai.

13) Pachmari – Hoshangabad

14) Panpatha – Shahdol

15) Palpur Kuno - Sheopur

- It is proposed as a 2nd home for Asiatic Lions of Gir.

- Established in 1981.
16) Pench – Seoni – Chhindwara

17) Ratapani – Raisen (Project Tiger – 2013)

18) Sanjay – Sidhi

19) Sardarpur - Dhar

- It is a preservation centre for Kharmour Bird

- Famous for paradise flycatcher.
20) Sailana Florican (Kharmour) – Ratlam sanctuary.

- It is a preservation centre for Kharmour Bird.

- It is famous for paradise fly catcher.
21) Ralamandal – Indore

22) Sindhori – Raisen

23) Orchha – Tikamgarh

24) Gangau – Panna

- Famous for Baison.

25) Rani Durgawati – Jabalpur

26) Kaam Dhenu Cow Santuary

- It is India’s first cow sanctuary, situated at Salaria village in Sasner Tehsil of

Agar Malwa.
 Forestry Award
1. Amrita Devi Bishnoi Smriti award
- Started in – 1994
- In two categories – 50,000 Rs., 25,000 Rs.
- The prizes are given every year to commemorate the Amrita Devi.

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 2. Indra priya darshini Vrikshamitra award (IPVM)
- Incorporated in – 1986
- Honrorium – 2.5 lakh.
3. Mahavriksha Award
- It was introduced in 1995 to recognise and protect the ancient and special races
of trees.
4. Basawn Mama Smriti Award
- Started in – 2009
- Award conferred in the field of forest conservation and promotion.
- It given in two categories – 2 lakh and 1 lakh Rs.
 Jungle Galiyara (Forest Corridor Scheme)
- This scheme was announced state govt. in 1999.
- In first stage of this scheme two national parks Bandhav Garh and Kana-Kisli had
to be connected but still project is suspended.
Note : (i) Cheetal is the most available animal in the forests of M.P. It is also known as
spotted deer. Zoological name – Axis axis.
(ii) Smallest bird of India Sun Bird (Fulchuki or Shakhar Khora) and largest bird Crane
(Saras) both are available in M.P.

 Tiger Foundation Society

- Under wild life protection act – 1972 this society was established on Jan. 15, 1997.
- Its main motive is to promote project tiger in M.P.
 Mahasheer
- On 26th of Sept. 2012 it is designated as a state fish.
- It is also known as Tor-Tor and Tiger River.
- It develops in running water. Dam Structures are playing dicey role in the
development of Mahasheer. Hence to preserve it M.P. Govt. has designated it as a
state fish.

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 EDUCATION IN M.P.

 Literacy rate – 69.3%

 Highest – Jabalpur (81.1%)

 Lowest – Alirajpur (36.1%)

 Male literacy – 78.7%

 Highest – Jabalpur (87.3%)

 Lowest – Alirajpur (42%)

 Female literacy – 59.2%

 Highest – Bhopal (74.9%)

 Lowest – Alirajpur (30.3%)

- Literacy increase rate – 5.6% (during last decade)

- At the time of formation of M.P. there were only one university in state –
- Dr. Hari Sing Gaur University (Sagar) (Established in 1946)
- Founder and first V.C. – Hari Singh Gaur
- In 2008 it was designated by the status of Central University.
- In M.P. there are 21 universities, in which
 Two central university –
(i) Hari Singh Gaur,
(ii) Indra Gandhi National Tribal University (Anuppur, Amarkantak)
- Established in 2008.
- It the Asia’s first tribal research university.
- Three Deemed University.
1) IIITM (Indian Institute of Information technology and Management) – Gwalior.
2) IIITDM (Indian Institute of Information technology, Design and manufacturing) –
Jabalpur.
3) LNIPE (Laxmi Bai National Institute of Physical Education) – Gwalior (Formerly
Laxmi bai national university of physical education) (Established – 1957)
- It is Asia’s first college which is centred upon physical education.
- Regional centre – Bhopal.

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 16 State University
In state maximum universities are located at Bhopal i.e. 6 in count.
1. Raja Bhoj open university – Bhopal (Established – 1993)
 UNESCO titled it as Mega University.
2. Makhan Lal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Mass
Communication – Bhopal (Established in 1991-1992)
 It is India’s first university for Journalism and Mass communication.
 It is M.P.’s only university for Journalism and Mass communication.
3. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Hindi University (Bhopal)
 Established in 2011.
 It is India’s First Hindi University.
4. Barkatullah University – Bhopal, 1970.
5. National law institute university – Bhopal, 1998
6. Rajiv Gandhi Technical University Bhopal, 1998.
7. Maharashi Panini Sanskrit Evam Vedic Vishwavidhyaaya – Ujjain (Est. – 2008)
 It is the only Sanskrit university of state.
8. Jawahar lal Nehru Agricultural university - Jabalpur
 Est. - 1964.
 It is M.P.’s first agricultural university where as 2nd one is Raj Mata Vijayaraje
Scindia agricultural university (Gwalior, 2008)
9. Raja Maan Singh Tomar Music and arts university (Gwalior)
 Est. 2008
 It is M.P.’s only university for music.
10. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University of Social Sciences (Ambedkar Nagar, Indore)
 Est. 2015-16.
11. Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday university (Chitrakoot, Satna)
 It was established on Feb. 12, 1991 by Social activist Bharat Ratna ‘Nanaji
Deshmukh’.
Note – India’s first Gram Swaraj Institute was established in Panna on 26th of Jan. 2002
under Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday University.

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12. Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science university (Jabalpur)
 Est. 2009
 The University has three veterinary colleges
1. Rewa
2. Mhow (Ambedkar Nagar)
3. Jabalpur
- M.P.’s oldest Medical college is Gajra Raja Medical College (Gwalior, 1946)
- M.P.’s oldest Engineering college is Jabalpur govt. Engineering college (Jabalpur,
1947)
- M.P.’s only Unani Medical College is in Burhanpur.
- M.P.’s only Dental College is in Indore.
- M.P.’s only Nursing College is in Indore.
- M.P.’s only Horticulture College is in Mandsaur.
- M.P.’s ‘First Girls physical Training college’ is in Shivpuri.
- M.P.’s First Sports School is in Sehore.
- M.P.’s only govt. Homeopathic College is in Bhopal.
 Devi Ahilya University is the first university of India that has a tie up with Eastern

Mishigan University (USA) for ‘Teaching and research’.

 Jawahar lal Nehru School (Bhopal) [Operated by BHEL] is M.P.’s first School to get

ISO – 9001 and 14001 certificates.

 All India institute of Medical Sciences or Raj Mata Vijaya Raje Scindia AIIMS

located at Bhopal.
- Established in 2012.
- In India Indore is the first city to have both IIM (1996) and IIT (2009).
- India’s first tribal dialect radio program “Vanya” started from Chandra Shekhar
Azad Nagar.
- Along with nation India has also started Mid-day meal program on 15th of Aug.
1995.
 The only Sainik School of M.P. is located at Rewa.

- Established in 20th of July 1962.

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- Next Sainik School of State is proposed at Bhind.
- M.P.’s first and India’s third DNA lab. Started in Sagar on 26th of Jan. 2006.
 Vyapam (Vyavsayik Pariksha Mandal) was est. in Bhopal in 1982 but now it is

known by MP-PEB (M.P. Professional examination Board).

 Indra Gandhi national open university (IGNOU) Delhi is running 8 centres in M.P. –

1) Bhopal (First centre of IGNOU, 1987)

2) Indore 6) Betul
3) Gwalior 7) Satna
4) Jabalpur 8) Sagar
5) Rewa
- In M.P. there are three cancer hospitals –
1) Indore
2) Jabalpur
3) Gwalior
 Right to education (RTE), 2009
 The govt. is duty bound to provide free and compulsory education to all children

in the age group of 6 to 14 years under this act.

 It came in to force on April 1, 2010.

 Rajiv Gandhi Prathmik Shiksha Mission

 Launched on 20th of Aug. 1994.

 Object - Improvement in primary education.

 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme

 To promote the girl education this scheme was launched in Aug. 2005.

 Since April 2007 this scheme has been merged with SSA (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan).

 Operation Black Board

 Launched in – 1987

 Object – (i) To provide tea chin aids.

(ii) To supply Appratur.

(iii) Teachers will be trained in using materials provided under scheme.

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 Padhana – Badhana Mission : Launched in 2003.
 Head start programme
 It was launched in 2000 with the aim of imparting computed education in schools

up to 8th standard.
 Shiksha Gurantee scheme
 Launched in 1997.

 It’s objective is to extend and impart the primary education to all concern.

 School Chale Hum Mission

 Launched in 2009-10.

 Obj - To monitor the school dropout rate.

 Satellite schools
 Satellite school is a policy which is working under “School Chale Hum Mission”.

 Satellite school will be opened to provide primary education where there is no

school in area of 1 Km2, but there must be atleast 10 children of age 5 to 9 years
and 40 children of age 5-10 years.
 Shankhnaad Scheme
 Launched in 1997.

 The main objective of this scheme is to ensure the development of tribal

education.
 Centre for research and Industrial staff performance
 Founded in 1997

 This centre was established under Indo-German technical co-operation

agreement.
 This centre provides training to associated teacher, students and also to those

one who are intrested in self employment.

- M.P. National law institution – Bhopal
- Jawaharlal Nehru police Academy – Sagar (1906)
- Rustamji armed police training college – Indore (1980)
- M.P. Pathya Pustak Nigam – Bhopal (1968)

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 SPORTS IN M.P.

To promote the sports activities in M.P., State govt. has incorporated the
“Department or directorate of sports and youth welfare” on Oct 1, 1975. It carried out
it’s activities on the advices of M.P. Sports council which was incorporated in 1960.

Under the new sports policy 2005 this council has now been replaced by
M.P. sports authority on June 13, 2011.

 Head quarter - Bhopal.

 It is chaired by state sports minister.
 The first sports policy of M.P. was declared in 1989. Whereas new sports policy
was declare in 2005.
 Hockey in M.P.
 In M.P. there are two male hockey association
1) Bhopal Hockey association – Aish Baag stadium (Bhopal)
2) M.P. Hockey association – Jabalpur.
 In state there are three women hockey association.
1) M.P. women hockey association – Bhopal.
2) Mahakaushal women hockey association – Jabalpur.
3) Madhya Bharat Hockey association – Jabalpur.
 The obaidullah khan gold cup hockey tournament is the major international
tournaments organize every year at Aishbaag stadium, Bhopal. It is M.P.’s first
Astro turf implanted stadium.

Note : Bhopal is termed as a “Nursary of Hockey”.

 Sports Awards of M.P.

1) Eklavya Award (Est. 1994)
 This award is given to Junior player (under 19)

 Honrorium – 50,000 Rs.

2) Vikram Award (Est. 1990)

 This award is given to senior player about 19.

 Honrorium – 1 lakh Rs.

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 3) Vishwamitra award (Est. 1994)
 This award is given to that coaches who must have trained the players who has

won at least two Gold, or four Silver or six Bronze medals in last four years in
any national event or who has won any international medal.
 Honrorium – 1 lakh Rs.

4) Captain Roopsingh Life time achievement award (Est. 2012)

 This award is given for distinguished contribution in development of sports.

 Honrorium – 1 lakh Rs.

5) Prabhash Joshi Award (Est. 2013)

 It is given in the field of Malkhamb.

Note – These awards are conferred on National Sports day (29th of Aug, B-day of major
Dhyanchand) at Ravindra Bhawan (Bhopal)

 M.P. Table Tennis Association

 Est. 1957.

 Headquarter – Jabalpur.

 Jall Godrej belongs to Indore is the noted player of Table Tennis better known as

Great Wall of China.

Note – Table Tennis academy situated at Indore.
 M.P. Badminton Association
 Est. 1946

 Headquarter – Jabalpur.

 Madhya Bharat Badminton Association

 Est. 1948

 Headquarter – Gwalior.

 Prominent Sports Academy

1) Hockey Academy – Bhopal.
2) Shooting Academy – Bhopal (Goregaon)
3) Equestrian Academy – Bhopal
4) Cycling Academy – Jabalpur (First Velodrum in M.P.)
5) Archery Academy – Jabalpur.

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 6) Women Hockey Academy – Gwalior (2006)
7) Cricket Academy – Gwalior and Bhopal
8) Marshal Art Academy – Bhopal
9) Weight lifting Academy – Jabalpur.
10) Malkhamb Academy – Ujjain
11) Gymnastics Academy – Ujjain.
12) Athletics Academy - Bhopal
13) Water Sports Academy – Bhopal.
 Stadiums in M.P.
1) Aishbagh Stadium – Bhopal.
2) Bab-e-Ali Stadium – Bhopal.
3) Nehru Stadium – Indore.
4) Holkar (Usha Raje Stadium) – Indore.
5) Roop singh stadium – Gwalior. (State’s first flood light installed stadium)
6) Tatya Tope Stadium – Bhopal (Museum is also situated in this stadium)
7) Thakur Ranmat Singh Stadium – Rewa.
8) Ashok Patel Stadium – Jabalpur.
9) Pandit Ravi Shankar Stadium – Jabalpur.
10) Pushpak stadium – Bhopal.
11) Rani Taal Cricket stadium and sports complex – Jabalpur.
12) Abhay khel prashal – Indore (Indore stadium)
 Mission Olympic – 2020
 This scheme was announced by former Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan on

Jan 16, 2013.

 Aim – To prepare M.P.’s players for Olympic 2020, spicially in three sports –

Marshal Arts, water sports and shooting.

 Asian Kayaking and Canoeing competition was organized for the first time in M.P.
1-4 Oct, 2013 at Bhopal.
 M.P. is the only state in India that has made it compulsory for every school to
allocate one period as sports period.

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  A sports city is proposed to be set at Satgarhi near Bhopal. The ministry of sports
and youth welfare marked out a 173 acre land for the development of the world
class sports complex at Satgarhi.
 M.P. has hosted national games twice
 1953 in Jabalpur and

 1962 in Jabalpur.

 The only Tribal School of M.P. is situated at Alirajpur.

 The only Hostle for hockey is situated at Narsihmapur.
 First sailing school of India is established at Bhopal in 2006.
 Paan Singh Tomar of Morena represented India in Tokyo Asian games (1958). He
was the seven times national steeple chase champion is the era of 1950-60.
 Regional centre of SAI (Sports authority of India ltd, Patiala) is located at Bhopal. It
is titled as Uddhav Das Mehta regional centre.
 Panchayat Krida Aur Khel Abhiyan (PYKKA) – 2008-2018
 This Scheme was started by state govt. for the development of players and

modification in teh sport structure in rural areas.

 Prominent Players
1) Sandhya Agrawal – (Indore)
 She was the former captain of Indian women’s Cricket team. Honored with Arjun

and Vikram Award.

2) C.K. Nayudu - (Indore)
 He was the first captain of Indian cricket team in test match.

 Padma Bhushan – 1956.

 Snooker
 It was invented by British Army officers as a variation of Billiards in Jabalpur

officers mess during 1874-75.

 M.P. Billiards and Snooker Association located at Indore.

 Jabalpur also houses Narmada club which is a famous snooker club.

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 AGRICULTURE IN M.P.

M.P. has agriculture based economy. 72% of state population resides in

rural areas hence their main occupation for their livelihood is agriculture. 49% of total
land of state is under cultivation which is about 9% of country’s land.
 Total sowing area is state is 154.55 lakh hectare.

 M.P. Stands 2nd in national crop production and it is contribution 12% in it.

 M.P. is stands first in the production of pulses, Gram and Soyabean.

 In M.P. Harda Stands first in Plough size where as Katni and Neemuch has

minimum plough size.

 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Wheat is a staple crop of M.P. In M.P. wheat stands first in both sowing
area and production. It is a Rabi crop and it is a highly irrigated crop of M.P. Wheat
covers 50.3% of total irrigated land of state. Plateau of Malwa is the highest wheat
producing area of M.P. Hence it is termed as a store house of wheat. Biggest wheat
marked is situated at Dewas.
 In 2017-18 M.P. produced 189 Metric Tonn Wheat.

 M.P. stands third in the national production of wheat.

 Soyabean (Glycine max)

M.P. is contribution 62% of Soyabean in national production hence M.P.

stands first in the same. Hence M.P. is also termed as a Soya State. In state Ujjain stands
first in the production of Soyabean. It is a Kharif crop.
 India’s first Soyabean stock exchange is situated at Indore.

 In M.P. Soyabean cultivation was started from Dewas.

