Group “TReosy Binary —opexcrtion_! : : , Let Giibe a sex of hinagy - ~ : | each omdexed a poizc_of erementk of Gy 4, an_element of Gi A Algebraic POUCH eet 1 A Non_enapiy Combined equiped with binamy opcmasion. Pot ated siige bani setshunsvage eh a 3 Grroup Called : Ley FOLI. if iephe. binary operation a QO clossuxe. Gib Gree chen apb eG Yoarboe G ® Asgociotivity : aibic £ & ~ Caoob)eC' = aslboc) Y apbrolae ' > 4 QB “Tdenti+ty a&G@ A C= identity eCeG Such thot O08 = 289 =a Q@_-=rnwexse Yad Gs ——| O€ & > béEG Such hat “-olob = boa = CG. .) Jue. i © scanned with OKEN Scanner“Abelian group mMonold Group y emi_gxaup. [ oe Ase yobrric__ PRUE cdmchitee Se atisfies closure ani | [4 = vy Associative. proper : a" Assoriteivily _s)___nasoctasivit | Tesotuity —Associaaility __| + Monoid_: 2 i seb Z aentiny Bacneiay ___closuxe., Associative and Existence. of ee ay i; a I [ l t [ ‘“tnverse — “Invemae + Abelian. gzoup ue A A caaiahioe fin —_—_____popexties closure. 5 Associative. Existen f. inuers and _commurotivt punperti GAN Bia; EER diel ieee, 2a je eta 2<_Kelins: Group + Cseinvexce group) he=Z © eae at: bse “L418 _abelian_gaup. OuFeY 6 ; pe: : ——-Spancial_Linenr-graup : sing alae IA=t__sl ¢n,@. A special Lat iS Subgzoup of Genes! Lar. © scanned with OKEN ScannerHence C7 3.) foxms_a_gamup. ex. Z Oxy C2) (Re QE ame. alt amples 4) __Hen =) satiafies clnaw EX The Sex" @ of Kon-zexs Heal mimber i | a grote Under multiplication ulith @ fssociasiviey | identity Yap coth) +c = a+(b+c) FA necxongulex omxay of the: foxmn| ob a )4 3) = 2 +14 (-3)) a cd i alled 2%2 mos-iy “Th et of _@ sadensiry all matriges. With «eal entries #062 2 fost a —qaouip andes companeniani ‘cht addition. + : ate =e+aza iN ate =a ! Q=0 Ze © scanned with OKEN Scannera Module Grxoup— a_mod zeG pig 455 2 ____——__] oT Te eee Under addition module —n.fox_any iyo in |} Mosler ob gmegexs moduizags} © | jexs_Under suhsimation ivf group ooo nb € 1k — : e BEX i General linear Group +! : | fate Ft ES aed | Hene sei of inregexs is rot ganup i aij € [una ubsiera chion! [ Gi (Rup) 5 [a b] 45-66 $0 ¢ 7 i Cle ays apie em = So, 1.2,3$ multipication modula n —ble_daefined ya to be. th. ot all ay, © cinsu a ! ineqex > n_xelative prime. ao nthe Un Oxh = bra is mau iplicocion. % & & = Modu = é __# ue 7 bai . [ ; ae . Moe $1, 3pm, 9 F Mente set i$ not graup und: i = 1 multiplication. . : ! ged = (10,3) =) F © scanned with OKEN Scannere é Vie = 9 11 a, 19 J = a|va e¢ ab b . Z pl b a e€ 4 In 3-9 YY ab| ab b a & ) = y 3 EA > ity | 3 9 ts ‘ [= Theoxem =94. ate 1g) 8 A Uniqua of —rndentity- I Ei i ae ee ema i r y pps thot ti 090 idem yes + Quaternion ¢ Gemup of qnoup G 1 Q, = Gti ti .ej te? '¢ 6 a if eis identity | sp i a= o.e=a—— [ b i s Yae Gr . bey Anticlork mice “1. if e' is identity oe TR tea @ ae G | Se ; Cat a. 4 I , Sasa ——-.2_is_non-abelian_ group due Lo eon-2ta associativity. © scanned with OKEN Scanner__ mulsioi ing on a side: by att Go) at = caer! bla!) = ¢ ta-at).