The Human Movement

By: Hyacinth A. Asaytuno

 General Objectives:
• List and describe the functions of bones;
• Describe the classes of bones;
• Describe the function and structure of skeletal, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle;
• Relate the connections between skeletal system and sports;
• Describe the types of muscle
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
What do you think will happen if you don’t
have bones in your body?
 Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard dense
connective tissue that forms most of the adult
skeleton, the support structure of the body.

The skeletal system is the body system

composed of bones and cartilage and performs
the following critical functions for the human
body:
1. Protects
Our delicate organs need protection:
a. The skull protects of brain
b. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord
c. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs
2. Supports
Our body needs a framework
a. The skeleton gives shape to our bodies
b. It holds our vital organ in place
c. It enables us to achieve a good posture
3. Moves
Our muscles use our bones to cause movement
a. The skeleton provides attachment for
the muscles
b. The skeleton is jointed, which allows a
wide range of movement
c. Different joints allow different types of
movement
4. Produces Blood
Red and white blood cells are produced in the
bone marrow of the ribs, humerus, vertebrae,
and femur.
THE CLASSIFICATION
OF BONES
• There are 206 bones in an adult skeleton and it is divided into five
categories based on their shapes. Their shapes and their functions are
related such that each categorical shape of bone has a distinct
function.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
1. Long Bones
• It is a long bone that is cylindrical in shape being longer than its wide.
• Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius), legs
(femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges)
and toes (metatarsals, phalanges)
• We use them in the main movements of our body.
• Long bones work as levers; they move when muscles contract
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
2. Short Bones
• It is short bone that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal
in length, width, and thickness.
• The short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists
and the tarsals of the ankles.
• We use them in fine movements of our body.
• Short bones can provide stability and support as well as some limited
motion.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
3. Flat Bones
• A flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved.
• Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder
blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs.
• We use them to protect the organs of our body.
• Flat bones serve as points of attachments for muscles and often
protect internal organs.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
4. Irregular Bones
• It is an irregular bone that does not have any easily characterized
shape and therefore, does not fit into any other classification.
• These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae
that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces.
• We use them to give our body protection and shape.
• Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are
classified as irregular bones.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
4. Sesamoid Bones
• A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is
shaped like a sesame seed.
• These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to
muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint.
• These bones protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive
forces.
• These vary in number and placement from person to person but are
typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees. The
patellae (singular=patella) are the only sesamoid bones found in common
with every person.
BONE CLASSIFICATION FEATURES FUNCTION/S EXAMPLES
Long 1. Cylinder-like shape Leverage 1. Femur
2. Longer than its wide 2. Tibia
3. Fibula
4. Metatarsals
5. Humerus
6. Ulna
7. Radius
8. Metacarpals
9. Phalanges
Short 1. Cube-like shape Provide stability support, 1. Carpals
2. Approximately equal in length, which allowing for some 2. Tarsals
width, and thickness motion
Flat 1. Thin Points of attachment for 1. Sternum
2. Curved muscles, protectors of 2. Ribs
internal organs 3. Scapulae
4. Cranial bones
Irregular 1. Complex shape Protect internal organs 1. Vertebrae
2. Facial bones

Sesamoid 1. Small and round Protects tendons from 1. Patellae

2. Embedded in tendons compressive forces
THE MAIN PARTS
OF THE SKELETON
Our skeleton is divided into two parts:
axial and the appendicular skeleton.
 AXIAL SKELETON
• SKULL
• Made up of 28 bones
• There are also 14 bones in the face and 6 in
the ear
• Fused together in early childhood
• Protects the brain, eyes, and ears
• Balance mechanisms found in the ears
 AXIAL SKELETON
• STERNUM
• A large flat bone at the front of the ribcage
• Helps to make the rib cage stronger
 AXIAL SKELETON
• RIBS
• Made up of 12 pairs joined to the vertebral
column
• Seven pairs are joined to the sternum
• Three pairs are joined to the 7th rib (false ribs)
• Two ribs are unattached (floating ribs)
• The ribcage protects our lungs and heart
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• SHOULDER GIRDLE
• Made up of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae
• Only linked by muscles to our vertebral
column, this gives us great flexibility in our
arms and shoulder. However, it limits the
force we can use.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• ARMS
• Humerus, radius, ulna
• There are 8 carpal bones in the wrist
• 5 metacarpal bones in the hand
• 14 phalanges in each hand
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• HIP GIRDLE
• Made up of 2 halves, each formed by 3 bones,
which are fused together on each side.
• Forms a very stable joint with the vertebral
column and passes the weight of the body to
the legs.
• Supports the lower abdomen and provides a
strong joint for the femur.
• The female pelvis is wider and shallower than
the male pelvis. This is to make children
bearing easier, but it does make running less
efficient.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• LEGS
• Femur, tibia, fibula
• There are 7 tarsals in each foot
• Five metatarsals in the foot
• 14 phalanges in each foot
How do we move?
• The skeleton has many joints. A joint, also called as an articulation is any
place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together
(articulate with each other) to form a connection.
• There are 2 classification of joints; structurally and functionally.
• Structural classifications of joints take into account whether the adjacent
bones are strongly anchored to each other by fibrous connective tissue or
cartilage, or whether the adjacent bones articulate with each other within
a fluid-filled space called a joint cavity.
• Functional classifications describe the degree of movement available
between the bones, ranging from immobile, to slightly mobile, to freely
movable joints.
IMMOVABLE JOINTS
• A formulation of 2 bones that have been fused together
• Such joints are capable of movement by muscular force.
• For all practical purposes, they could as well not exist, except that
they do serve a protective function. Slight movement might occur in
the joints, resulting in a cushioning effect when external force is
applied.
• For example, if a blow is struck on the head, the immovable joints of
the cranium will permit slight movement.
IMMOVABLE JOINTS
• Immovable joints (called synarthroses) include skull sutures, the
articulations between the teeth and the mandible, and the joint
found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum.
SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS
• These joints are not firmly fixed as are immovable joints, but the
structure of bones and connective tissues in and around the joints
restricts the range of motion to only a few degrees.
• Examples of slightly movable joints are those located in the spine. It is
also found between the sacrum and ilia, and at the front and back
attachments of the ribs.
SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS
• The ribs connected to the sternum by costal cartilages are slightly
movable joints connected by hyaline cartilage. The symphysis pubis is
a slightly movable joint in which there is a fibrocartilage pad between
the two bones. The joints between the vertebrae and the
intervertebral disks are also of this type.
FREE MOVABLE JOINTS
• These joints have a comparatively large of movement and are of
prime importance in motor performances.
• They are located in the upper and lower extremities.
• Examples of freely moveable joints are the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip,
and knee joints.
Joints and Sports
• When we make skilled sporting movements, our different
joints work smoothly together. In order to work well, they
must be capable of a full range of movement.