 Classification of Crops based on cropping season

 Rabi Crop

- It is also known as Unaloo.

- It is sown in Oct-Nov and Harvested in March-April.
- Crops – Wheat, Gram, Mustard, Lentil Pulse, Peas.

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  Kharif Crop

- It is also known as Shyaloo

- It is sown in July-August and harvested in Nov – Dec.
- Crops – Rice, Maize, Millet, Sorghum, Soyabean, Cotton, Pigen Pea, Groung nut,
Moong, Urad etc.
 Zaid Crop

- The crop that is yielded between the season of Rabi and Kharif are Zaid crop.
- Crops – Water milon, Cucumber, Green vegetables are the major Zaid crops.
 Opium
 It is also termed as poppy tears and it’s source plant is Papaver Somniferum.

 M.P. is the highest producer of opium in India, in which Mandsaur stands first and

Neemuch stands second.

 Cannabis
 It is also known as Marijuana.

 Khandwa is the highly cannabis producing district of state.

 Khargone is the highly groundnut producing dist. of M.P.

 Narsimapur is the highly Pigeon Pea producing dist.
 Highly mustard producing districts are – Gwalior, Bhind and Morena.
 Highly Gram producing districts are – Vidisha and Hoshangabad.
 Prominent Cash crops or commercial crops of M.P. are – Sugar cane, soyabean,
cotton and opium.
 Prominent vegetable of M.P. is Potato where as onion stands second.
 Prominent fruit of M.P. is Guava. It stands first in National production.
 Khandwa and Khargone are famous for cotton production.
 First organic farming unit of India established in Indore.
 Only coffee producing area of M.P. is situated at Kukru Khamla situated Bhesdehi
tehsil of Betul.
 Panna is declared as an Amla district Jabalpur is declared as mango district.
 M.P. Agricultural industry Development Corporation was established in 1969-70.
(Headquarter – Bhopal)

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 M.P. state seed Development Corporation established in 1980, Head Quarter –
Bhopal.
 Biodiversity board was established in M.P. in 2002 on the advice of Dr. M.S.
Swaminathan under the chairmanship of the chief minister.
 Land Development Corporation was established in 1977-78.
 Prominent Agricultural institute and research institute –
1. Agriculture Engineering research Centre – Bhopal
2. M.P.’s first cell rich organic manure plant – Bhopal
3. Cattle fodder plant – Indore
4. India’s first organic farming unit – Indore
5. National Soyabean research centre – Indore
6. National grapes research centre – Ratlam
7. Horticulture college – Mandsaur
8. International wheat and maize research centre – Jabalpur
9. Dairy state centre – Jabalpur
10. Rice or paddy research centre – Barwani
11. Cotton research centre – Khargone
12. Sugarcane research centre – Narshimapur
13. Pulses research centre – Sehore
14. National weed science research centre – Jabalpur
15. State wheat research centre – Hoshangabad
16. Mahasheer fish preservation centre – Bhopal
17. Fishing Industry training centre – Chattarpur
 Crops and required Geographical condition

No. Crop Rainfall (cm.) Temperature (0C)

1. Wheat 75-100 150-260
2. Rice 125-200 200-260
3. Gram 100-200 200-260
4. Cotton 60-100 200-250
5. Pigeon pea 100-200 200-260
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 6. Sorghum 75-100 150-260
7. Sugar cane 100-200 150-240
8. Soyabean 60-100 200-250
9. Opium 75-100 150-260

 Agriculture Programme
1) Yantra doot gram (2014-15)
Under this scheme agricultural apparatus are being used to improve the
production rate. For that every year 200 villages are being choosen as a Yantra Doot
Gram.
2) Vipul utpadan programme (2015)
 State govt. is running this programme to increase in production rate.

3) Suraj Dhara Yojna (2017)

This programme was stated to provide income stability to the marginal
farmers of scheduled caste and scheduled tribes, and also provided them high
yielding variety of seeds.
4) Farmer council (2012)
In order to protect the interest of farmer’s state govt. has established
Farmer Council in every dist. of state which is chaired by the chairman of Jila
Panchayat.
5) Krishi Cabinet (2011)
The M.P. has constituted a committee called a Krishi cabinet, to make
agriculture more profitable and for it’s overall development. The committee is
headed by Chief Minister.
6) Operation thrust (1988-89)
This programme was launched in M.P. to increase the food grain
production even under draught conditions.
7) Balram-Tal-Yojna (2007-08)
This scheme was started to ensure the availability of surface and ground
water for agricultural practices.

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 Under this scheme state govt. provides grants for the talab (Pond) which
is 50% of the total cost and in the case of SC/ST farmers it will be 75%.
8) Mukhya Mantri Krishak Jivan Kalyan Yojna (2013)
 Objective – Economic assistance given to farmer in any mishappening resulted

in physical damage. Like –

 Partial disability – 7,500

 Permanent disability – 25,000

 Death – 1,00,000

 Local Breeds of cattle and poultry in the state –

1. Jamnapari
 It is a local breed of Goat mainly found in Bhind.

 This white coloured red spotted goat in the largest Breed of Goat in state.

2. Bhadavare
 It is a local breed of Buffalo found in Gwalior and Bhind.

 Medium height, small head, long tail, short and stout legs.

 Milk yield – 4 to 5 liters/day.

3. Nimadi Cow
 It is also called as Queen of Nimar and Pride of Nimar abundantly found in

Kahdwa, Kargone, Burhanpur and Barwani dist.

 Medium height, wide for head, medium horns.

 Milk yield – 4-5 liter/day.

4. Malwi Cow
 It is called as Queen of Malwa found in Shajapur, Rajgarh and Mandsaur dist.

 Medium size and height, small head, round horns.

 Milk yield – 4-5 lit./day.

5. Kadaknath (Gallus – Gallus domesticus)

The Kadaknath or Kali masi is an Indian breed of chicken local to Jhabua
and Dhar districts of Western M.P. Due to it’s high protein and very low fat and
cholestral levels, it is high in demand.

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  This famous chicken from Jhabua of M.P. has now got a Geographical

Indication tag (GI-tag). It was approved by Indian govt. on July 30, 2018. It is
the only animal to have a GI tag in India.
- For cow conservation in M.P. Gauseva Commission was formed in 1995.
- National cow and Buffalo Breeding Scheme is being implemented in M.P. Since
1999.
- M.P. Cow husbandry and animal wealth conservation board was formed in 2004,
under this, Gaushalas were registered.
 M.P.’s first state level animal husbandry Training Institute has been set up in

Bhopal.
 In M.P. highest Milk Production takes place in Morena and Sheopur district.

- To increase the production of Milk in state co-operative dairy development

programme has been initiated on the Anand model.
- M.P. State Dairy development board was established in 1975. It is responsible to
run operation flood in M.P.

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 COMMUNICATION AND BROADCASTING

 News papers and Magazines

 Bengal Gazette
‘Bengal Gazette’ or ‘Calcutta general advertiser’ was the first newspaper
printed in Asia. It was an English language weekly newspaper published from Kolkata.
 It was founded and Edited by James Augustus Hicky (Irishman)

 Founded on – 29th of January 1780.

 Udant martand
 It was the first Hindi Language newspaper published in India.

 Started on 30th of May 1826 from Kolkata.

 Published by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla.

 Gwalior Akhbaar
 It was the first newspaper of M.P.

 Started in 1840 from Gwalior

 It was an Urdu language weekly newspaper.

 Published by – Munshi Laxman Das.

 In 1956 it was renamed as M.P. Sandesh.

 Malwa Akhbar
 It was first Hindi Language weekly newspaper of M.P.

 Started in 1848 from Indore.

 Editor – Pt. Prem Narayan.

 Later it was published in Urdu also

 Jablapur Samachar
 It was the first English newspaper of M.P. (Monthly)

 Started in 1870 from Jabalpur.

 Navjeevan
 It was the first Hindi language daily newspaper of M.P.

 It was started in 1915 from Indore, at that time it was monthly newspaper in

1939 it became Daily newspaper

 Editor – Pt. Dwarika Prasad.
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 First evening Daily newspaper was pradeep
 It was published in Hindi from Jabalpur.

 Started in 1950.

 Editor – Mohan Sinah.

- The first English daily newspaper was M.P. Chronical.

 Started in 1957 from Bhopal.

- First Marathi newspaper of M.P. was Purna Chandrodaya.

 Started in 1860 from Indore.

- In 1887 “Bharat Bhrata” Hindi weekly newspaper started from Rewa, Which was
considered as a “First political newspaper of M.P.”
- Khel Halchal was the first sports magazine of M.P.
 It was published by Nai Dunia in 1980 in Hindi language.

- M.P. Sandesh is a oldest newspaper of M.P. which is still in circulation.

- Right now Dainik Bhaskar stands first in circulation.
 M.P. Madhyam
 It was established in 1985 in Bhopal to publish the information and the

notification of govt. Schemes and employment.

 It also publishes – News paper – Rojgar Nirman (Weekly) and Panchayika

Magzine (Mongly)
 Madhav Rao Sapre Memorial museum of newspapers in situated at Bhopal. It was

established on June 19, 1984.

 Makhan lal Chaturvedi published Karmveer (Newspaper) in 1920 from Jabalpur

later it was published from Khandwa.

 Akashvani (Radio)
 In India Radio Broadcasting began in June 1923 (Trial bases) during the British

era from Bombay presidency Radio club.

 On 23rd of July 1927 the private Indian Broad casting Company (IBC) was

authorised to operate the two radio stations –

(i) Bombay station (23rd of July 1927)
(ii) Calcutta station (26th of Aug 1927)
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  On 8th of June 1936 IBC renamed as All India Radio and took over by British –

Indian govt.
 Since 1957 “All India Radio” is known as Akashwani.

 It is a national public radio broadcaster of India and division of Prasar Bharti.

 Head quarter – Akashwani Bhawan (New Delhi)

 First Akashwani Centre of M.P. was established at Indore on 22nd of May 1955,

where as 2nd one established at Bhopal (1956) and 3rd one at Gwalior (1964)
 At present 26 Akashwani Centres are there in M.P.

 Radio Mirchi is the first commercial broad casting FM service (98.3 Hz) of M.P.

Started in 2006 from Indore.

 Doordarshan (Television)
 It was established 15th of Sept. 1959 and was began as an experimental broad

caster in Delhi on Same day with a small transmitter and a Makeshift studio.
 Regular Transmission started in 1965.

 National telecast (DD National) was introduced in 1982.

 Colour T.V. began in India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech

by Prime Minister Indra Gandhi on 15th of Aug. 1982. Followed by the Colour
telecast of the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi.
 First television broad casting centre of M.P. was established at Raipur in 1975

 In 1982 at the time of Asiad two centres were also established at Indore and

Bhopal.
 After that 86 relay centres have been setup in M.P.

- At present 4 T.V. centres are there in M.P.

(i) Bhopal, (ii) Indore,
(iii) Gwalior (iv) Jabalpur
- In which Bhopal and Indore are also working as a T.V. programme Centre.
 Telephone
 In M.P. the telecom Services were started on Sept 1, 1974.

 There are 2424 telephone centres in M.P.

 Tele density in M.P. – 58 (2014)

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  Airtel, (Bharti Telecom) was the first private telephone service started in M.P. in

2000.
 Post and Telegraph
 The first post and Telegraphs circle was established on April 1, 1962. (Head

Quarter – Bhopal)
 Govt. post and telegraph workshop is situated at Jabalpur.

 Air ways
 World’s first official airmail flight took place in India on 18 Feb 1911 from Prayag

Raj to Naini.
 In M.P. Air ways was started on 26th of July 1948.

 The state has five chief operational air ports –

1. Bhopal – Raja Bhoj air port (International)

2. Indore – Devi Ahilya air port (International)
3. Gwalior – Raj Mata Scindia air Terminal
4. Jabalpur – Dumna air port
5. Khajuraho – Civil air port (International)
 These are connected with the regular flights of Indian Air lines and Vayudoot.

 In M.P. there is one Military Air Bases.

- Maharaja Pura (Gwalior)

 Air bases of security forces.

- Taken Pur (Gwalior) – BSF.

 Air base of MPEB.

- Sarni – Betul.

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 THERMAL POWER PLANTS

1) Chandni thermal power plant (Location – Nepanagar, Burhanpur)

 It was established in 1953 and it is the first thermal power station of M.P.

 It supplies power to Nepanagar Paper Mill.

 Production capacity – 227 MW.

2) Amarkantak thermal power plant (Location – Chachai village of Anuppur)

 Production capacity – 450 MW.

 It receives water from Son River and coal from Sohagpur coal region.

3) Satpura thermal power station (Location - Patherkheda of Sarni, Betul)

 It is a joint venture of M.P. and Rajasthan in the proportion of 2 : 3.

 Production capacity – 1142.5MW.

 It receives water from Tawa River and coal from Patherkheda coal region.

4) Vindhyachal thermal power plant (Location – Waidhan, Singrauli)

 Foundation stone was laid out by Smt. Indra Gandhi in 1982.

 Capacity – 2260 MW.

 It is the largest thermal power station of M.P.

 The coal for the power plant sourced from Singrauli mines and water is sourced

from Rihand reservoir.

 This power plant was installed with the support of USSR.

5) Sanjay Gandhi Thermal power Plant (Location – Birsingh Pur, Umaria)

 Capacity – 1340 MW.

 It sourced water from Johila River and coal from Johila coal region.

6) Pench Thermal power plant (Location – Chhindwara)

 Capacity – 420 MW.

 It sourced water and coal from Pench valley.

7) Jabalpur Thermal power plant (Location – Jabalpur)

 Capacity – 151 MW

 It receives coal from Jabalpur and water from Narmada.

 It was established in 1960 and since 1974 it has been working under the

occupation of Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board.

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8) Singaji Thermal power plant (Location – Mundi, Khandwa)
 Capacity – 2520 MW But producing only 1200 MW.

 The water required is taken from Indra Sagar reservation and coal is sourced from

South-Eastern coal field limited.

9) Dada Dhuniwale Thermal power plant (Location – Goradia village of Khandwa)
 Capacity – 1600 MW

 It sourced water from Indra Sagar reservoir and coal from South-Eastern coal

field.
 Thermal power plants under private sector
1) ESSAR – Singrauli – 1200 MW
2) J.P. Nigari – Singrauli – 1320 MW
3) J.P. Bina – Sagar – 500 MW
4) Moser Bear – Anuppur – 1200 MW
5) Dainik Bhaskar (Gorji) – Singrauli – 1320 MW
6) Ultra Mega Power Plant of Saran (Singrauli) of 4000MW (Right now project is
suspended on the issue of coal block).

MADHYA PRADESH ELCTRICITY BOARD (MPEB)

Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board (M.P.E.B.) was founded in the year 1950 and it
was come in to the force in 1952. It’s head quarter is at Jabalpur. (Shakti Bhawan).
M.P.E.B. is the first Electricity Board established after independence in the country.
M.P.E.B. is the biggest enterprise of state govt.

- The contribution of M.P. in producing electricity in the country is 10%.

- There are three energy study research and development centre in M.P. –
1. Dr. Ambedkar Institution of social science (Mhow)

2. Administrative academy (Noronha Academy) (Bhopal)

3. Devi Ahilya Bai University (Indore)

- Power generation in M.P. was started in 1905 at Gwalior with the steam turbine of
240 K.V.

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 Renewable Sources of Energy
- To find out the alternative sources of energy “M.P. Energy Development
Corporation” was set up in 1982.
- It’s Targeted capacity is 3000MW.
- Established capacity – 1000 MW (State govt.)
- Established capacity – 849 MW (Private Sector)
 Solar Energy

The world’s largest solar power plant is being set up at Gurh at Rewa, with
the capacity of 750 MW. It is also called as RUMSL (Rewa ultra mega solar ltd.) 24% of
power generated from the park will be sold to the DMRC (Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation).
 Bio Gas
 First Bio-gas plant of M.P. was set up in 1984 at Bhopal.

 M.P. govt. is running Swalamban project for Bio gas plant.

 Bio Mass

Waste material like organic waste, leaves, plants, food material etc. Get
digested in the digester which releases microbes that produces energy. It is completely
clean energy hence it is termed as a Sulabh Energay.
First Bio Mass power plant of India was set up on 29th of Oct. 2005 at
Kasaigaon of Bhaisdehi Tehsil in Betul.

Note – Kasaigaon is titled as a first Biomass energy village of M.P.

 Wind Energy
 Required Ideal wind speed for wind energy is 8 to 23 m/sec.

 In M.P. speed of wind is almost 9.4m/sec.

