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The Reproductive System

§ Gonads—primary sex organs

§ Testes in males
§ Ovaries in females
Chapter 16 § Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete
hormones
The Reproductive § Sperm—male gametes
System § Ova (eggs)—female gametes

Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College

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Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

§ Testes § Accessory organs

§ Duct system § Seminal glands (vesicles)
§ Epididymis § Prostate
§ Bulbourethral glands
§ Ductus (vas) deferens
§ Urethra § External genitalia
§ Penis
§ Scrotum

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Figure 16.2a Male reproductive organs. Figure 16.2b Male reproductive organs.

Urinary
bladder Ureter
Ampulla
of ductus
deferens

Seminal
vesicle
Ejaculatory
Prostate duct

Prostatic Bulbourethral
Ureter urethra gland
Urinary bladder Membranous Ductus
Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra urethra deferens
Ampulla of Pubis Root of
ductus deferens penis Erectile
Membranous urethra tissues
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue Epididymis
Prostate
of the penis Shaft (body)
Bulbo-urethral gland of penis Testis
Spongy urethra
Spongy
Shaft of the penis
Ductus (vas) deferens urethra
Epididymis Glans penis Glans penis
Testis Prepuce
Prepuce
Scrotum External urethral
(a) orifice External
urethral
(b) orifice
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Figure 16.1 Sagittal section of the testis and associated epididymis.

Testes Spermatic cord

Blood vessels
and nerves
§ Each testis is connected to the trunk via the
spermatic cord, which houses: Seminiferous
tubule
§ Blood vessels
§ Nerves Rete testis

§ Ductus deferens
Ductus (vas)
§ Coverings of the testes deferens

Lobule
§ Tunica albuginea—capsule that surrounds each testis
Septum
§ Septa—extensions of the capsule that extend into the Tunica
Epididymis albuginea
testis and divide it into lobules

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Testes Duct System

§ Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous § The duct system transports sperm from the body
tubules and includes:
§ Tightly coiled structures § Epididymis
§ Function as sperm-forming factories § Ductus deferens
§ Empty sperm into the rete testis § Urethra
§ Sperm travels from the rete testis to the
epididymis
§ Interstitial cells in the seminiferous tubules
produce androgens such as testosterone

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Figure 16.1 Sagittal section of the testis and associated epididymis.

Duct System Spermatic cord

Blood vessels
and nerves
§ Epididymis
§ Highly convoluted tube 6 m (20 ft) long Seminiferous
tubule
§ Found along the posterior lateral side of the testis
§ First part of the male duct system Rete testis

§ Temporary storage site for immature sperm

Ductus (vas)
§ Sperm mature as they journey through the epididymis deferens

§ During ejaculation, sperm are propelled to the ductus Lobule

deferens Septum
Tunica
Epididymis albuginea

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Duct System Duct System

§ Ductus (vas) deferens § Ductus (vas) deferens (continued)

§ Runs from the epididymis via the spermatic cord § Ejaculation—smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus
through the inguinal canal and arches over the urinary deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm
bladder forward
§ Ampulla—end of the ductus deferens, which empties § Vasectomy—cutting of the ductus deferens at the level
into the ejaculatory duct of the testes prevents transportation of sperm (form of
§ Ejaculatory duct—passes through the prostate to merge birth control)
with the urethra
§ Moves sperm by peristalsis into the urethra

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Duct System Duct System

§ Urethra § Urethra regions

§ Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip 1. Prostatic urethra—surrounded by prostate gland
of the penis 2. Membranous urethra—prostatic urethra to penis
§ Carries both urine and sperm 3. Spongy (penile) urethra—runs the length of the penis
§ Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct to the external urethral orifice
§ Ejaculation causes the internal urethra sphincter
to close
§ Prevents urine from passing into the urethra
§ Prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder

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Figure 16.2a Male reproductive organs. Figure 16.2b Male reproductive organs.