• To give stability to the joint, the muscles and ligaments

surrounding each joint must be strong enough.
 Planes
of the Body
SAGITTAL PLANE
• A vertical plane extending in an anteroposterior
direction dividing the body into right and left
parts; effectively the forward and backward
plane. A sagittal plane is any plane parallel to
the median plane.
CORONAL PLANE
• A vertical plane at right angles to the sagittal
plane that divides the body into anterior (front)
and posterior (back) portions; effectively the
side movement plane.
TRANSVERSE PLANE
• A horizontal cross-section, dividing the body
into upper and lower sections, and less at right
angles to the other two planes; effectively the
rotational movement plane.
 Kinds of Joint
Movements
The following are descriptions of all the movements that occur
in the body joints. The descriptions are based on the assumption that
the body is in the standard anatomical position, that is, the erect
position with the palms forward.
 FLEXION
(bending) is movement of a segment of the body
causing a decrease in the angle at the point, such as
bending the arm at the elbow or the legs at the knee.
The trunk and neck can flex forward.
 EXTENSION
(straightening) is movement in the opposite direction
of flexion which causes an increase in the angle at the
joint, such as straightening the elbow or the knee.
 HYPEREXTENSION
Is extension of the body segment to a position beyond
its normal extended position, such as arching the back
or extending the leg at the hip beyond its vertical
position. (Movement is limited by the strong anterior
cruciate ligaments)
 DORSIFLEXION
(Dorsal flex) is when the ankle is flexed, causing the top
of the foot to draw closer to the tibia.
 PLANTAR FLEXION
(actually extension) is the opposite movement at the
ankle.
 ABDUCTION
Is movement of a body segment in the lateral plane
away from the midline of the body, such as raising the
leg and the arm sideways.
 ADDUCTION
Is movement of a body segment toward the midline, as
moving the arm from the outward horizontal position
downward to the vertical position.
 PRONATION
Is rotation of the hand and forearm downward,
resulting in a “palm-down” position.
 SUPINATION
Is rotation of the hand and forearm upward, resulting
in a “palm-up” position.
 INVERSION
Is rotating of the foot turning the sole inward.
 EVERSION
Is rotating of the foot turning the sole outward.
 ELEVATION
Is when the shoulder is lifted upward as in shrugging
the shoulder.
 DEPRESSION
Is when lowering of the shoulder girdle.
 PROTRACTION
(abduction) is movement of the shoulder girdle away
from the midline of the body, resulting in broadening of
the shoulder.
 RETRACTION
(adduction) is movement of the shoulder girdle toward
the midline of the body, resulting in narrowing of the
shoulders. The clavicle is capable of some rotation at
the sternum and accompanies scapular upward and
downward rotation.
 ROTATION
Is a movement of a segment around its own
longitudinal axis. A body segment may be
rotated inward (medially) or outward
(laterally). The scapula may be rotated
upward or downward and the spine may
rotate to the right or the left.
 CIRCUMDUCTION
A circular or cone-like movement of the body segment,
such as swinging the arm in a circular movement about
the shoulder joint. The kind of movement is also
possible in the wrist, trunk, neck, hip, shoulder girdle,
and ankle joints.
 1. Frontal Bone

2. Mandible

3. Clavicle
4. Sternum
5. Ribs 6. Humerus
7. Vertebrae
8. Pelvic Girdle
9. Ulna
10. Radius
11. Carpals
12. Metacarpals
13. Phalanges

14. Femur

Property of Hyacinth A. Asaytuno

15. Patella

16. Tibia
17. Fibula

18. Tarsals
19. Metatarsals
20. Phalanges