 M.P. is having 148 units of wind mills out of which 39 units are installed in Indore

which is maximum in state. To promote the utilization of wind energy M.P. wind
farms limited has been incorporated in Bhopal.
 This institution has established the first and biggest wind energy centre of M.P. at

Jamagodrani village of Dewas.

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  It’s capacity is 22.1 MW (22100 K.W.)

 Jamagodrani has been titled as a science city by M.P. govt.

Note – To promote non-conventional energy product, M.P. govt. has established Aditya
Solar shop.
 Chutka Nuclear power plant

It is proposed nuclear power plant to be built at Chutka village of Mandla

district. The project will have the installed capacity of 1400 MW.

Note : High drain water pump is being used in M.P., it is a water operated pump in
which electricity is not required. Such types of maximum pumps are being used in
Khargone.

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 MINERAL RESOURCES OF M.P.

M.P. stands third in the production of Minerals after Jharkhand and

Chhattisgarh. There are 30 types of minerals are available in state in which 23 are
producing. Minerals and minings are mainly concentrated in Eastern and southern belt
of M.P.
 Madhya Pradesh state Mineral Corporation established on 19th of January

1962.
 First mineral policy of M.P. was announced in 1995, where as current mineral

policy was announced in 2010.

 M.P. is the only state which is producing Diamond, Cassiterite (Tin, Ore, SnO2) and

Slate rock.
 Prominent Ores
1) Iron Ore –
a) Magnetite (72% Iron)
b) Hematite (70% Iron)
c) Limonite (50-60% Iron)
d) Siderite (50% Iron)
 Mainly Magnetite and Hematite ores are available in M.P.

 Availability – Jabalpur (Max.), Balaghat, Mandla, Gwalior, Khandwa etc.

2) Manganese –
 Name of the ore – Pyrolusite (MnO2)

 M.P. Stands first in the reserve of Manganese, i.e. almost 50%, but stands third

in production.
 Largest reserves in Balaghat and Chhindwara dist. Bharveli mine at Balaghat is

the largest Manganese producing mine of Asia.

 Uses – It is used in the Manufacturing of steel, alloys, manufacturing of air

craft’s, bleaching powder (CaOCl2 – Calcium oxy chloride), colouring of glass etc.
3) Copper – Name of the ore – cuprite (Cu2O) & copper glance (Cu2S).
 M.P. stands third in the production of copper.

 State is contributing almost 22% in total copper production of India.

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  Malajkhand mine of Balaghat is the maximum copper producing mine of M.P.

whereas Sleemnabad mine of Chhindwara stands next to it.

 Uses – It is being used in electrical instruments, metal works etc.

4) Bauxite (Al2O3)
 It is an oxide of Aluminium.

 Availability – Katni, Jabalpur, Amarkantak, Shahdol, Balaghat and Mandla.

 First time in M.P. (in 1908) Bauxite was mined from Katni.

 Uses – To form Aluminium (Specially used in Aeroplane and Ship

manufacturing)
 From M.P. Bauxite is being sent to Renukoot aluminium plant of U.P. from

Amarkantak.
5) Diamond
 Diamond is a non-metallic ore.

 M.P. is the only diamond producing state of India.

 Availability –

- Panna and Hinota mine of panna.

- Majhgawa mine in Satna.
- Angore in Chhatarpur.
In M.P. Diamonds are mainly mined from Kimberlite pipes which is spreaded
from Panna to Satna. In Panna diamonds are also mined from the Ramkheria, this
deposit is formed by Bhagen River. In M.P. Diamonds are mined by National Mineral
Development Corporation (NMDC).
 In India Max. Diamond producing district is Panna.

 Uses – Ornamental and in the field of Engineering.

6) Coal
 Coal is a fossil fuel that forms when dead plant matter is converted in to peat

(40-50% Carbon) which in turn is converted in to Lignite (50-60% Carbon),

than after Bituminous coal (up to 80% Carbon), and lastly Anthracite (up to
95% Carbon).
 Coal is the prominent mineral resource of M.P.

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  Mainly Bituminous type of coal is found in M.P.

 Coal deposits of M.P. has been divided in to two different belts –

1. Madhya Bharat coal belt

It covers the Eastern districts of M.P. like Umaria, Sidhi, Shahdol and
Singrauli. It is a best coal block of state. It is also termed as a Vindhya region coal
block.
Main coal blocks of this region
(i) Sohagpur coalfield – It is located in Shahdol district and it is the biggest coal

field in state.
(ii) Singrauli coal field - It is a deepest coal mine of Asia. 136 m thick layer of

coal is there in this mine, which stands 2nd in world after America.
(iii) Korar, Johila and Umaria coalfield (at Umaria dist.)

2. Satpura coal belt –

It is situated in the Kanha and Pench valley and covers the districts –
Betul, Hoshangabad and Chhindwara.
 Main coalfields are –
(i) Mohpani and Dulhara (Betul)

(ii) Shahpur – Tawa (Hoshangabad)

(iii) Patharkheda (Betul)

(iv) Kanha and Pench valley (Chhindwara)

7) Uranium
 Proposed at Mandla.

8) Mica
 India stands first in Mica production in world; it contributes 60% production in

world.
 Andhra Pradesh is the highest Mica producing state i.e. 67% of National

production.
 Mica is widely occur is old and metamorphic igneous rocks.

 M.P. is contributing almost 9% in National Mica Production.

 Availability : Gwalior, Balaghat, Chhindwara and Hoshangabad.

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  Uses : As Mica is a bad conductor of electricity hence it is used in heating

appliance of electricity.
9) Lime Stone
 M.P. stands 2nd in the production of lime stone.

 Availability – Katni, Jabalpur and Satna.

 In M.P. maximum lime stone is found at Murwara and Tikuria of Katni.

 Uses – Cement Industry.

10) China clay – (Also Known as Kaoline)

 M.P. is contributing 11% of china clay in National production and stands first in

country.
 As such it is available in every district of M.P. but in abundance it is found in

Gwalior and Jabalpur.

 Uses – Ceremic industry.

11) Rock phosphate/Phosphorite

 It is a sedimentary rock which contains high amount of phosphate mineral.

 Hence it is used in fertilizer manufacturing unit.

 Availability – Jhabua and Alirajpur.

 It is mainly used by National fertilizers ltd. (Guna)

12) Asbestose
 It is a thin fibrous silicate mineral mainly uses in fiber proof cloths, cement

sheets etc.
 Availability – Jhabua and Alirajpur.

13) Quartz
 Availability – Rewa.

 Uses – Glass manufacturing.

14) Gypsum
 Availability – Rewa.

 Uses – In the manufacturing of plaster of paris.

Note : CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4. H2O + 1 H2O

(Gypsum) (Plaster of Paris)

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15) Marble
 Availability – White marble from Jabalpur.

 Coloured marble from Gwalior.

16) Lead
 Availability – Datia, Jabalpur, Hoshangabad and Shivpuri.

 Used in the manufacturing of Railway Engine, Batteries, Type writers, bullets.

17) Corundum
 It is a crystalline form of Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)

 It is a second hardest substance after diamond.

 It is a naturally transparent material but can have different colours when

impurities are present. It is used as a gems like Ruby, Sapphire, Topaz etc.
 Availability – Pipara and Parakot of Sidhi district.

18) Graphite
 It is also termed as a Plumbago and Black lead.

 Availability – Betul.

 Uses – Battery, Lubricants, Paints and pencils.

19) Dolomite
 It is composed of calcium magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO3)2]

 Availability – Jabalpur

 Use to clean Iron and steel.

20) Tungustun
 It’s main ore is wolfram.

 Availability – Agargaon of Hoshangabad.

 Uses – Electric bulbs, X-ray tubes, Radar etc.

21) Tin
 Ore of Tin is Cassiterite (SnO2)

 Availability – Betul.

 Tin is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion.

22) Antimony
 Availability – Jabalpur.

 Antimony compounds are used to make flame proofing materials.

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 23) Steatite
 It is also known as Talc and Soap stone.

 Availability – Jabalpur.

 Talc is used to make gas burners, sculptures, artifacts etc.

24) Fire Clay

 Availability – Jabalpur (Maximum), Narshimhapur and Shahdol.

 It is used in the manufacturing of Ceramics especially fire bricks. (Maximum

Temperature – 30000F or 16480C)

25) Feldspar
 Feldspar is basically a rock forming minerals that make up about 41% of the

Earth’s continental crust.

 It is used in Glass and Ceramics industries.

 Availability – Jabalpur, Chhindwara and Shahdol.

 Facts
- A Stone park or marble hub is proposed at Sleemnabad in Katni.
- Some Gold reserved are market at Majhuali Tehsil of Sidhi but mining is not started
by far.
- One state manufacturing unit is situated at Mandsaur.
- M.P. stands first in production of Geroo or Red Ochre. It is a hematite mineral.
- Reserves of Coal Bed Methane (CBD) is located at Sohagpur of Shahdol. It has
been allotted to Reliance industry limited (RIL).

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 INDUSTRIES IN M.P.

In industrial sector M.P. Contributes 14% of GDP and stands 7th in country.
Even than it comes under the category of industrially backward states.
To encourage the industrialization in state industrial promotion policy had
been announced in 2004, to make it more comprehensive new IP-policy (Industrial
promotion) was introduced in 2010, with three prior objectives –
1. To Promote Investment opportunities.
2. Expedite the Industrial development.
3. Increase employment opportunities.

In 1990, to speed up the growth of Industries in M.P., state the government

had been divided the 45 districts in to two categories, i.e. developed and under
developed.
5 out of 45 were kept developed district and rest 40 were kept under
developed districts. Which were again divided in to three sub-divisions ?

Districts

Developed (5) Undeveloped (40)

1. Bhopal
2. Indore
3. Gwalior
4. Ujjain
5. Jabalpur

M.P. Govt. has been established 26 Industrial development centre to

develop the under developed districts of state. Out of which six centres are approved
under the scheme of central government, and these are –
1. Pithampur – Dhar 4. Meghnagar – Jhabua

2. Purena – Panna 5. Maneri – Mandla

3. Malanur – Bhind 6. Pilukhedi – Rajgarh

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  Rest of the centres are -
1. Waidhan – Singrauli 11. Maksi – Shajapur
2. Chandrapur – Chhtarpur 12. Banmore – Morena
3. Jawra – Ratlam 13. Gore gaon – Chhindwara
4. Bandol – Seoni 14. Karodhara – Shivpuri
5. Kirnapur – Balaghat 15. Sidhgaon – Sagar
6. Badera – Datia 16. Rewa – Rewa
7. Amanpura – Damoh 17. Dewas – Dewas
8. Vidisha – Vidisha 18. Chainpura – Guna
9. Harda – Harda 19. Bagaspur – Narsimhapur
10. Pratap Pur – Tikamgarh 20. Mandideep - Raisen
M.P. State Industrial Development Corporation (MPSIDC) formerly known
as M.P. Audyogik Vikas Nigam (MPAVN) was incorporated on 13th of September 1965.
To encourage balanced development in all regions of state MPSIDC
established their subsidiary companies in 1981 known as M.P. Audyogik Kendra Vikas
Nigam (MPAKVN)
 Cement Industry

First cement factory of M.P. was Banmore cement factory it was established
in 1922 in Banmore in Morena, under the ownership of ACC (Associated Cement
Company).
 Kaimur cement factory (Katni) – 1923.

- It was also an enterprise of ACC.

 Satna cement works (Satna) – 1959

- Established by Birla.
 Diamond Industry

A diamond cutting and polishing unit is set up in pithampur by Vijay Kumar

Internation. It is the biggest diamond purification unit of state but under private sector.

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 Iron Industry
 Bhilai Steel plant – It was established at Bhilai of undivided M.P. in 1955 but it

was commissioned in 1959. It is India’s first and main producer of railway track.
This plant was set up with the help of USSR (Union of Soviat Socialist Republics).
 BHEL (Bharat heavy electrical ltd) – It was established i 1960-61 at Piplani in

Bhopal with association of Britain. It is manufacturing heavy electrical goods.

 Paper Industry
 National News print and paper mill – Situated at Nepanagar (Burhanpur). It is a

PSU (Public sector undertaking) established in 1948-49. It is India’s first news

paper making unit.
 Security paper Mill – Situated at Hoshangabad.

 Establishment – 1967-68
 It produces paper for bank notes, postage stamps, judicial stamps and other
govt. related documents of India.
 Orient paper mill –

 Amlai (Shahdol)
 Establishment – 1965.
 It is a private sector unit owned by Birla group.
 Bina Oil Refinary (located at Agasod, Bina, Sagar)

It is owned and operated in BORL (Bharat Oman Refineries limited). It is a

Joint venture of Bharat Petroleum Corporation limited and Oman Oil Company. In
this project Oman Oil Company is having 26% Stake, M.P. govt. in having 1% stake and
rest 73% is a part of BPCL (Bharat petroleum corporation ltd.)
 The Project began in 2006, commissioned in 2009 and finally inaugurated in 2011.

 Bank Note Press, Dewas

 Established – 1974-75

 It is a paper currency printing press. It prints more than the denomination of 5 Rs.

 Mrignayani
 M.P. Laghu Udhyog Nigam is running 10 Handloom – Handi craft emporium with

the title of Mrignayni.

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  Six Emporiums in M.P.

1. Bhopal 4. Ujjain
2. Indore 5. Jabalpur
3. Gwalior 6. Rewa
 Two Emporiums in Chhattisgarh

1. Raipur 2. Bhilai
 One at Delhi and one at Kolkata.

 Sugar Industry
 Prominent are –

1. Barlai (Sehore)
 It is biggest sugar mill of state. It is based on co-operative society.
2. Jaora Sugar mill (Jaora, Ratlam)
 It is the first sugar mill of state, it was set up in 1934.
3. Dabra Sugar mill (Dabra, Gwalior)
4. Jiwaji Rao Sugar mill (Daloda, Mandsaur)
 It is operated by “M.P. State Industrial Corporation”.
5. Kailaras Sugar mill (Morena)
6. Bhopal Sugar mill (Sehore)
7. Seth Govindram Sugar mill (Mahidpur, Ujjain)
 Silk Industry

In M.P. Mandla is the leading district in Silk production. To promote the

Mulbary farming M.P. govt. has incorporate Resham Sanchnalaya in 1984. M.P. Silk
federation has been incorporated in 1997 but it came in to the force in 1998.
 Soyabean (Glycine max, Khari Crop)

National soyabean research centre is situated at Indore. It was established

in 1987. Asia’s biggest soyabean processing plant is situated at Ujjain.

Note : Early evidences has been traces in china of Soyabean cultivation in the region of
Manchuria.

 M.P. is contributing 59% in total national production of Soyabean and stands first,

hence M.P. is also termed as a Soya State.

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 Ordanance factories
1. Government ordanance factory, Khamaria (Jabalpur)
 Established in 1943-44
 For war weapons.
2. Government ordanance factory, Khamaria (Jabalpur)
 Established in 1943-44
 It is an artillery manufacturing unit.
Note – This Gun carriage factory was started in the year 1904 by the British govt.

3. Heavy vehicle factory, Jabalpur

 Established in 1955.
4. Govt. ordanance factory at Katni and Itarsi
 Both were established in 1943-44
 For war weapons.
 Gray Iron Foundry (Jabalpur)
 Establishment – 1972

 It is a unit of ordanance factory Board.

 It is founded with the collaboration of SKODA (Czech republic)

 This factory is specialized in the production of Automobile casting of various

grades of grey iron. Grey iron foundry has been diversified in to manufacturing of
ammunition hardware like mortan body, aerial Bomb etc.
 Prominent Institution related to industrial development
 M.P. Industrial development corporation – 1965 (Bhopal)

 M.P. State Industrial corporation – 1969 (Bhopal)

 M.P. Laghu Udhyog Nigam – 1969 (Bhopal)

 M.P. Finance corporation – 1951 (Indore)

 M.P. Vastra Udhyog Nigam – 1970 (Indore)

 M.P. Khadi and Gramodhyog Board – 1960-61 (Bhopal)

 This institution is running an Emporium with the title of Avanti.

 M.P. Host Shilp Vikas Nigam – 1981 (Bhopal)

 M.P. Handloom corporation – 1976 (Bhopal)

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  M.P. Export corporation – 1977 (Bhopal)

 M.P. Agro Industries corporation – 1969 (Bhopal)

 M.P. Mining corporation – 1962 (Bhopal)

 SEZ (Special Economic Zone)

SEZ is an area in which business and trade laws are different from rest of
the country. Their aim includes increase in trade and investment, Job creation and
effective administration.
To encourage businesses to set up in the zone different financial policies
are introduced regarding investment, taxations, customs and labour regulations. SEZ is
considered to be foreign territory for the purpose of trade operations, duties and tariff.
- The SEZ act enacted in 2005 and became effective on 10th of Feb. 2006.
 SEZ in M.P.
1) Multiproduct SEZ
 Pithampur (Dhar)

 It is India’s first working green field SEZ of India.