-- fusing ae Salem otis ‘inverse of acc Hen sow. fe are. unique. full plying oo both Ide by a7) _ —_Cab).a°' = cacdla) © scanned with OKEN ScannerQn = (fo ddizion ng =e) Ve prez athen on dex of element 66 | een 10 Mads =o p= 112 Bi 4P - taps Las, yd Jape 2 2 a1 Be 34 34343 =15 2X24 ya. = 16 16 mad 6 = a 1 mod $= 1 ! ya) = + a =e { © scanned with OKEN ScannerLine. qproup i IpP_with finiaiy enany erements ig finite cyroups us 1 Bebe P—with_infinitely ert up et B ic a) ce * xd AC = | teh p—_unders | he. npewasion of 6 then pe say His Gubgzoup of Ge & denoted by WS Hi ubgxoup of Gi. ic not equal to 4. ne € keqe = a1b,ab F H,= § @ +a? az = Wt subgaaup of Kq— l Mis ky We=Zeraib Wp ie nok of es | yd Not -faltow Clesume abEh, but. | neo cbeHes © scanned with OKEN Scannera addition_opesoti Rane N_+)_set- ae a. group— oo a\_numbes- __ SSF one. step -sub=gyoup best =| cab\e = 9 thy Fineememse Darcie ula! bet Gt be 2 gpcup and His non-emp-by subse | ayo =o tbe) of a then His subgzoup if abt isin 4] wi iative “Whenever: bia in ~ Hence _ en identive notation His subgroup if] Bose (6 a group nein —___ a=! i hey ae F dg Prooh se > Hem CH ubser al tou ber | ape O Hi Prop SUbaxo p sour os non -emosy 7A I He Gy : + bso nolew eu (“Trivial _qaoup |r apmpex Subgroup += — Sensis. su mi “The Subspraus i Med trivial 1p | apm, Mingzoue © scanned with OKEN Scanneragen a> _ iu Jaun aE) d= (aL ai ieee ei) = 1 Note 1 Eve: OUP belian gzoup but conus may nok be bu Group bi ing. Prime dex i's alway © scanned with OKEN ScannerA @tex 2 any pourer of 22 then, [ L ener by division algdorithen. | can he" cneikken in liner combinaty k= ng+ o27en |_ of a A= tum ean ku ska ameCansiont Spe pa ream Fea \Rl= 2 = cam (BNR sek = oe = CF fiyFem aly © scanned with OKEN Scanner“\=1 divide m fea St Ke 1 Jey = Nt fe clic Now K+ 91% then = 2%¢% Pyom come ac etek (gay! ee “Tken_one_cf& the a_ox=a © scanned with OKEN Scannerment. Leg B ge ed = cycli pot cedar then Giz br!) pfisrBion: ly These oxen xeflections (a_ab_ab™. at) 4 bo ra y + Angle_of motation in Dis 2a { \ I n d < a b aa i » Day ab ab as oa 7 "T 1 { ton = oF Lt: \ \ 7 a ; co d Ww 1 © scanned with OKEN Scanneraa = Robake ubgemups of dihydamal_group. numberof subgroup of dihydxal group on qoe___—Tip) + a(n) Da=Tin)+e(n) hence. ~Cien) = no. of Ppaitive divignz ofn (n) = Sum of -Wwe divi. of 2 Toe) = On ="T(n)+ ain) cit o +2 7 a Ce) Se 10 © scanned with OKEN Scannerpat) if n ic even o=a(\ 2 03 & =( (> 3%] j [3a Fe 22 tet { tt a-,2) (1213) 9) composition: * ota) =f 1 ar i ee 3 2 I : : I iD aa © scanned with OKEN ScannerElements _1 mapping ta ise axe not sitter | ip_cycie_natation, A-€. ClEMENES OF pne~cycle | Hence itis -Congidexecl_ac any _missi I | elements cme ma cas) = y= iV) at heTdentity permutation consist only 1 3 1 2 2 1 pf | feat set [Fee A | —Srabements- +} Bunetion_compesition is down fmm sightete ) ne umitedn asa cycle om asa pandlcs tr i oh ists ete 221 alar) : - 7 aa Spee be _a_permittation af sen fe” ai 1 2 3 fa{t 2 A= 1 rvine. 4 ae = y etl choose. Oe A . : [ n= x cond opal.) 2 3% ence | a3 = A (eCard) Ls | = l% Ca) 7 © scanned with OKEN Scannersom )C bibs. be) (Or. i) | pecal = @ 7 euch _m_exist me. F a ay [ eAicar) »- a2 Car Tn this way ery pe noutction can he ai omiten of & disjoint cycle i aja [TReorem Then a 8 Ca) hese Disjoink cycle commute. Ta evar | dosement + paix_of cycles ¢= $12 y..dm u | =Ef 4h 1and_f.