 It has been established as a complex of Automobiles and pharmaceutical.

 Due to automobile Industry it is also titled as a Detroit of M.P.

Note – Chennai is nick named as a Detroit of India even Asia. 30% of automobile
industries in entire India are based at Chennai.
2) Crystal IT SEZ – Indore
3) Multiproduct SEZ – Gwalior (Proposed)
4) Aluminium SEZ – Sidhi (Proposed)
5) Mineral and Mineral based product SEZ – Jabalpur (Proposed)
 Miscellaneous
- PVC cable factory – Satna.
- Sulpheric acid plant – Nagda (Ujjain)
- Brass Vessels – Gwalior and Indore
- Leather toys – Hoshangabad.
- Marble cutting centre – Jabalpur
- M.P. Lamps ltd. – Vidisha

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 - Artificial fiber – Nagda
- Fire brics – Katni
- Power alcohol plant – Ratlam
(Power alcohol is liquid mixture. The major use of power alcohol is found
in the automobiles as they generate energy from it for their operation. It acts as a good
fuel for the automobiles and is formed by mixing the petrol and ethyl alcohol in the
fixed ratio i.e. 75% and 25% respectively.) - (It is also used in stoves and sprit lamps
also).
- Umbrella unit – Mhow (Indore)
- Railway wagon workshop – (Bhopal)
- Rail coach factory – Nishatpura (Bhopal)
- Rail sleeper manufacturing unit – Budhni (Sehore)
- Diesel Engine factory – Indore.
- Diesel locomotive plant – Sherpur (Sehore)
- It is the first diesel locomotive plant of M.P.
- It is being established by Daulatram Engineers in collaboration with US-based
NREC (National railway equipment – company)
- Optical fibers – Mandi deep (Raisen) (with the assistance of Japan)
- Plastic Industry – Indore
- Dry Battery – Bhopal
- Biscuit factory – Gwalior
- Engine valve – Bhopal (Every cylinder in a internal combustion engine contain one
intake valve and one exhaust valve.)
- Moped industry – Gwalior.
- Lock making unit – Lateri (Vidisha)
- Cycle Industry – Guna
- L.P.G. Botteling plant – Mandideep, Dewas, Dhar and Jhabua.
- L.P.G. filling station – Shahpura (Jabalpur)
- Power looms – Burhanpur
- Leather industry – Dewas

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- Electric Pumps – Dewas
- Gwalior pottery – Gwalior
- Gwalior leather factory – Gwalior and tanning unit
- Brush and sports industry – Indore
- Cladering plant – Ujjain (for coloration, bleaching)
- Timber treatment plant – Indore
- Engineering works – Indore
- Insulating instruments – Dewas
- Metal works Vidisha (for Barbed wire and nails)
- Insecticides plant – bina (for BHC – Benzene hexa chloride (C6H6Cl6) and DDT –
Dichloro diphenyl and trichloro ethane (C14H9Cl5)
- Bacterial food plant – Bhopal.
- Nutritious food plant – Dhar.
- Fruit promotional unit – Bhopal.
- Dairy farm – Bawai or Makhan Nagar (Hoshangabad)
- Instrumental Agricultural Zone – Makhan Nagar
- M.P. Agro Morarji Fertilizers ltd – Itarsi (Hoshangabad)
- Panjiri plant – Bhopal, Jabalpur and Rajgarh.
- Kaimur Asbestone factory – Katni.
- Steel Tubes – Dewas.
- Jute Mills – Rajgarh.
- Maida Industry – Indore, Bhopal and Gangbasoda.
- Govt. Telegram workshop – Jabalpur
- Alkaloid factory – Neemuch
- These factories specialize in the production of opium and the extraction of related
alkaloid such as codeine, Morphene etc.
- Glue and Gelatin unit – Bhopal and Jabalpur.
- Particle board and chip board unit – Itarsi.
- Tungsten filament – Itarsi and Bhopal.
- Drug and Pharmaceutical – Indore and Ratlam.

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 - Caustic Soda (NaOH) – Amlai, Nepnagar, Nagda.
- Saree – Maheshwar and Chanderi.
- Block printing – Bhairogarh (Ujjain)
- Cotton seed solvent extraction plant – Ujjain
- India’s first Jem cutting and polishing centre – Jabalpur.
- Match stick and Match Box Industry – Gwalior
- Diamond park – Jabalpur and Indore
- Apprel park – Indore
- Dry port – Pithampur
- Indo-German tool room – Indore (1995)
(It is one of the leading institutes for technical training in tool and Die technology)
- Artificial organ unit – Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur
- Bio-Diversity park – Jabalpur and Gwalior
- Botanical park – Bhopal
- Jelly field telephone cable – Rewa
- National fertilizer ltd – Vijaypur (Guna) (With the assistance of Italy and America)
- Diesel traction alternating factory – Vidisha.
 Industrial Complex
1) Electronic Complex – Indore
2) Stainless steel complex – Sagar.
3) Leather complex – Dewas (Siagram)
4) Agro Complex – Kajri and Panduranga of Chhindwara.
5) Technial park – Radhogarh (Guna)
6) Ari cargo complex – Indore
7) Pharma park – Betma (Dhar)
8) Gold export promotion park – Indore
9) Readymade cloth complex – Indore
10) Plastic part – Tamot (Raisen)

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 Shahdol – Phlpur Gas Pipe line (SHPPL)

Reliance India ltd. has been allotted by the govt. of India the coal bed
methane (CBM) blocks, located in the district of shahdol and Anuppur. To transport gas
from these blocks to the potential customers it is planned to build and operate natural
gas pipe line from Shahdol to Phulpur (Allahbad).
This 312 Km. long gas pipe line will connect the coal bed methane site of
Shahdol to Phulpur where it hooks up with the Gas authority of India ltd (GAIL) and
connect it to Hazira – Vijaypur (M.P.) – Jagdishpur (Bihar) Pipeline Network.
 Raja Ramanna Centra for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) (INDORE)

It is a unit of department of atomic energy and it works on LASER (Light

amplification by stimulated Emission of Radiation). It is Asian’s first and world’s third
LASER producing centre.
On 19th of Feb. 1984 the then president of India Gyani Jail Singh, laid the
foundation stone of the centre. This centre was originally called as a centre for
advanced technology, it was renamed in Dec. 2005 as RRCAT.
 Bhopal Gas Tragedy

It occurred in the night of 2-3 Dec. 1984 at the Union Carbide factory (owner-
warren Anderson). Methyl Isocynate (MIC) (CH3N=C=O) gas was leaked in this
disaster. Carbonyl was made in this industry as an insecticide.
- The first official deat toll was 2,259. Another estimate is that 8,000 died within two
weeks, the additional 8,000 have since died from gas related diseases.
- To deactivate the effect of gas operation faith has been run.
- Indra Sinha wrote a book Animal’s people on the Sub. of Bhopal gas tragedy which
wins common wealth’s writer’s prize 2008.

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 ADMINISTRATION IN M.P.

The present legislature of M.P. is Unicameral. State government is the

supreme governing authority of the Indian state of M.P. and its 52 districts. It consists
of an executive, led by the Governor of M.P., a legislative and a Judiciary.
The legislative house, M.P. Vidhan Sabha consist 230 members of legislative
assembly, elected directly from single seat constituencies and one nominated member.
Bhopal is the capital of the state which houses the M.P. Legislative assembly and
secretariat. The M.P. high court is located at Jabalpur and has Jurisdiction over the
whole state.
- Earlier M.P. legislative assembly was known as central province Vidhan
Parishad. It came in to existence on 8th of Nov. 1913.
- First election of “Central Province Vidhan Parishad” was held in 1937 and the
total seats were 334.
- It was comprised by, four regions –
1. C.P. and Berar – 184 Seats.
2. Central India – 79 Seats.
3. Vindhya Pradesh – 48 Seats.
4. Bhopal State – 2 Seats.

With the reorganisation of M.P. on 1st of Nov. 1956 “M.P. Legislative

assembly” came in to existence with 334 seats and Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla became
the First Chief Minister of state. (Tenure – 1 Nov 1956 to till death 31 Dec 1956). The
tenure of this first Vidhan Sabha was very short and it was dissolved on March 5, 1957.
The first election to the Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha was held in 1957 and
the 2nd Vidhan Sabha was constituted on April 1, 1957. Initial strength of the Vidhan
Sabha was 288 which were later enhanced to 321, including one nominated member.
After the formation of Chhattisgarh on Nov. 1, 2000 the strength of the
Vidhan Sabha was reduced to 231, including a nominated member.
- The present house is a 15th Vidhan Sabha and it was constituted in 2018.

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 Central Province Vidhan Parishad (1937)

Total No. of Seats - 334

(A) (B) (C) (C)

Central Province Central India Vindhya Pradesh Bhopal
and Berar
- 184 seats - 79 seats - 48 seats - 23 seats

Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha

(Nov. 1, 1956)
No. Of seats – 334
Chief Minister – Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
(1/Nov/1956 – 31/Dec/1956 (Death)

First elected Vidhan Sabha of M.P. came in to existence

(April 1st, 1957)
No. Of Seats – 288
C.M. – Kailash Nath Katju.
(15/April/1957 – 11/3/1962)

- Earlier M.P. Vidhan Sabha was housed at Minto Hall.

- Since 1 Nov 1996 M.P. vidhan sabha has organising at Indra Gandhi Vidhan Sabha
Bhawan (Bhopal).
- It’s architect was Charles Correa.
Note – Some prominent buildings of M.P. that has been designed by Charles correa.
1. Bharat Bhawan (Bhopal)
2. Paryavas Bhawan (Bhopal)
3. Gandhi Medical College (Bhopal)
4. IIFM (Indian Institute of Forest Management) (Bhopal)

- Total current strength of M.P. Vidhan Sabha (or M.P. legislative assembly) is 230+1.
Out of which 35 seats are reserved for S.C. and 47 Seats are reserved for S.T.
- There are 29 Lok Sabha constituencies in M.P.

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- 4 seats are reserved for S.C. category –
1) Ujjain
2) Dewas – Shajapur – Sehore – Agarmalwa,
3) Bhind – Datia,
4) Tikamgarh – Niwari.
- 6 seats are reserved for S.T. Category
1. Shahdol – Anuppur – Umaria
2. Mandla – Dindori
3. Dhar (It covers entire Dhar dist. & some part of Indore dist.)
4. Khargone
5. Betul – Harda
6. Ratlam – Jhabua – Alirajpur
- 11 seats are allotted to M.P. in Rajya Sabha or council of states.
-
-

Administrative Distribution

M.P. State Secretariat Situated at Bhopal

Chief Secretary
Sudhi Ranjan Mohanti
10 – Divisions

Cities (476) 52 – Districts Jila Panchayat (51)

Munciple Munciple City Council 385 – Tehsils

Coporation Council
Nagar Nigam Nagar Nagar
16 Palika Panchyat 313 – Blocks Janpad Panchayat
(New- 98 272 (89 – S.T. Blocks) (313)
Morena and (1st Datia)
Chhindwara)
(1st Jabalpur)
54,903 – Villages Gram Panchayat
22,812

53738 - Revenue
Villages

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 Divisions of M.P.

Division is the biggest administrative geographical unit of state which is

further classified in to Districts, Tehsils, Blocks and villages. It is administered by
divisional commissioner.
After the formation of Shahdol division on 14th of June 2008 count of division
went to 10 in state, where as Chhindwara is proposed to be an 11 division.
1. Jabalpur Division –
- It is the biggest division of the state.
- H.Q. – Jabalpur.
- It comprises and Districts –
1) Jabalpur 5) Balaghat
2) Katni 6) Mandla
3) Seoni 7) Chhindwa
4) Narsimhapur 8) Dindori
2. Indore Division –
- H.Q. – Indore
- It is highly populous division of State.
- It comprises 8 districts –
1) Indore 5) Khandwa
2) Dhar 6) Kargone
3) Jhabua 7) Barwani
4) Alirajpur 8) Burhanpur
3. Bhopal Division –
- H.Q. – Bhopal
- It comprises 5 districts –
1) Bhopal
2) Sehore
3) Raisen
4) Vidisha
5) Rajgar
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4. Gwalior Division –
- H.Q. – Gwalior.
- It comprises 5 districts –
1) Gwalior 4) Datia
2) Ashok Nagar 5) Guna
3) Shivpuri
5. Rewa Division –
- H.Q. – Rewa
- It comprises 4 districts –
1) Rewa 3) Sidhi
2) Satna 4) Singrauli
6. Ujjain Division –
- H.Q. – Ujjain
- It comprises 7 districts –
1) Ujjain 5) Madsaur
2) Shajapur 6) Neemuch
3) Ratlam 7) Agar Malwa
4) Dewas
7. Sagar Divison –
- H.Q. – Sagar
- It comprises 6 districts –
1) Sagar 4) Chhatarpur
2) Damoh 5) Tikamgarh
3) Panna 6) Niwari
8. Chambal Divison –
- H.Q. – Morena
- It comprises 3 districts –
1) Bhind 3) Sheopur
2) Morena
- Area wise it is a smallest division.

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 9. Narmada Puram Division –
- H.Q. – Hosangabad
- It comprises 3 districts –
1) Hoshangabad 2) Harda 3) Betul

Note – Earlier it was known as ‘Hoshangabad’ division but from 28th of Aug 2008 it is
renamed as a ‘Narmadapuram Division’.

10. Shahdol Diviosion –

- It came in to existence on 14th of June 2008.
- H.Q. – Shahdol
- It comprises 3 districts –
1) Shahdol 2) Umaria 3) Anuppur
- Population wise it is a smallest division.
1) Note – 11th proposed division is a Chhindwara which will be comprised by three
districts – 1) Chhindwara, 2) Seoni, 3) Balaghat.

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 LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

 Community development programme –

- The community development programme was started on 2nd of Oct 1952.
- It was a multi project programme, started for an overall development of rural
people.
Note – The foundation for local self govt. In modern times was laid by Lord Rippon
(1880-1884), also known as “father of Local self govt. in modern India.”
To examine the working of the community development programme and to
suggest measures for their better working. The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was
appointed by the govt. of India in 1957.
On the recommendation of this committee, Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha passed
Panchayati Raj act in 1959 hence Panchayati Raj system was first started on 2nd of Oct
1959 in Nagaur dist. of Rajasthan by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru.
- Three tier Panchayati Raj system was recommended by Balwant Rai Mehta
committee.
1. A Gram Panchyat for a Village
2. A Janpad Panchyat for a Block
3. A Zila Panchayat for a District
- To fulfil the gaps of Balwant Rai Mehta committee, central govt. incorporated
some other committee, like.
 Ashok Mehta committee – 1977

 GVK Rao committee – 1985

 L.M. Singhvi committee – 1986 (Note : First committee to suggest

constitutional status)
 P.K. Thungan committee – 1989

These all committees recommended one common thing that there should be a
constitutional status for Panchayati Raj institution. Hence in 1992-1993 the 73rd
constitutional amendment act was passed and it was came in to force on 24th of April
1993 which provided a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions in India
through the insertion of new Part-9 titled as “The Panchayats” covering provisions
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from Article-243 to Article-243 (0) and a new 11th scheduled comprising of 29
subjects falling within the jurisdiction of Panchyats.
Note – 24th of April is celebrated as a National Panchayati Raj Day or National local
self govt. Day (from 2010)

- M.P. was the first state to establish panchayati Raj according to 73rd
constitutional amendment act.
M.P. Legislative assembly passed the M.P. Panchayati Raj Avam gram Swaraj
Adhiniam, 1993 in December 1993 and it was came in to the force from 25th of
January 1994. Hence in M.P. 25th January in celebrated as a Panchayat Day. The
act also provides reservation for the seats of S.C., S.T. and OBC and women in
Panchayati Raj Institution.

Note –
1) In 2007 M.P. become first state in India to provide 50% reservation for women in
Panchayati Raj in order to increase their participation in local administration.
2) Currently the panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, Meghalaya
and Mizoram, and in all union Territories except Delhi.
3) On Aug 27, 2009 the union cabinet of the government of India approved 50%
reservation for women in Panchayati Raj institution.
4) Currently 100% of elected members in Kodassery (Trissur dist.) Panchayat in
Kerala are women.

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 RURAL LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

 Panchayati Raj System in M.P.

Before the formation of M.P. different Panchayati raj systems were prevailed
accordingly their associated regions, so it was highly required to make it uniform. For
the same purpose first M.P. Panchayati raj act was inacted in 1962. But as per M.P.
Panchayati Raj Avam Gram Swaraj Adhiniyam 1993 state has been following three tier
system to constitute panchyats.
1. Gram Panchayat – (Art. 243 – B) (22812)
It is constituted at village level and it is the lowest level of Panchayati Raj
System. It consists of elected panchs and a sarpanch, who is the head of the Gram
Panchayat. Each gram panchayat area is divided in to wards. A village having the
population of upto 1000 will have atleast 10 wards and a village having population
more than 1000 will have maximum 20 wards, but each ward will be equal in
population.
- Sarpanch and Punchas all are elected directly by Gram Sabha.
- Currently there are 22812 gram panchyats existed in M.P., whose political head
is Sarpanch and administrative head is Panchayat Secreatary.
- Gram Panchayat is having a tenure of 5 yr. If it is dissolved before the completion
of its term, then fresh panchayat must be elected within 6 months for the
remaining duration of the term.
- Sarpanch and up-sarpanch can be removed by no confidence motion.
2. Janpad Panchayat – (Art. 243 – B) (313)
It is a mid level in Panchayati Raj System which is constituted at Block level.
Each block is divided in to ward and there will be one ward on the population of
5000, if the population of the block is less than 50,000 than it will be divided in to at
least 10 constituencies, but if the population is more than 50,000 than total number
of constituencies in a block shall not exceed 25 ?
- Number of wards will be 10 to 25
- Currently there are 313 Janpad Panchyats.

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 - The president and vice president of Janpad Panchayat are elected indirectly
(elected by the members of Janpad council) and can be remove through no
conficence motion.
- Policitical head of this institution is Janpad president where as administrative
head is janpad CEO
Note – Sarpanchs and MLAs are the ex-officio members of Janpad Panchayat.

3. District or Zila Panchyat : (Art. 243-B)

It is the highest level of Panchyati Raj Institution. Every Zila Panchyat
consists of members elected from the constituencies along with MLAs, MPs and all
chair-persons of the Janpad Panchyats in the district as ex-officio member. The
district magistrate is also an ex-officio member.
For the formation of zila panchayat the state govt. divides a district in to such
number of constituencies that each constituency has as far as practicable population
of 50,000.
If the population of district is less than 5 lakh than it will be divided into at
least 10 constituencies (Pop. Should be same in each constituency) but if the
population of dist. is more than 5 lakh than number of constituencies will not exceed
35.
- The president and the vice president of the Zila Panchayat are indirectly elected
(elected by the members of Zila council)
- CEO dist. Panchayat is the administrative head of this institution. Who is an IAS
Officer.

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 URBAN LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

After independence no provision was made in our original constitution

regarding urban local self govt. Owing to sustained efforts in this direction 74th
constitutional amendment act-1992-93 was passed. Which came into force on 1st of
June, 1993. There after urban administration got constitutional sanction.
The act introduced a new Part 9(A) in the constitution titled as Municipalities
relating to urban local bodies and covering Articles 243 (P) to 243 (ZG). Along with it
new Twelfth Schedule was also added to the constitution which contained 18 new
subjects falling under the Jurisdiction of urban local self governing bodies.

- The act provides for constitution of three types of Municipalities.

1) Municipal corporation (Nagar Nigam)
2) Municipal Council (Nagar Palika)
3) Nagar Panchyats (City Council or Notified area council)

Note – “Municipal governance in India” has existed since 1687. The first municipal
corporation was set up in Madras (in 1687).

In 1882 Lord Rippon passed resolution of local self-government which laid the
democratic forms of municipal governance in India. Further government of India act-
1919 and 1935 gave specific power to municipal corporations.
 Urban local self administration in M.P.

After the formation of M.P. to replace the diverse legislation in state municipal
corporation act was passed in 1956 and later M.P. Municipality act 1961 was enacted,
which remain in force till 1993.
On the ground of 74th constitutional amendment act 1993, M.P. government
passed a new act namely M.P. municipal council or M.P. corporation act 1994.

- Three levels of local urban bodies are given under article 243 (a).
1. Municipal corporation or Nagar Nigam
 It is constituted for a larger urban area in general having population above one

lakh.
 Number of wards – 40 to 70.

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  Governor is having the power to form Nagar Nigam.

 Currently there are 16 Nagar Nigam in M.P. :

a) Bhopal i) Ujjain
b) Indore j) Khandwa
c) Gwalior k) Burhanpur
d) Jabalpur l) Dewas
e) Sagar m) Ratlam
f) Rewa n) Singrauli
g) Katni o) Morena
h) Satna p) Chhindwara
Note – Jabalpur is considered as a first Nagar Nigam of M.P. because in 1864 Jabalpur
Municipal corporation was established.

Mayor is the political head of Municipal Corporation who is indirectly elected

on the basis of adult franchise. Where as commissioner is the administrative head. A
councillor or parshad elected from each ward who looks after the work of that ward.

Note - Kamala Jaan, the first transgender Mayor of country as she won election of
Municipal corporation from Katni in 2000. She defeated her counterpart Alka Jain. On
the appeal of Alka Jain Jabalpur high court said that Kamla Jaan is not eligible for Mayor
because the seat of Katni was reserved for women and on the electoral rolls Kamala
Jann is registered as a Male.

2. Municipal council or Nagar Palika

 It is established in small cities with the population of more than 20,000.

 No of words – 15 to 40.

 Counts – 98.

 Datia is the first municipal council of state established in 1907.

 Political head of Nagar Palika is a chair man (directly elected), deputy chair

man is also there who is indirectly elected by the parshads (councillors).

 CMO (chief municipal officer) is the administrative head of Nagar Palika.

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 3. Nagar Panchayat/City Council/Notified area council (NAC)
 It is constituted for that area which is in the phase of transition from rural to

urban regions.
 No. of wards – 15

 Population – between – 5,000 to 20,000

 Counts – 264

 Political head – Chairman (directly elected) and deputy chairman (Indirictly

elected by councillor).
 Administrative head – CMO

 MLAs and MPs are nominated to take part in the meetings of Nagar Nigam and

Nagar Palika.
 Provision for no confidence motion has been provided and the provision of

right to recall has also been provided by the state govt.

Note –
(i) For the first time in the history of Indian democracy (April, 2011) the voters of M.P.
exercised their right to recall and dethroned the president of Anuppur Nagar
Panchayat (Mrs. Pallavika Patel).
(ii) The state had given the right to recall in case of directly elected mayors,
presidents and sarpanchs in urban civic bodies and Panchayats.

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 ART AND CULTURE OF M.P.

 Prominent Fairs
 In M.P. there are almost 1200 Fairs are held every year.
 Out of which maximum 227 fairs are held in Ujjain division. Indore division stands
second with 207 fairs. Hoshangabad division stands last with minimum counts 13
of fairs.
 Jogeshvari Devi ka mela – Chanderi (Ashoknagar) – Chitra month.

 Garib nath baba ka mela – Avantipur Barodia (Shajapur) – Chitra month.

 Kana Baba ka mela – Sodalpur (Harda) – On Shivratri and Guru Purnima.

 Dhamoni urs – Dhamoni (Sagar) – In April-May, at the Shrine of Baba Mastan

Shahwali.
 Nagaji ka mela – Porsa village of Morena – Agahen month (Nov-Dec.)

 Hira Bhumiya ka mela – In the Vicinity of Gwalior and Guna – In Bhadrapad

month. (Aug-Sept)
 Ram leela ka mela – Bhander (Datia) – In Magh month.

 Pir Budhana ka mela – Sanwara village (Shivpuri) – Bhadrapad month. (Aug. -

Sept.)
 Tejaji ka mela – Bhamawad village (Guna) – Bhadrapad Month (Aug-Sept.) – In

this fair ritual are made to cure s snake bite.

 Mahamrityunjay ka mela – Rewa – On Basant Panchami and Shivpuri.

 Amarkantak ka mela – Amarkantak – On Shivratri.

 Chandi Devi ka Mela – Ghogra Village (Sidhi) – held in March-April. – It is believed

that here Birbal was blessed by Goddess Saraswati.

 Urs of Baba Shahbuddin Auliya – Neemuch – In February Month. (4 days)

 Kalu Ji Maharaj ka mela – Piplya Khurd (Khargone) – Bhadrapd.

 Singa ji ka mela – Gram-Piplya (Khandwa) – Quar Month (Oct-Nov) on Sharad

Poornima.
 Mandhata ka mela – Mandhata village (Khandwa) – Bhadrapad Month (Aug-

Sept.)
 Barman ka Mela – Gadarwara (Narsimhapur) – On Makar Sankranti

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  Math Goghra ka mela or Magh Goghra ka mela – Maurthan (Seoni) – On Shivratri.

 Jal Bihari ka mela – Chhatarpur – In October Month.

 Shivratri ka mela – Pachmari – On Shivratri.

 Maihar Mata ka Mela – Maihar – On Navratri.

 Sankua ka mela – Seondha (Datia) – After Diwali.

 Rawatpura sarkar ka mela – Lahar (Bhind)

 Sonagiri ka mela – Sonagiri (Datia) – In Chitra Month

 Unnav ka mela – Unnav (Datia)

 Ramji Baba ka mela – Hoshangabad – Kartik Month.

 Kundeshwar ka mela – Tikamgarh – Shivratri, Makar Sankrati and Vasant

Panchmi.
 Ratan garh ka mela – Ratan Garh (Datia) – on Dooj of Diwali

 Shaheed ka mela – Sanawad Khanrgone

 Banganga ka mela – Shivpuri

 Badoni ka mela – Badoni (Datia)

 Kumbh ka mela/Singhasht – Ujjain

 Prominent Scholars of M.P.

 Prominent poet, Author and voltair of M.P. have been divided in to three periods.
A. Voltaire of Ancient era –
1. Kalidas
He was the greatest poet and dramatist of Sanskrit and was lived in the era
of Chandra gupta Vikramaditya in Ujjain.
 7 available write ups of Kalidas are classified in three categories.

- Two epic poems - Two Lyric poems - Three plays

(i) Kumarsambhav
- It is the first epic poem of Kalidas.
- Sub – Birth of Kumara (Kartikeya)
(ii) Raghuvansham
- It is a second epic poem of Kalidas.
- It narrates the stories related to the Raghu Dynasty.

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(iii) Ritusamhara
- It is considered as a earliest work of Kalidas.
- It is a Lyric poem. It describes the six seasons –
a) Grishma (Summer) d) Shishir (Winter)

b) Sharad (autumn) e) Vasant (Spring)

c) Hemant (Cool) f) Varsha (Mansoon)

(iv) Meghaduta
It is a lyric poem having 111 stanzas; it is one of the most famous works
of Kalidas. It is divided in to two parts – Purva – Megha and Uttar Megha. It
describes how a yaksha convinces a passing cloud to take a message to his wife at
alaka on Mount Kailash.
(v) Malvikagnimitram
It is a first play of Kalidas. The play tells the story of the Shunga
Emperor Agnimitra and Malvika. Kalidas started his carrer from the court of
Agnimitra where he wrote his first Drama “Malvikagnimitra”.
(vi) Vikramovarshiyam
- It is a second play of Kalidas.
- It tells the story of Vedic king Pururva and nymph Urvashi.
(vii) Abhigyan Shakuntalam
- It is third and the last play of Kalidas, which in dramatizing the story of
Dushyant and Shakuntala.
- It is considered to be the best work of Kalidas.
- Due to this work Kalidas is considered as “Shakespear of India”.
2. Bharthari
He was the king of Ujjaini. He was the elder brother of king chndragupt
vikramaditya. He ruled over for 12 years and later handed over the empire to his
younger brother and become saint.
 Chunar (U.P.) was his work place and he took Samadhi at Sariska (Rajasthan).

 Notable work –

(i) Shatak Traya – a) Neeti Shatak, b) Shringar Shatak, c) Vairagya Shatak.

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 (ii) Vakyapadeeya
(iii) Shadba dhatu Samiksha
(iv) Mahabhashya Teeka
3. Bhavabhuti
He was reputated scholar of 8th century and noted for his plays and
poetry, written in Sanskrit. His original name was Srikantha Nilkantha. He was also
known as Ambek.
He was born in Padampura (Vidharba). He was the court poet of King
Yashovarman of Kannauj.
 Bhavabhuti is also known as Milton of India.

 Notable work –
 Malti Madhav  Mahavir Charit  Uttar Ram Charit

4. Banbhatt
He was Sanskrit Scholar and Poet and Born at Pritikoot village in Bihar.
He was the court poet of king Harshavardhan. He composed many books and
Literary works out of which some prominent are –
a) Harsha Charit d) Chandi Shatk

b) Kadambari e) Parwati Parinay

c) Mukut Taditak

B. Voltairs of Medieval Era

1. Acharya Keshav
Keshav Das Mishra was Sanadhya Brahmin, born in 1555 at Orchha and
died in 1617. He was Sanskrit Scholar and Hindi poet, but he wrote in Brij Bharsha
with a heavy mixture of Bundelkhandi Dialect.
 He is also known as “Kathin Kavya ka Pret”.

 Notable work –
- He is best known for his work Rasikpriya
- Kavi priya - Jahangir Jas Chandrika
- Ram Chandrika - Vigyan Gita
- Rattan Bavani - Rakhshikh

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 - Veer Singh Dev Charit - Nakh-shik Verman
- Chhandmala - Ram Alankrit Manjari
2. Padmakar

His original name was pyare lal. He was born in 1753 in Sagar in Brahmin
family. He has been the member of many courts such as Satana, Jaipur and Gwalior.
 Notable work –
- Himmat Bhadev virudawali - Alijaha prakash
- Prabodh pachasa - Ram Rasayan
- Ganga – Lahari
3. Bhushan

Kavi Bhushan was a poet of the Ritikal of Hindi poetry in the 17th Century.
Title of Kavi Bhushan was given to him by the Rudra Pratap the king of Chitrakoot.
Bhushan is often called as the first light of Nationalism in Indian literature.
Notable work –
 Shiva Bawani  Shivraj Bhusan  Chhatrasal Dashak

4. Bihari Lal (1595-1663)

Bihari lal Chaubey was a Hindi poet and famous for his write up Satsai
(Seven hundred verses) in Brij Bhasha.
C. Voltairs of Modern Era
1) Pandit Makhan lal Chaturvedi

He was born on 4th of April 1889 at Bawai (Now Makhan Nagar) in

Hoshangabad and died on 30th of Jan 1968. He was awarded the first sahitya academy
award in Hindi for his work Him Tarangini in 1955. He is considered to be pioneer
nationalist poet of modern era.
Notable work –
 Him Kiritani  Samay ke Paav

 Him Tarangini  Ameer Irade – Garib Irade

 Maran Jwar  Rango ki Bole

 Krishnarjun Yudh  Yug charan

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  Samarpan  Chintak Ki laachari

 Sahitya ka devta  Vanvasi

Note : (i) In Bilaspur Jail he wrote “Pushpa ki Abhilasha”.

(ii) In 1912 he edited a newspaper Karmaveer.
2) Subhadra Kumari Chauhan
Born in Prayag in 1904. She got married to thakur Laxman Singh of
Khandwa, who worked for Karmveer with Makhan lal chaturvedi. She also
participated in the national struggle for freedom along with Laxman Singh.
 Notable work
 Mukul  Jhansi ki Rani (Poem)

 Bikhare Moti  Seedhe – Saade citra

 Unmaadini  Mera Naya Bachpan

 Tridhara  Ye kadamb ka ped

 Sabha ke khel  Khilone wala

3) Gajanan Madhav Mukti bodh

 He was born in Sheopur in 1917.

 Notable work
 Chaand ka Muh Teda.  Tar Saptak

 Ek Sahityik ki diary.  Bhuri – Bhuri Khak Dhul

 Satah se Utthta Admi.  Mukti Bodh Rachnavali

 Kaath ka sapna.  Brahma Rakshasa

 Kamayani : Ek Punarvichar

4) Bakrishna Sharma “Naveen”

 Born in 1897 at Myana Village of Shajapur.

 He was the member of first Lok Sabha representing Kanpur constituency.

 Notable work
 He edited “Prabha” and “Pratap” Newspaper.