=-£-b- ba aa-bnj_ifthe_paiz of cycles | ond @ have: no entsi@s in commen When | wa=py [eb as Say that and g axe the pesmautcrtion. of thy =S Qiaz am bibs bn, eye cee Where c's axe the memb: of Ss. tes tl = A 5 ay 4B we. must Shaw that Co ABL2) = Ba (0) wee j San a i . af 2 is one of the a element Say (This new cycle willl have mo elements ai certman enh viously cantmucred Cycle then. | fow =f co then (Plai = 6 (ai)) ! Ca) = < brs ap feor some @ Sixes all a element: i Mtadisc the way Vy was choosen 2 ———-continuauning this pre Minti Voun ole — i Ww © scanned with OKEN Scanner|_now. Suppose x &. @ amc disjoint cycles [ oH : join cycles let Kedemtminy by theorem ak =< 7 t =>atlie ae (bid | eK, gh ame identity pesmubation ——_—" fa. ommurtortive . ape ea ae Ae ae fp [Cepek pm Bed have No _Comman_symbal. “The__Same_is_-tonte fall ft + and ney have no common ynobal US be identity, Gtovement = . “The. exdez of emmutation of a finite xtagtoe eb iomten in disinint fonms is comma | i apie of length ofthe cycle. becau: viexy_symbal_in_ece icf ixed by ee and => ulise waxsa we obseme thet cycle of length n wale nie __has_ordesn. Se ke bem eran) un & = Kiet. © scanned with OKEN Scanner= 12%2K1 = 2h 7 — Dt 9D, (61) j me 9),C133,C1:2. 2) (2 a) I 5 tnd Oa 20) xt) at a. ae 5 DG 213),— ps 2 set 20, i i - ¢ ae as S, oe SS a ee “2 1), C12 3D, (1 F313 Sn is _non=abelian-gsaup fo _D24——_ CWI sy 6 4 =) i =F i.e ny I fe, bal estore = i |__—__}___________aPi bgt = [ = abit le ,= 1 2 13 2 = itit2 = 2+ 2 [ care ep fy Mf 1 fry =o atte] [2ff2 GG 2k? | atte) eFe7eIS (rr So a2 G3) (3) ira fi, . t : | 2Me Dyce eI ax ax 2K) 7 _| aL [s- SEaeu al (23) | © scanned with OKEN Scannerfi oulliplicasive—inuasae alg © scanned with OKEN Scannerwer ey +\Thesmem is —| pease of ane eyes | Gvesy pexmutationin Sn, n51is ie of una cydes a : we. know that identity canbe x. ast} 25. Ian so jes Product of pa _ 32 = (12501 ad(1 7) AltLexnacing gpmup An v G@3)02 | wedsus) As = (aS 2) (1261 33? The group order of group Anis Opes netee Cee _ ae jo GEO ss . = snip sents p_iomanphism GS poe ee = His ONe=ONe._ ang APemadisn | _oPemasion Preceintion so _-fapon_a_gsoup—Gr—"! eAVeES the. oh a ie te : oN [8 ED TT pensertion pea = diced dt) “a : + [fe B= tox | + : Yours) = dea) -giby | + a —Plare)= deoilb) lexample., Ler (1 bea 2c! number ition ond bea _positive eal aurnb under. Ga ~ oO pce = Ga—> + GQ Riyem Chie) = 2" choy) = ay bP) = by) am % wmaol Log Uz Jz wae Mu find fox any UC yea! numbene © scanned with OKEN Scanner| | © scanned with OKEN Scannero> = Om a ae ——— —_ t pg Lu AZo, Se arg a eh - - : — po ee re. = CC | ofa qz0up_of erie mubset of Clemen-—in_Gi_=Hhert commute woi-t} zi WVesy element —of Gy wet ' od Lo = 9=——— CO) = aem |ae=sa ca i 2) Tt = mod eab_= ab Pe ia =o. nnd ¢- = 2, + —__ a ; ta) Se mod 9 $= ————___ a tab) ~a=bha b eee ab) a = ae b=-h He sees ca) fab) = Cah).a op _—____l21 =_16 mad $ = 9— aaa - = n= azpe ae » Cah)? — Chat. ab = ab isomernphit. -bo Zn. Cbad® =(pa) (bad = © Any infi y man y—infinike oychic_gxnup 1 omos | 3 phic. to Za a= Cayley sable of Dio 3 —> : : a entre of ahellan qecup_is_gucup aa een jasak a !