 Kumkum  Apalak

 Hum vishpace Janm ke.  Urmila

 Rashmi Rekha  Qwasi

 Vinoba Stavan
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5) Bhawani Prasad Mishra
 Born on 29th of March 1913 in Hoshangabad.

 Notable work
 Chakit Hai Dukh  Geet Farosh

 Satpuda ke ghane Jungle  Gandhi Panchshati

 Buni hui Rassi  Khushbu ke shila lekh

 Trikaal Sandhya  Vyaktigat

 Kuchh neeti kuchh rajneeti  Parivartan ke liye

 I dam na mum  Anam tum aate ho

6) Hari Shankar Parsai

He was born in Jamnia village in Hoshangabad. He started literature

magazine Vasudha and News paper prahari. He was the noted Satirist.
 Notable work
 Sadachar ka Taabij  Premchand ke phate jootey

 Nithalle ke Diary  Jaise unke din fire

 Rani Naag Phani ki Kahani  Ninda ras

 Thiturta hua Ganatantra  Hanste hai rote hai

 Tulsi das chandan Ghise  Tat ke khooj

 Bhoot ke paon peeche  Jwala aur jal

 Shikayat mujhe bhi hai

 Viklaang shraddha ka daur. (Sahitya academy award in 1982)

7) Sharad Joshi : He was born on 21st of May 1931 in Ujjain. He was Hindi poet,
writer, Satirist and a dialogue and Script writer in Hindi films and tellivision.
 Notable work
 Jeep par Sawar Illian  Hum bhrashtan ke bhrasht
 Andhon ka Haathi hamare
 Tilasm  Billion ka Artha Shastra

 Yatha Sambhav  Pratidin

 Yatra tatra Sarvatra Break ke baad  Mai Mai Aur Keval mai

 Jharta neem Shashwat theem  Ek tha galha urf Aladal Khan

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 8) Mulla Ramuzi (Mohammad Siddiqu Mulla Ramuzi)
 Born on 21st of May 1896 in Bhopal.

 Notable work
 Shaadi  Jung

 Aurat zaat  Gulabi Urdu

 Lathi aur bhains  Musafir khana

 Khwateen-e-Angura  Taareekh

 Cultural Institutions of M.P.

 Bharat Bhawan, Bhopal (est. - 13th of Feb. 1982)

 Architect – Charles correa.

 Bharat Bhawan is versatile centre set up to Create an interactive proximity

among the verbal, visual and per forming arts.

 Wings of Bharat Bhawan.

a) Roopankar
- It is the only museum of it’s type in India which provides contemporary folk
and tribal art together with urban art, named as – Sughar, Unghar.
b) Vagarth
- It is a Center of Indian poetry, library, achieve and translation centre.
c) Anhad -
- It is the centre for classical, folk and tribal music.
- The chief activity of anhad is to organize the programmed of rare musical
instrument.
d) Rangandal -
- It is a professional repertory with three forums –
(i) Oper-air amphitheater known as “Bahirang”.
(ii) Indoor auditorium knon as “Antarang”.

(iii) A studio theatre known as ‘Abhirang’.

e) Aakar -
- It is a workshop for Drawing, painting and statue making.
f) Lalit - It is a library of the books of Lalit art (fine art)

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 g) Chhavi –
- Recently opened centre for classifiable cinema.
h) Prakashan -
- It is a publishing department of associated books of Bharat Bhawan.
- Bharat Bhawan publishes a quarterly Hindi journal of literary criticism,
poorvagrah.
i) Nirala Srijan Peeth - It is a chair for creative writing instituted in Bharat
Bhawan.
 Ravindra Bhawan (Bhopal)

 Founded in 1962.

 For performing various cultural and social activities Ravindra Bhawan is only

fully equipped auditorium, it has two types of theater.

a) Indoor theater.
b) Outdoor theater.
 M.P. Kala Parishad (Bhopal, 1952)
Its main objective is to conserve and promote the music, dance, art and
theatre of the state. This institute also promote and motivate the young budding
artists of the state. This institute has been publishing a monthly magazine – Kala
Vaarta.
 M.P. Sahitya Parishad (Bhopal, 1954)
It’s main objective is to conserve and promote the literature of M.P. and
motivate the upcoming writers by providing recognition and reward for their work.
Institute has been publishing a magazine Saakshatkar.
 M.P. Urdu Academy (Bhopal, 1976)
 Objective – To conduct various activities for the upliftment, development and

promotion of the Urdu literature.

 Kalidas Academy (Ujjain, 1977)
The basic Idea of founded Kalidas academy in Ujjain is of two fold. One is
to keep the memory of great poet and other is to establish a multidisciplinary
institution.
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  Ustad Allaudding Khan Sangeet Academy -
 Maihar (Satna), 1979
 The academy was founded in order to protect, preserve and enrich Indian

classical music, dance, drama etc.

 There are two centres under this academy –

1. Chakradhar Dance 2. Centre Dhrupad Centre.

 M.P. Sindhi Academy (Bhopal, 1983)
 Kul Hind Allama Iqbal Adbi Makraj (Bhopal, 1984)
 M. Sanskrit Academy (Bhopal, 1985)
 M.P. Tulsi Academy (Bhopal, 1987)
 Objective – To search all the write-ups of Tulsi Das and to compile, Publish and

propagate them. This academy has established Chitrakoot research centre,

international Tulsi Vidhyapeath. For providing education on Tulsi Lieterature
based on Gurukul pedagogy. Tulsi Samaroh is organized every year a Chitrakoot
during diwali festival.
Note – Original name of Tulsi das was Ram Bola.
 M.P. Hindi Granth Academy (Bhopal, 1969)
It publishes books and subject matter for the level of university. Along
with it, it also publishes the books in Hindi medium for competitive exams. It
publishes a magazine called Rachna.
 M.P. Madhyan (Bhopal, 1985)
It is a communication centre of M.P. govt. established as a autonomous
body under the directorate of public relation. It provides all the necessary information
regarding government policies and programmers.
It publishes employment news related news paper called “Rozgar
Nirman” and the activities of gram Panchyats are published through “Panchayika”.
 M.P. Adavasi Lok Kala Parishad (Bhopal, 1980)
It’s main objectives are to encourage, preserve and develop the tribal art.
The academy has founded “Aadivart State Museum” on tribal and folk arts
(Khajuraho). It has also established “Saket Ramayan kala Musemum” at Orchha. It
also publishes magazines like Chaumasa and Tulsi Sadhana.
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  M.P. Cultural Council / M.P. Sanskritik Parishad (Bhopal, 2003)

This council has been incorporated under the chairmanship of Chief

Minister. This council is the Combination of four state level institution of M.P. that has
already been running in the state. i.e. -
a) Ustaad Allauddin Khan Sangeet Academy.
b) M.P. Sahitya Parishad
c) M.P. Kala Parishad.
d) M.P. Adivasi Lok Kala Parishad.
 Directorate of Archaeology, Archives and Museums of Govt. of M.P. (Bhopal,
1st of Nov. 1956)
The main objective of this institution is to promote, preserve, exhibit and
marked the archaeological rites and materials.
 Prominent Museums of M.P.
 State Museum – Bhopal

 Central archeological Museum – Indore and Gwalior

 Indra Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya – Bhopal

 Bharat Bhawan Museum – Bhopal

 Regional Science Centre – Bhopal

 Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum – Dhubela Village (Chhatarpur)

 Rani Durgawati Museum – Jabalpur

 Tribal Culture Museum – Bhopal

 Archaeological Museum – Sanchi

 Archaeological Museum – Chhatarpur

 Rewa Maharaja Museum – Rewa (Venkat Bhawan)

 Scindia Museum – Gwalior

 Birla Museum – Bhopal

 Madhav Rao Sapre Patrakarita Sanghrahalaya – Bhopal

 Door Sanchar Sanghralya – Bhopal

 Shri Badal Bhoi State Tribal Museum – Chhindwara

 Dushyant Kumar Zoo (Animal Museum) Bhopal

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  University Museum – Sagar, Jabalpur and Ujjain

 Distric Archaeological Museum – Tikamgarh, Guna, Morena and Betul.

 Srijan Peeth in M.P.

In different universities of M.P. Srijan Peeth has been established but it is

constituted under the control of M.P. Sahitya Academy. It’s motive is to develop and
promote the creativity in the field of art of literature.
 There are four Srijan Peeth in M.P.

1. Mukti Bodh Srijan Peeth – Sagar (Hari Sing Gaur University)

2. Premchand Srijan Peeth – Ujjain (Vikram university)
3. Nirala Srijan Peeth – Bhopal (Barkatullah University)
4. Subhadra Kumari Chauhan Srijan Peeth – Jabalpur (Rani Durgawati university)
- Bal Sahitya Srijan Shodh Peeth – M.P. Sahitya Academy (Bhopal)
- Shankarachaya Srijan Peeth – Porposed at Omkareshwar
- Parshuram Srijan Peeth – Proposed at Janapav.
- Mahadevi Verma Srijan Peeth – Proposed at Atal Bihari Vajapayee Hindi
University Bhopal.
 Prominent Awards
1. Mahatma Gandhi National Award (1995-96)
 This award is given to an institution which has established ideal standards in

absorbing and propagating Gandhi’s thought and philosophy.

 Honorarium – 10 Lakh Rs.

 First time this award was given to the Kasturba Gandhi Memorial Trust (Indore).

2. Kalidas Award (1980)

 Honrorium – 2 lakh Rs.

 This award was conferred in four field up to 2012

1) Classical Music
2) Classical dance
3) Plastic art
{Plastic arts are art forms which involve physical manipulation of plastic
medium by molding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics}.
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 4) Theatre
5) Sanskrit literature (Since 2012 Kalidas award has also been conferred in the
field of Sanskrit literature and the first recipient of it was keshav Rao Sadashiv
Shastri Musal gaonkar).
3. Tansen award (1980)
 This award is conferred in the field of Hindustani Music.

 Honrorium – 2 lakh Rs.

4. Lata Mangeshkar award (1984)

 This award is conferred in the field of Lite music.

 Honrorium – 2 lakh Rs.

Note – Lata Mangeshkar award is conferred by three states – M.P., Mahrashtra, and
Andhra Pradesh.

5. Kishore Kumar award (1997-98)

 This award is conferred in the field of acting, direction, Script writing and lyrics.

 Since 2013 this award is also being given in the field of singing.

 Honrorium – 2 Lakh Rs.

6. Kabir award (1986)

 It is given to the poet of Indian Poems.

 Honrorium – 3 Lakh Rs.

7. Tulsi award (1983)

 It is given in the field of Tribal and Traditional arts.

 Honrorium - 2 lakh Rs.

8. Iqbal award (1986-87)

 It is given in the field of Urdu literature.

 Honrorium – 2 Lakh Rs.

9. Devi Ahilaya award (1996-97)

 This award is conferred those female artist has contributed outstandingly in the

field of tribal art.

 Honrrium – 2 Lakh Rs.

 First time this award was conferred to Teejan Bai Khande.

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10. Maithili Sharan Gupt award (1987-1988)
 It is given in the field of Hindi literature.

 Honrorium – 2 Lakh Rs.

11. Sharad Joshi award (1992-93)

 It is conferred in the field of Essay writing, letter writing and Hindi Satire.

 Honrorium – 1 Lakh Rs.

12. Kumar Gandharva award (1992-93)

 It is given in the field of classical music.

 Honrorium – 1.51 Lakh Rs.

13. Chandra Shekar Azad National award (2006-07)

 It is given in the field of social work and patriotism.

 Honrorium – 2 lakh Rs.

 2011-12 – Anil Kakodkar.

14. Rani Durgavati award (2008)

 It is given in the field of female creativity and their administrative leadership.

 Honrorium – 2 Lakh Rs.

15. Tantiya Bhil Award (2007-08)

 It is given to those tribal young one who excel in education, sports and other field.

 Honrorium – 1 Lakh Rs.

 2007-08 – Raja Ram Mourya

16. Thakkar Bappa award (2008)

 This award is for the outstanding contribution in improving the condition of

tribals.
 Honrorium – 2 Lakh Rs.

17. Shankar Shah and Raghunath Shah award (2008)

 It is in the field to tribal art.

 Honrorium – 2 lakh Rs.

18. Prabhas Joshi Sports Award (2013)

 This award is conferred to a sport personality who has contributed in the

development and promotion of Mallakhamba.

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  Honrorium – 1 lakh Rs.

 Fisrt award of 2013 was conferred to Ajay Vaktaria.

19. Virangana Rani Laxmi Bai Award (2012)

 It is given in the field of courageous work.

 Honorirum – 2 lakh Rs.

 First Award of 2012-13 was conferred to Bachendri Pal.

20. Shikar Samman – (1980)

 It is given by the cultural department of M.P.

 Honorarium – 62,000 Rs.

 Since 1980 it has been given in three fields i.e.

1) Literature 2) Performing art 3) Plastic art

 But from 2012 it has been given in 7 fields.

4) Dance 6) Drama
5) Music 7) Rare Musical instrumentations.
 Fellowship

1. Rajendra Mathur Fellowship - Journalism

2. Amrita Shergill Fellowship - Lalit art
3. Ustad Allauddin Khan Fellowship - Music
4. Muktibodh fellowship - Literature.
5. Chakradhar fellowship - Tribal Art
6. Shri Kant Verma fellowship - Translation from non – Indian language
to Hindi language
7. Kumar Gandharva fellowship - classical Music
8. Indra Gandhi fellowship - It is given to young scientist for
environmental research. (4500
Rs./Month) for two years

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 Prominent cultural Festivals
1. Tansen Samaroh – Gwalior and Behat (1925)
2. Kalidas Samaroh – Ujjain (1958)
3. Allauddin Khan Samaroh – Maihar (1979)
4. Khajuraho Dance Festival – Khajuraho (1976-77)
 It is biggest classical dance festival of India that held on internal level.

5. M.P. Utsav – New Delhi (1981)

6. Bhopal Utsav, Dhrupad Sangeet Samaroh, Durlabh Vadhya Vadan Samaroh (Rare
Musical instrumentation) – Bhopal.
7. Rashtriya Ramleela Samaroh – Bhopal.
8. Subhadra Kumari Chauhan Samaroh – Jabalpur
9. Madhya parva Samroh – Bhopal
10. Malwa utsav – Indore, Ujjain, mandu.
11. Tulsi Utsav – Chitrakoot (at the Bank of Mandakini)
12. Orchha utsav – Orchha.
13. Makhan lal Chaturvedi samaroh – Khandwa.
14. Nimar utsav – Khandwa, Khargone, Barwani.
15. Pachmari Samaroh – Pachmari
16. Padmakar Samaroh – Sagar
17. Lok Rang Samaroh – Bhopal
18. Tepa Samaroh – Ujjain
19. Chakradhar Samaroh - Indore
20. Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen smriti Samaroh – Shajapur
21. Bhavbhuti Samaroh – Gwalior.
22. Gwalior Utsav – Gwalior
23. Bhedaghat utsav – Bheda Ghat (Jabalpur)
24. Bundeli Utsav – Chhatarpur
25. Kishor Kumar Samman Samaroh – Khandwa.
26. Amir khan Samaroh – Indore
27. Tribal Film festival – Indore

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 Important Mausoleum/Tomb
1) Tomb of Mohammad Gaus (Gwalior)
 Sufi Saint Mohammad Gaus was the teacher of Tansen in the early age. His tomb

is situated at Gwalior. Which was constructed by Akbar in Mughal Pattern.

2) Tomb of Tansen (Gwalior)
 Biggest Tomb of M.P. which is spreaded in 55m. sq. area and it is situated just

beside the tomb of his teacher Mohamm Gaus.

 It was constructed by Akbar in Mughal Pattern.

1. Bhima Nayak Memorial Dhaba Bawri (Barwani)

2. Tantya Bhil Memorial Badoda Ahir Village (Khandwa)
3. Tatya Tope Memoril Shivpuri
4. Devi Ahilya Memorial Indore
5. Shourya Smarak Bhopal
6. Mesoleum of Rani Durgavati Barela Village (Jabalpur)
7. Mesoleum of Rani Laximbai Gwalior
8. Mesoleum of Rani Avanti Bai Mandla
9. Tomb of Nawab Hasan Siddqui Bhopal
10. Mesoleum of Baji Rao (Ballad) Peshwa Rawarkhedi (Khargone)
11. Mesoleum of Baiju Bawra Chanderi

 Prominent Musicians and Daners of M.P.

1. Tansen -
 Born in 1506 at Behat Village in Gwalior.

 Died in 1585 at Agra and Tomb is situated at Gwalior

 Original Name – Ram Tanu Pandey / Makrand Pandey or Tanna.

Since child hood Tansen was in touch with Sufi Saint Mahammad Gaus.
Swami Haridas trained him in Singing. Later he came to Gwalior and completed his
training under Mrignayani. He was given the title of Tansen by Man singh Tomar,
the ruler of Gwalior.
Later, Tansen joined the court of King Ramchandra Bhagel of Rewa and
from here; he went to Akbar’s court. Here he became one of the Navratna and was
given the title of Mian by Akbar himself.

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 2. Allauddin Khan (Baba Allauddin Khan)
 Born in 1862 at Shivpur village of Tripura.

 Died 1972.

 He was famous Sarod Player and Multi- Instrumentalist. He was the court poet of

Raja Brijnath of Maihar.

Note – “Maihar Band” – After the First World War several children were orphaned
Allauddin khan gave protection to 28 such orphaned boys and trained them in music.
This led to the creation of Maihar Band.

3. Ustad Hafiz Ali

The Ancestors of Ustad belong to Afghanistan, but he was born in Gwalior
in 1888. It was his ancestors only who converter Rabab in to Sarod. He has been the
court poet of Maharaja Jiwaji Rao Scindia who gave he the title of Sangeet Ratnakar
and Aftab-E-Sarod. His son Amjad ali khan is one of the best Sarod Vadak. Sarod Ghar
(Gwalior). It is a museum which exhibits the memories of Ustad Hafiz ali khan.
4. Shankar Rao pandit
 He was born in 1862 in Gwalior.

 He was Prominent Scholar of Khyal Gayakee.

 His son Krishna Rao Pandit is also a prominent Scholar.

5. Raja Bhaiya Poonchwale (1882-1956)

 He was born in Gwalior and his original name is Balkrishna Anand Rao Aptekar

 He had a Jagir named poonch in Bundelkhand hence he was known as ponchvale.

 He wrote several texts on Taan Mallika, Thumri etc.

6. Ustad Amir Khan (1912-1971)

 He was the well known Indian classical vocalist was founder of Indore Gharana.

 Folk Writers of M.P.

1. Sant Singaji
He was born in Khajuri village of Barwani in 1571. After becoming Saint he
stayed in Pipalya village of Khandwa till death. His Samadhi is situated here, where
every year religious fair is organized.

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 Work –
 Singa ji was famous to sing Sankhiyan like kabir.

 He created Satvar, Barahmasi, Pandrah Tithi, Narad, Sharad etc.

 The book “Parchuri” is the biography of Singaji wrote by his disciple khemdas.

2. Isuri
Folk poet Isuri was born in 1898 in village Mendhaki. (Bundelkhand). His main
literary work includes.
 Isuri Ki Phaag (Compiled and Scripted by krishnand Gupta)

 Isuri Sankalan (compiled and scripted by Gauri Shaukar Dwivedi)

 Isuri Satasai (Compiled and Scripted by Sagar Satyarthi)

3. Jagnik
 Born in 1230 in Bundelkhand.

 He was the court poet of Parimal.

 Work – Parimal Raso, Alha Khand.

 Folk Dances of M.P.

1. Dances of Nimar Region
a) Gangaur Dance
This is a traditional religious folk dance performed during the Gangaur
festival in the month of Chaitra. Gangaur is a fold godess which is a symbolic
representation of Godess parvati.
 There are two types of dances in Gangaur – (i) Jhalariya (ii) Jhola.

 Main musical instruments in Gangaur dance is Dhol and Thali.

 Prominent artist – Heera lal Saad, Prabhkar Dubey and Sadhna Upadhyaya.

b) Kathi Dance
This is a popular dance-drama of Nimar region. It is performed in the
honour of diety parvati. The musical instrument used in this dance is Dhaank. Kathi
dancers wear a dress called Bana.
c) Mandalya Dance
This is a group dance performed on festivals and other auspicious
occasions. It is performed on the very fast beats of Dhol.

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 d) Danda Dance
Farmers of Nimar perform Danda Dance during Gangaur festival. Dancers
carry danda in their hands which is about 1.25 m in height. The musical instrument
used are Dhol and Bronze plate.
2. Dances of Malwa Region
a) Matki Dance
It is a very popular dance of Malwa region performed by the ladies on
every auspicious occasion. It is performed on the special note of Dhol or Dholak
known as Matki.
b) Ada-Khada Rajvadi Dance
It is specially performed on the occasion of marriage below the mandap. It
is performed on traditional kaherva-dadra taal of Dhol. This is performed by women.
Ada is done in a bending pose while khada is done standing and Rajvadi is done
holding with pallu.
c) Patang Dance
Patang dance is beautiful representation of act of flying kites. It is mainly
performed on Makar Sankranti.
3. Dances of Bundelkhand Region :
a) Rai Dance
It is a state dance of M.P. It is the combination of both Shrinagar and
Shourya ras. It is basically the traditional dance of the Beria tribe. This dance is
performed in a group in which female dancer is situated the centre of all, termed as a
Bedni, who dances on the beats of Mridang.
 During the interval of Rai, Swangs are performed. Whose main aim is to highlight

social evils of society in the form of humour and satire.

b) Kanada
 It is perfomed mainly by Dhobi community.

 Main musical instruments are sarangi and Dholak.

c) Saira Dance
 It is performed during the month of Sawan especially on Kajli Teej.

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 d) Badhai Dance
 In Bundelkhand region, there is a tradition of performing Badhai Dance on the

occasion of marriages.
 Folk Drama and Theater of Malwa (i.e. Lok Natya)
1) Maach
 It is a state Drama of M.P.

Maach is the most popular folk theatre or Lok Natya of Malwa region. It
has it’s basic region in Ujjain. Term ‘Maach’ origination from the Sanskrit term
‘Manch’. Before commencing the play maach piller is placed at the centre of the stage
and worshiped. Dholak and Sarangi are important accompanying instrument. It is
started in the first span of night.
 It is based on various religious, mythological and social themes like various

stories of Heer-Ranjha, Nal-Damyanti etc.

 Bal Mukund Guru is considered as pioneer artist of Maach.

 Folk Drama and Theater of Bundelkhand

1) Swang

It is one of the most popular folk theatres in Bundelkhand. Swang is

performed in the interval of Rai Dance. Main motive of Swang is to spot the social evil
and address the people on same subject with humour and satire.
2) Nautanki
 Basically it is originated from U.P. but in M.P. it is mainly performed in

Bundelkhand region.
 Folk Drama and Theater of Nimar
a) Gammat
 It is basically satire. It strikes as social, political and economic evils.

b) Rasleela or Rahas
 It is organized around Krishna Janmashtami. The various part of Krishna lila is

portray in it.

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 Folk Songs of Nimar
1) Kalgi Turra 5) Nirgunia
2) Sant Singaji Bhajan 6) Faag
3) Garba 7) Nathpanthi
4) Garbi
 Folk songs of Malwa Region
1) Bhartari Songs 3) Heed Gayan
2) Sanja Songs 4) Barsati Barta
 Others
Alha Gayan
Hardaul ki Manauti – Bundelkhand and Bhagelkhand
Dhola-Maru-Malwa, Nimar and Bundelkhand

 Main Dialects of M.P.

1) Bundeli and Bundelkhandi

Bundeli is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bundelkhand region of

central India. It’s written system is Devanagri script. It is an apabhransha of
Sauraseni.
 It was named as Bundeli by George Grierson (Irish administrator and linguistic

in British India)
2) Bhageli

Bhageli is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the eastern central part of

India especially in the Bhagelkhand region. Written system – Devnagri
 Grierson classified Bhageli under Eastern Hindi.

3) Brij Bhasha – Bhind, Morena, Gwalior.

4) Malvi – Malwa region.
5) Nimari – It is a sub-dialect of Malvi, Spoken in Nimar region.
6) Bheeli – Western Part of M.P.

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 HISTORY OF M.P.

 Historical Sites
1) Kayatha
 It is situated in Ujjain on the bank of Kali Sindh.

 It is a Calcolithic site.

2) Novdatoli
 It is situated at Maheshwar (Khargone) on the bank of Narmada river.

 It is a Calcolithic Site.

3) Bhimbetka

The rock shelter of Bhimbetka is situated at the Abdullaganj of Raisen

District in Ratapani wild life Dantiduarg sanctuary. This site is famous for it’s rock
painting. This archaeological site associated to Paleolithic & Mesolithic age. It is biggest
cave group of World.
 It was discovered by Vishnu Shridhar Vakankar (Neemuch, Padam Shree-1975) in

1957.
 In 2003 this site was listed in World heritage list of UNESCO.

4) Adamgarh : Rock painting’s of Adamgarh is situated at Hoshangabad on the Bank

of Narmada River. It is a Mesolithic Site.
5) Nagda & Dangwala : Both Calcolithic sites situated at Ujjain.
6) Anup Janpad
 In ancient time it was located in the Nimar region especially in Maheshwar & their

surrounding on the Bank of Narmada.

7) Avanti Janpad

It was located in the Western – Central part of India. It was the huge
kingdom among 16 Mahajanpad of contemporary India.
 It was governed under two parts –

- Northern Avanti, Capital – Ujjaini.

- Southern Avanti, Capital – Maheshmati (Maheshwar).

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8) Ujjain : It is an ancient City situated on the Bank of Kshipra River. In the “Periplus
of Erythraean Sea” or “Periplus of the red Sea” Ujjain is named as Ojinee.
9) Eran
It is an ancient town & archaeological site of Calcolithic age located at Sagar. It
was also flourished under Gupta Dynasty. It was one of the ancient mints of Indian
Dynasties as evidenced by the diverse coin excavated here.
 Inscription of Samudragupta had been discovered by Cunningham which stated

the ancient name of ‘Eran’ as ‘Airkin’.

 Bhanugupta Inscription of 510 C.E. had been found at Eran, It is the first

archaeological evidence of sati system of ancient India.

10) Tripuri
 It is situated at Jabalpur on the Bank of Narmada River.

 In the pre-medieval era it was ruled by Kalchuri’s.

11) Dashpur
It is now named as Mandsaur. In ancient time it was consist of ‘ten puras’
which gave it the name Dashpur. It is also believed that this place is the maternal
residence of Mandodari, the wife of Rawan, that’s why here people Worship the idol of
Rawan & avoid practicing the ‘Rawan Dahan’ ritual.
12) Besnagar
Besnagar was known as ancient Bhilsa or Vidisha. (Ashoka’s wife – Vidisha
Mahadevi Shakya kumari). Shung rular Bhagbhadra transfer their capital from
Patliputra to Besnagar.
The Stone pillar of Haliodorus is the most important monument also termed
as “Garud Pillar”. It was built by Greek ambassador Haliodorus in 113 B.C.E. came in
to the Court of Bhagbhadra & accepted Vaishnaivism.
13) Bharhut
It is located in Satna district. It is famous for Bhuddist stupa. The Bharhut
Stupa had been first built by king Ashoka but many works of art, particularly the
railing & Torandwar were constructed during Shunga Period. Remains of the Bharhut
Stupa is now preserved in the museum of Allahabad & Kolkata.
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14) Maheshwar

It is situated in Khargone district on the Bank of Narmada River. In late 18 th

Century, Maheshwar served as a the capital of Maratha Queen Ahilya bai Holkar (Lok
mata). Masoleum of Queen Ahilya bai is situated at Maheshwar.
15) Edicts of Ashoka
a) Rupnath - Jabalpur
b) Gujjara - Datia
c) Saro-Maro - Shahdol
d) Panguraria - Sehore

Note : In Gujjara Inscription Ashoka recognized as a Devnam Priyadarshi.

16) Sanchi

It is situated in Raisen district. During Gupya era Sanchi was namedas

Kakanbadbot. In the era of Ahoka Sanchi was the main Buddhist Centre.
There era three Stupas in Sanchi which was constructed by Ashoka in 3rd
Century BCE. In which first one is the Biggest & oldest with 36.5 m diameter & 16.4 m
height. The original stupa had only about half the size of today’s stupa. Shung ruler
expanded it & also constructed the railing & torna dwar (4 toran dwar) around it.
Since 14th Century Sanchi remain deserted & uncared till 1818 when General
Henry Taylor rediscovered it. Sir John Marshal established an archaeological museum
in 1919 at Sanchi.
 In 1989 Stupas of Sanchi had been listed in the world Heritage list of UNESCO.

 In the Stupas of Sanchi remains of Sariputra & Mahayoglayan are preserved.

17) Gwalior State

The founded of the Gwalior State was Ranoji Rao Scindia. He was the son of
Jankoji Rao Scindia, the deshmukh of Kanherkheda, a village in Satara district. Ranoji
Rao was in charge of the Maratha conuest in Malwa in 1726. He established his capital
at Ujjain, which remained the capital of Scindia until 1810. Than it is shifted to Gwalior.
Under the leadership of Mahadji Scindia (1761-1794) Gwalior State became leading
power in northern India.

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18) Bhopal State
The Bhopal State was founded by Dost Mohammad Khan in 1707 A.D., he was
the Pasthun (Afgan) soldier in the Mughal army. He became mercenary & after the
death of Aurangzeb he took the advantages of the disintegration of Mughal empire &
anneved several territories.
In 1723 Bhopal came the suzerainty of the Nizam of Heydrabad. In 1737
Maratha defeated the Nawab of Bhopal in the battle of Bhopal & started collecting
tribute from the state. In 1818 Bhopal became the British princely state after the
defeat of Marathas in third Anglo-Maratha war.
 The Rules of Begums in Bhopal : Between 1819 & 1926, Bhopal state was ruled
by four Begums.
(i) Qudsia Begum (1819-1844)
- At the age of 18 year Qudsia Begum took over the change of Bhopal after the
death of her husband Muhammad Shah.
- She was also known as Gohar Begum. She was the first female ruler of Bhopal.
- She built Jama Masjid & Gohar Mahal also called Nazar Bagh in Bhopal.
(ii) Sikandar Jahan Begum (1844-1868) : Sikandar Begum Succeded her mother as
the ruler of Bhopal. During the revolt of 1857 she favoured the Brithishers. She
built Moti Masjid & Moti Mahal at Bhopal.
(iii) Shah Jahan Begum (1868-1901) : She was the successor of Sikandar begum.
She built a small city Shahjahanabad on her name in the vicinity of Bhopal. She
also built a new palace for herself – The Taj Mahal palace at Bhopal. It is located
beside the Taj-ul-Masjid.
(iv) Kaikhussau Jahan Begum (1901-1926) : She was the successor of Shah Jahan
Begum. She built Sadar Manzil palace. She was succeeded by her son Nawab
Hamidullah Khan.
19) Burhanpur
Burhanpur was an important city under the Rashtrakuta Dynasty from 753 to
982 C.E. However it comes in to prominence during the medival period. In 1388 Malik
Nasir Khan the ruler of Farooqui Dynasty of Khandesh re-estiblished Burhanpur.

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 In 1601 Akbar Annexed Burhanpur. In 1609 Mughal Emperor Jahangir made
Burhanpur as a Mughal outpost. Shah Jahan spent considerable amount of time in this
city at Badshahi Qila (Made by Farooqui rulers)
 Mumtaz died in this Badshahi Qila in 1631 during the birth of her 14th child.

 Biwi-ki-masjid is situated at Burhanpur built by Alikhan in 1588.

 Khooni Bhandara
 It is a mughal era structure originally named as a kundi Bhandra, it was a under

ground water management system situated at Burhanpur.

20) Bawangaja
It is a famous Jain pilgrim situated at Barwani district. It is world’s largest
mehalith statue (Carved out of mountain) of lord adinath (52 yard high). It was carved
in early 12th Century.
21) Pashupatinath Temple
 It is situated at Mandsaur on the Bank of Shivna River.

 It is also known as eight facet shivling.

22) Bhedaghat
 It is situated in Jabalpur on the bank of Narmada River. It’s main attaraction is

Dhuan Dhar water fall (18m.). Bandar Kudini, Temple of Chausat Yogini (Built by
Kalchuri rulers) and Temple of Gauri Shankar is situated here.

Prominent Dynasties

In 600 B.C. Historic India was mainly divided in to 16 Mahajanpada out

which two were majorly established their empire on the land of Madhya Pradesh, there
were –
1. Chedi
 Present location – Bundelkhand region.

 Capital - Shuktimati

2. Avanti (Present location – Central Malwa)

It was divided in to two parts. The Northern part had it’s capital Ujjain and
the Southern part at Mahismati (Maheshwar). The most important ruler of this
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kingdom was Chand Pradyotya Mahasena who was contemporary to Buddha and
also patronized to Buddhism.
When Pradyotya was attacked by Jaundice then Bimbisara sent his royal
physician Jivak to Ujjain for his treatment.