}o3 a ' eH 3 © scanned with OKEN Scanner© scanned with OKEN Scannerfo fb Fab fafa-! = Fao “Thus ead} = Cai Gt "qgxnup_of pesca il ¥ howd _-that G1 _iS_isomoxphic_1o a! pring —G + G26 Zap ifn Co pth) =' Feb) aj = ath) —___|_— = abe ch-cab)_= ta) x th) to show blab) = ab F Co)» (by hca)_+ tb), Gud © scanned with OKEN Scanner— 9) Gia obelian if iis _abevian, fais | gcay| _¥ ae Gn =r Somozphism _pyeserval_exien{ eu ge = pth) in on__=.Ssemexphism from Gi onic An_igomoxphism from a “he identity of Gi to =H rbseHe i. called an Altkomoxphism. Nh ca: idensias L oh i nfor every gxnup | Ca ti 2 2) Los Every iNke.cg $ ement ta! in Ca dlan) C4uas ap + Cox bi) = a=bi is an aviomoxph ism el of gsoup of Complex numbex under~ ia b addition 3) fex_any_elemans a,b in (a commute iff ca) & dt») commute . ie © scanned with OKEN Scannerae ane rl m— pew nmbee—ud Fp a Aer ot ne soae_roubeipli casks bet H=— > Ryo H Rye! |v —— > Rye V Ryo ——> H ed with OKEN Scanner es po Rao D' RY, p> Roo 0 R3——> oP & scann__ = 9 eae oa ee — e Aut CG, \ [ kG, Gnd nna _csemearpiiom 0Coot) i= (T1849) = SE re) ee (autoSe . Qe 9 2 we — J =) ea —— a = I — Gr IB-AN_isom." ——# —_——_—________ ions a re th yp = ag : i shoe PbO omouphic Meh an Cod = 4 bal da aelingdl ty ra 2 eacnesphisns gm = f : : . ye axe ac! i i ee uP Y | ot_& G Jdefined - ach that. d [ =| (8) = ol 60-97) = dat! Such thet daodatoe) = daa Ce) I = the ce) ZEnn (ta) ! a oe ge ead hou thot) dap & rane) iene nn Cor) CG)? ubgsoup of Aub (6 | pnt (61) is _itsei? _a_qooup r Ok any 226 Gt be dy Eon Co) t ‘Sxample.., ated = Galtpo< oe) @ ; 2 | iceenmsphic_-to = dh, (hey a = = ab & ba” =F. os eto a, alata F db. omn__infinte Clic omni = ab &Cab)! fabs Ka ¥ ome pb: > ze = dap l € Zon (a) by cats) = ee Wa © scanned with OKEN Scannernt |. Prove_-thak any Pinike_Cyctic group oP emiey Igomozphic Lo G= a= ieee an! a © scanned with OKEN Scanner | prey) = db Cakioke) = db caki ake) a aK) = cak = = qh cakit key = yak = ky + [ = Flak) plate) eo ky 3K [ = hee) + ply) = blak dh Coke) ! i homamo2xphieno = three’ bey) tive. T—_—— - , CE =) _ _gaay =| OS — i ) ee ee z zs TS EO ET lee Auk (70) —S um sé oF i ——s © - 7 — - Tn SS bis he maxphism of ed ecg thus, di is —Automes?' ON 5 3 ei “To poe Aut czo)e Un iE hue Can) = 5 pubs Gots =—] Dm disMone Lane 5 i) js ont a 9 o ~ oth b3—4, (= ea05 2. = City + = 3 ~imes i = SO) +3 0)4- +X eee eet ia am ify 3 Fe 9 L ene R) = 2k Bl) aziz 4 g g\9 Es A PU)+ BU) +--+. + BUD C—O se 6 Fi porn Aubomn MES —____~2a_ismonphie -to Un (Aut: C2n)a Un) eCrsisi¢ +1) Bc2) ek € Aue (Zn) any fut _C=}_on_Zn_is_completely dates: A= BOP ba w-€ Uen)y 2 weSe eT Te etiesy ee tins I pier nea = Tee hae en NN Ca I 3 7" plan) =f Ca aa $ a ——— -# Temes ) n=0 fa = = oe hla 4 oe) = 6 dred =T beer] ssa 2 fata nnn +s show “Gis _< ple | taller) sPaeg, | tal= Upcayl=n I am = identity oF Gr. t Chcoayr= 5 = - ( Chcan)) =a \ _Convexsaly , Suppose “Gr = F & @ by Clee rrr ll [ nim —— (Brad fag n by Aosute property v7 Crcontain a g c. of aH Ha «| la] denote: en lement: in the set att fone operation add, t ath = 9 ath | Hira _=%¢ hta L as. ote [S35 he, EIT I ou? C1 3yf\ 5 = £ es 7 a : ee se E 2 {/-- —— oO & 2 avo pI 1 _ aa Ss é - O-ex= <> eg St J : Sa ee r 3 t = C2 3) tre aye : i 2 ||| s. g z os - 2 4 E I = Ci 3). ti) Gy) c3)F 1 (amare s = t (as a | i = Gu ) ta 21% I [ —_@ (Cz IEE acts) aes a alter 3s to 3 (3 2 3S 21 ee et© scanned with OKEN Scanneroe TT Riso = F hse faze 5 nessa SS —<—T epee Ete tod =-—_& - a he = wh 0% 5 : { x Ve =e vio § i i Ss ie i aan = Stn = StH = DK = 7 0. ; r : as fe = F ONT romano dienes Tat | ! I ee VAT 7 n= 3 0.3.69 in 45 under addition | & 33 = 1 +, sf I === ___ Rind atu | . ° Ay | = y= ¢ | yen = § O36 F facana conan) = [ Se ant Tween Fe eT | 7 2 Hee = s.¢ = (C21 = $ 2,5,@F ) | : i | Wes = § 1610 % ey nee = FE eG _ Scanned with OKEN Scannerws es 8 af a —_— —., —~ - 7 WeS fe. 35 —_______ > ; a = eee ] a wees oe Tp a, = } I a, faze = ta = = a % 7 pe Qate tL a eet ne= 2-745 t2 a I 3 he 311-14 [| qe= 2 FT a eames panna) Hany] 3 -k ES a we pot (Yanan) a. SiMiseeg eet ploe2 Pony eet 3 1A 41 QGe ls ; = We gif c | -i4 = =Ligl r A= j 355] Z “JH= =e) f= KR, KR 5 - te © scanned with OKEN Scanner‘ab)h = a (bh) By closure, —> GHs H _prepexty —> for ony het Cab)H= alby) Whew imilaxly Let hou hab) = Cha\b Wiab) = (Hab ¥ hen Show that. he all h=eh Re acathy —"™) © scanned with OKEN Scannerjeg) eee | oo _ —C = ——$——<—<—$—<——— : 7 Ea a = : Co Be = al : r 6 | ah = bH ox ot NM bH = eh a - ere : at ef oH Ob = —dhen_nothing to pave | a CCC hE ue an aus cin ch eo co pn | aean ~ to —> bheah = fon eat | & (Tens of FO —T | Cc | c= bh 2c eb _ ter ghi_& ab che bH rs — 2 | J bah: & al “pied fom OD bhi en a ( h ‘Tan =H | ahi & bh agu= by FF o'lbe H 3) Given av¥= bH iP-E a (ay) = a7) Cb) fais bH =e if) Ga-'a)H = ca b\H iff en = cob) py fsun_O & @ — = Wel atbe W [_aH=bH | i ined a OKEN Scanner- —e Jeu| = bat Sete p= gu > eS Fs that > ( Cali = Vue ya by ry VA ly | euch that \¢ ah) = bh Z TV eoavexcally uppece ae H - | { al=H Cay Ip tmp) ~—- | bis Bijenniu Ie HIS 6G oH SG ay —— | r ~— | oul = nh} | ahaerl —— - . Mote-nowmup | find the ceset: aan -_@_aH= Ho FE quaten SI sutgrenb | 8. a 1, 1 3 _- Up po: in__ucs2) ~— BH=Ya oF Catan! =(Hada! \ _—-— ‘2 Sp HF, 9, 13,15, 1t = iE anon! = WW ¢aa-!) Ig, ob 2S, 2b 24,21) © scanned with OKEN Scanner‘ \ \ © scanned with OKEN Scanner Vy y i i ib fk = Den = 7 3y [ [ee 266 = } shen 1 might cases 4 in — then ure halle — = l Ha= hint a heoa} | 7 l hi_has mm distict number - sine _- hia = bja = hi = hj Sete of H in Gr has m dis Ve! 5 wr Ny Woo dictiet wight coset_of Hin Le eo ry][Q—A_guouip of prione omdex ia cyclic | ete et be | canned with OKEN Scanner a | ie. VWI is divisiow of 1G i oh Cosollarry + _ © tai divides Im) ———TIin_a_ finite group 61 -the cade of each —-elemeni-_of the qmaup divides the omt : of _ group = y yyya oe eae ea Waa} r =) a — 2 — = i a & el of Gubgsoup—H—- — OS—nd.Gubsrnup oF Z . 3 Senden ot ete 1 eet ati fae =+ fevaniiees nee is [eect a $+ on et oT eee ee & Seana x pot _pesmutetbion_of 9 aby (BaF 6 6% cranara): = inritx of 9 ET ee EEE act O x Oe losbg.[6) =F * a4 in py) ae eS pe ee