Note – Some Northern region of M.P. also came under the occupation of Vatsa
Mahajanpad, (Present location – Allahabad, capital-Kaushambi)

 Mauryan Dynasty
 In Mauryan period during the region of Bindusara Ashoka was appointed as a

Governor of Ujjain.
 His wife Vidisha Mahadevi Shakya Kumari was belong to Vidisha.

 Ashokan Edicts in M.P.

1) Gujjara (Datia) 4) Pangurarua (Sehore)

2) Rupnath (Jabalpur) 5) Pillar edict of Sanchi.

3) Saru-Maru (Shahdol)

 Chandellas of Jejabhukti or Bundelkhand

The chandellas initially ruled as feudatories of the Gurjar-pratiharas of

Kannauj. The conquered the region between Yamuna and Narmada better known as
Bundelkhand.
 Capital – Khajuraho.

 Nannuk (831-843 C.E.)

He was the founder of this dynasty but he was the feudal of Gurjar
pratiharas of kannauj. His Grandson Jayashakti (Jeja) consolidated the Chandella
power.

Note – According to Mahoba inscription, the chandella territory was named Jejabhukti
after Jeja.

 Yashovarma (925-950 A.D.)

He was the first free ruler of this dynasty. In 950 C.E. he conquered the
important fort of Kalinjar. He constructed the famous Laxman Temple and Chaturbhuj
temple (Vishnu Temple) at Khajuraho.

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 Dhanga-Dev (950-1050 C.E.)
Yashovarman was succeded by his son Dhanga-Dev. He was the first
chandelle king who took the title of Maharajadhiraja.
He constructed the temples of Khajuraho in Panchayat Nagar Pattern.
These temples are dedicated to Hindu, Jain and Buddhist religion. Primarily there were
84 temples but today only 25 temples are there, in which the biggest one is the temple
of Kandaria Mahadev. In 1986 temples of Khajuraho listed in the world heritage list
of UNESCO.
 Vidhya Dhara the grandson of Dhanga Dev constructed the famous temple of

Kandariya Mahadev.
Last powerful ruler of this dynasty was Parmardi Dev or Parmal Dev who
was defeated by Prithvi raj Chauhan-III (Raipithora) in the Battle of Mahoba (1182)
and Parmardi Dev move to Kalinjar. Finally in 1203 Kutub-ud-din Aibak invaded
Kalinjar.
 The Parmaras of Malwa (9th to 14th Century)
The Parmaras of Malwa were originally based in the region of Mt. Abu
(Rajasthan). Krishna Raj Upendra was the founder of this dynasty. Parmar ruler
Vakpati raj munja constructed Munja Lake at Dhar (10th Century C.E.)
 Raja Bhoj (1010-1055)
He was the most celebrated ruler of Parmar dynasty. He founded Dhar city
and established it as a capital of Parmar Kingdom. At Dhar he constructed Bhoj Shala
which was the centre of Sanskrit studies here he established the idol of Maa Saraswati
also named as Baagh Devi.
Note – Momento offered in Jnanjpit award is a replica of Baagh Devi.
 He founded city Bhojpur. (Raisen), he also constructed the Shiv Mandir over there

Bhojpur is also named as a Somnath of M.P.

 He also founded the city Bhojpal (Bhopal) and also modified huge lake over

there.
Note – Raja Bhoj is also known as fabled (mythical) Vikramadity.
 Write ups of Raja Bhoj – Samrang Sutradhar, Saraswati Kan Bharan.

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 Kalchuris of Tripuri

It was the central Indian dynasty during 9th to 12th century. The state of
Kalchuris was situated between the Narmada and Godawari River. They were formerly
subordinate of the Pratiharas but around the middle of the 10th Century C.E., they
asserted their indepence. They ruled the historical chedi region (also known as Dhala –
Mandala) from their capital Tripuri, near modern Jabalpur. Their second capital was
Mahishmati (Maheshwar).
 Kokkala was the founder ruler of this dynasty.

 Lakshmi – Karna (1041-73 C.E.) was the most celebrated ruler of this dynasty, as

he was great warrior hence is also termed as Napoleon of Central India.

 Last ruler of this dynasty was Vijayasimha who was defeated by chandella ruler

Trilokya – Varman.
 Kachchapghat Dynasty (1150-1196)
 Capital – Gwalior.

The Sanskrit word Kachchapghat literally means Tortoise killer. They were
originally the vassals of Pratiharas and Chandellas, but mainly history is obscure about
them.
 The temple of Sahastrabahu (Saas-Bahu) was constructed by Kachchhap ghat

ruler Mahipal in 1902-93 C.E. at Gwalior fort.

 Main Forts of M.P.
1) Gwalior Fort
 It was built by King Suraj Sen in the memory of Rishi Galav in 525 AD.

 This fort is also known as “Gibraltar of India” and the “Gem of the fort”.

 There are five gateway in fort :

a) Gujari Mahal Gate. d) Alamgir Gate.

b) Hathi Paura Gate. e) Chaturbhuj Gate.
c) Hindola Gate.
 Main sites in fort :

a) Temple of Sahastrabahu (Sas-Bahu), Dedicated to Vishnu.

b) Chaturbhuj Temple.

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 c) Teli ka Mandir : It is highest temple on the fort (27 m.). It is built in the
Dravid Pattern of Telangana.
d) Maan Mandir.
e) Gujari Mahal.
f) Badal Mahal : In 15th Century king Dongar Sing constructed the idols of Jain
Tirthankar in the foot region of fort. In which the biggest one is of Jain Guru
Adinath (17m).
2) Dhar Fort
 It was built by Mohammad Bin Tuglaq in 1344.

 Main Sites : Kharbuja Mahal (It is the shape of Musk Melon), Sheesh Mahal.

 Birth Place of Peshwa Baji Rao-II is situated in this fort.

3) Asirgarh Fort

Located at Asirgarh, Burhanpur. Built by Ahir Rular Asaram. Akbar

annexed it in 1601 (It was the last Victory of Akbar). This Fort is also known as Gate
way Deccan.
4) Ginnorgarh Fort
 This fort is situated 60 km from Bhopal near Delawadi.

 In 13th Century it was built by Maharaja Uday Vardhan. Later it was concurred by

Dost Mohammad, the ruler of Bhopal State.

5) Chanderi Fort
 The fort is situated at Chanderi, Ashok Nagar.

 It was made by Pratihaar ruler Raja Kirti Pal in 11th Century on the Bank of

Betwa River.
 Main Sites : Jauhar Kund, Hawa Mahal, Naukhand Mahal, Khooni Darwaja.

6) Bandhavgarh Fort

Situated at Bandhavgarh, Umaria. It is assumed that this fort was built by

Bhopal ruler in 14th Century, but no relivent records an available.
It is also tale in this region, that Bandhavgarh fort derives it’s name from
the most prominent hillock of the area, which is said to be given by lord Rama to his
brother Laxman to keep watch on Lanka.

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  Main Sites : Shesh shahi Taalab, Vishnu Temple.

7) Raisen Fort
 It is situated at Raisen. It was built by Raja Raj Vasanti in 16th Century.

 Main Sites : Raj Mahal, Badal Mahal, Rohit Mahal, Itra Dar Mahal, Temple of

Laxmi Narayan.
8) Ajaygarh Fort

It is situated at Panna. It is built by Raja Ajaypal. Mahal of Raja Aman is the

most prominent Site of this fort.
9) Orchha Fort
 It is situated at Orchha on the bank of Betwa River. It was built by Raja Veer

Singh Bundela in 16th – 17th Century.

 Main Sites : Ram Rja Temple, Chaturbhuj Temple, Jahangir Mahal, Laxmi-

Narayan Temple.
10) Mandla Fort

Located at Mandla. It is also known as Ram Nagar fort. It was built by Gond
ruler Raja Narendra Shah 17th Century. It was strategically constructed on the Bank
of River Marmada, Where the River forms a loop, Such that river forms it’s defence
from three sides. Before Akbar’s Invasion it was the Capital of Rani Dugawati.
11) Datia Fort
 It was built by Bundela ruler Veer Singh Dev in 17th Century.

 Naresh Bhawani Singh carved on the gate of fort, “Justice is the gem of crown”.

12) Narwar Fort

Situated at Narvar, Shivpuri. It was built by Kachhwaha Rasjputs in 10th

Century. This fort is also fomous for the tales of epic king ‘Raja Nal & Damayanti.’
That’s why the town was also called as Nalpura until 12th Century.
13) Mandsaur Fort

It is also known as Dashpur fort. It was constructed by Hushang Shah Gauri

in the starting of 15th Century. The fount has 12 gates in which Bhai Darwaja,
Khanpur Darwaja, Mahadev Ghat Darwaja & Mandi Darwaja are famous.

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14) Narsinghgarh Fort
 Situated at Narsinghgarh, Rajgarh.

 It is also termed as a Kashmir-e-malwa.

15) Mandu Fort

The name of City Mandu is originated from Manda Jats of Iran. They come
to India from different parts of Central Asia. The historical Mandu fort also seems to
have founded by Manda Jats. It is also believed that the word Mandu originated from
“Mandapa Durga”. Inscription of 555 CE which indicates the Mandu was flowrishing
town in 6th Century. The town of Mandu is situated in the Vindhyan region at an
elevation of 2079 feet.
Hussain Khan Gauri founded the Malwa Dynasty in 1401. He was tilled as a
Dilawar Khan by Firoz Shah Tughlaq. After his death, he was succeeded by his son Alp
Khan who took the tille of Hushang Shah & Shifted his caital from Dhar to Mandu &
tilled it as Shadiabad means “City of Joy”.
In 1542, Sher Shah Suri conqured the kingdom & appointed Sheja’at khan
as a governor. His son Baaaz Bhadur declared himself independent ruler in 1555. In
1561 Akbar’s army led by Adham Khan defeated Baaz Bahadur in the battle of
Sarangpur (Rajgarh). In this way Malwa become the province of the Mugal Empire.
 Main Sites :
 Place of Rani Roopmati – Built by Baaz Bhadur.

 Dai ka Mahal – Built by Baaz Bhadur.

 Tomb of Hushang Shah :

- It is India’s first Marble structure. It is built in persion & Afgan pattern.
- It served as a Template for the construction of Taj Mahal.
 Asharfi Mahal

 Place of Baaz Bhadur.

 Rewa kund – A reservoir constructed by Baaz Bahadur for the perpose of

supplying water to Rani Roopmati’s place.
 Hindola Mahal.

 Jami Masjid and Jahaz Mahal.

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 Important Caves
1) Caves of Udaigiri (Vidisha)
 There are total 20 Caves out of which 1st and 20th Cave is related to Jainism.

 Idol of Varaha, the incarnation of Vishnu is located in cave number five which is

narrating the story of origion of Earth.

 It is a work of Gupta Period Probabley constructed in 4th-5th Century A.D.

2) Caves of Bharthari (Ujjain)

 There were 9 Caves but four get ruined.

 These caves were constructed by Parmar Rulers in 11th Century to

commemorate Raja Bharthari.
 Pictures in these caves are coloured which reflected the ancient advanced

culture of Ujjain.
3) Caves of Bagh (Dhar)
 These caves are related to the murals of Ajanta Caves.

 There group are 9 rock cut caves out of which five are remained.

 It was constructed in Gupta Period Probably between 5th and 7th Century.

 These Caves are related to Buddhism.

4) Caves of Pandav (Pachmari)

 It is an example of Rock cut caves.

 These caves are believed to have been occupied by the Pandavas for the small

period at the time of there exile.

5) Caves of Shankracharya (Omkareshwar)
 Here sage Shankracharya did Shiv Aradhna.

6) Caves of Mragendra Nath (Raisen)

 These caves are similar to the caves of Bhim Baiteka.

 Ancient Janpad & Their modern name

Ancient Janpad Modern Name/region

1. Avanti - Ujjain
2. Vatsa - Gwalior
3. Chedi - Khajuraho
4. Anup - Nimar (Khandwa)
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 5. Darshan - Vidisha
6. Nalpur - Narvar
7. Tundikar - Damoh

 Cities of M.P. & their ancient names

Ancient Janpad Present/Modern Name

1. Mhow - Bheem Rao Ambedkar Nagar
2. Bhabhara (Alirajpur) - Chandra Shekhar Azad Nagar
3. Kakanbad Boat - Sanchi
4. Shadiabaad - Mandu
5. Vishap Puri - Sohagpur
6. Indrapur/Indur - Indore
7. Besnagar/Bhilsa - Vidisha
8. Gopanchal - Gwalior
9. Dilip Nagar - Datia
10. Mahishmati - Maheshwar
11. Panchall Garh - Pachmari
12. Jaijabhukti/Khajoor Wahak - Khajuraho
13. Shahjahanpur - Shajapur
14. Nizamat-E-Mashrik - Sehore
15. Murwara - Katni

 Cities of M.P. & their Capital Titles

1. Bhopal - Administrative Capital
2. Indore - Business and Sports Capital
3. Waidhan - Power Capital
4. Jabalpur - Cultural Capital, also known as Sanskardhani
5. Pachmari - Tourism and Summer Capital
6. Balaghat - Magnese Capital
7. Maihar - Music Capital

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 CONTRIBUTION OF M.P. IN FREEDOM MOVEMENTS

- The revolt of 1857 was triggered out in M.P. from Neemuch Cantoment on 3rd of
June 1857, When the Bunglows of British officials were set to fire.
- On 14th of June 1857 Soldiers of Murar Cantt. (Gwalior) mutinitesd & Cut down all
the communication Channels.
- On 20th of June 1857 revolt was started in Shivpuri.
- On 1st of July 1857 in MHOW, a Soldier of Holkar’s army Saadat Khan led the
soldiers against Britishers Holkar king Tukoji Rao inderictely supported the
rebellions.
Note : Saadat Khan was hanged on 1st oct. 1874, his Shrine is situated at Residency area
of Indore.
- Rani Avantibai of Ramgarh state (Mandla) also revolted with her body guard
Girdhari Bai.
 Tatya Tope (Ram Chandra pandurang Rao)
He took on the title Tope means Commanding oftice. He was the military
chief of Army of Peshwa settled in Kanpur. When the Peshwa Nana-Saheb had to
Escape Nepal, then Tatya Tope Joined Rani Laxmi Bai for the military campaign against
Britishers.
- He was expert in Gorilla style of war called as Gamini Kava.
- Tatya Tope was hanged in Shivpuri on 18th of April 1859.
- Other Struggle Movements
1) Flag Satyagraha
It is also termed as a Jabalpur Satyagrah. It is a Campaign that focused on
exercising the right & freedom to hoist the Flag. This Movement was started in 1923
from Jabalpur. When British officials insulted our Flag. Then National flag was
hoisted in the every part of the state & Sarojini Naidu & Maulana Azad Hoisted the
National flag at the town hall of Jabalpur.
This incidence sounds at National level & Sardar Patel decided to
celebrate the Jhanda Satyagrah on National level. This time Satyagrah started from
Nagpur on 13th of April 1923 under the leadership of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.
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 2) Salt Satyagrah (6th of April 1930)
 It was launched from Masoleum of Rani Durgawati at Narai Nala Jabalpur under

the leadership of Pandit Govindas for the same cause as done by Gandhi ji.
3) Jungle Satyagrah/Ghoda-Dongri Satyagrah (1930)
 It was launched by the tribals of Betul region of the protection of their land &

forest from the encroachement of Britishers.

 This Satyagrah was held at Goda-Dongri village of Betul.

 It was led by Ganjan Singh Korku.

4) Charan Paduka Massacre

On 14th of Jan 1931 at Makar Sankranti people were collected at Charan

Paduka village of Chhatarpur for peaceful protest, but Colonel Fisher opened the fire
on them in which 6 persons were killed and many were injured.
 This event is known as Jallian wala bagh of M.P.

5) Individual Satyagrah
 Gandhi ji launched Individual Satyagrah movement Nation wise, from Pavnar

(Maharashtra near Nagpur) ashram of Vinoba Bhave.

 In M.P. it is started from Jabalpur.

Note : (i) Vinoba Bhave (Vinayak Narhari Bhave, Birth 1895 Rajgarh District
(Mahashtra) was the first person to be Delected as the Individual Satyagrahi followed
by Jawahar lal Nehra.
(ii) First Shaheed of Independence movement from M.P. is Shaheed Kunwar Chain
Singh, Narsingha (M.P.) 1824.

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