Urinary
bladder Ureter
Ampulla
of ductus
deferens

Seminal
vesicle
Ejaculatory
Prostate duct

Prostatic Bulbourethral
Ureter urethra gland
Urinary bladder Membranous Ductus
Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra urethra deferens
Ampulla of Pubis Root of
ductus deferens penis Erectile
Membranous urethra tissues
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue Epididymis
Prostate
of the penis Shaft (body)
Bulbo-urethral gland of penis Testis
Spongy urethra
Spongy
Shaft of the penis
Ductus (vas) deferens urethra
Epididymis Glans penis Glans penis
Testis Prepuce
Prepuce
Scrotum External urethral
(a) orifice External
urethral
(b) orifice
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Accessory Glands and Semen Accessory Glands and Semen

§ Seminal vesicles § Seminal vesicles

§ Prostate § Located at the base of the bladder
§ Produce a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen)
§ Bulbourethral glands that contains:
§ Fructose (sugar)
§ Vitamin C
§ Prostaglandins
§ Other substances that nourish and activate sperm
§ Duct of each seminal vesicle joins that of the ductus
deferens on each side to form the ejaculatory duct

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Accessory Glands and Semen Accessory Glands and Semen

§ Prostate § Bulbourethral glands

§ Encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra § Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
§ Secretes a milky fluid § Produce a thick, clear mucus
§ Helps to activate sperm § Mucus cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic
§ Fluid enters the urethra through several small ducts urine prior to ejaculation
§ Mucus serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

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Figure 16.2a Male reproductive organs. Figure 16.2b Male reproductive organs.

Urinary
bladder Ureter
Ampulla
of ductus
deferens

Seminal
vesicle
Ejaculatory
Prostate duct

Prostatic Bulbourethral
Ureter urethra gland
Urinary bladder Membranous Ductus
Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra urethra deferens
Ampulla of Pubis Root of
ductus deferens penis Erectile
Membranous urethra tissues
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue Epididymis
Prostate
of the penis Shaft (body)
Bulbo-urethral gland of penis Testis
Spongy urethra
Spongy
Shaft of the penis
Ductus (vas) deferens urethra
Epididymis Glans penis Glans penis
Testis Prepuce
Prepuce
Scrotum External urethral
(a) orifice External
urethral
(b) orifice
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Accessory Glands and Semen External Genitalia

§ Semen § Scrotum
§ Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland § Penis
secretions
§ Components of accessory gland secretions
§ Liquid portion acts as a transport medium to dilute
sperm
§ Sperm are streamlined cellular “tadpoles”
§ Fructose provides energy for sperm cells
§ Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic
environment of vagina
§ Semen inhibits bacteria

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Figure 16.1 Sagittal section of the testis and associated epididymis.

External Genitalia Spermatic cord

Blood vessels
and nerves
§ Scrotum
§ Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses Seminiferous
the testes tubule

§ Viable sperm cannot be produced at normal body Rete testis

temperature
§ Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body Ductus (vas)
deferens
temperature
Lobule
Septum
Tunica
Epididymis albuginea

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External Genitalia External Genitalia

§ Penis § Penis (continued)

§ Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the § Internally there are three areas of spongy erectile
female reproductive tract tissue around the urethra
§ Regions of the penis § Erections occur when this erectile tissue fills with blood
§ Shaft during sexual excitement
§ Glans penis (enlarged tip)
§ Prepuce (foreskin)
§ Folded cuff of skin around proximal end
§ Often removed by circumcision

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Figure 16.2a Male reproductive organs. Figure 16.2b Male reproductive organs.

Urinary
bladder Ureter
Ampulla
of ductus
deferens

Seminal
vesicle
Ejaculatory
Prostate duct

Prostatic Bulbourethral
Ureter urethra gland
Urinary bladder Membranous Ductus
Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra urethra deferens
Ampulla of Pubis Root of
ductus deferens penis Erectile
Membranous urethra tissues
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue Epididymis
Prostate
of the penis Shaft (body)
Bulbo-urethral gland of penis Testis
Spongy urethra
Spongy
Shaft of the penis
Ductus (vas) deferens urethra
Epididymis Glans penis Glans penis
Testis Prepuce
Prepuce
Scrotum External urethral
(a) orifice External
urethral
(b) orifice
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Male Reproductive Functions Spermatogenesis

§ Chief roles of the male in the reproductive § Sperm production

process § Begins at puberty and continues throughout life
§ Produce sperm § Millions of sperm are made every day
§ Produce a hormone, testosterone § Sperm are formed in the seminiferous tubules of
the testis
§ Spermatogonia (primitive stem cells) begin the
process by dividing rapidly
§ During puberty, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is
secreted in increasing amounts

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Figure 16.3 Spermatogenesis.

Seminiferous
tubule Basement membrane

Spermatogonium 2n 2n Daughter cell

(stem cell) type A (remains
at basement
Mitosis membrane
2n as a stem cell)
Growth
Daughter cell type B
Enters (moves toward tubule
prophase of lumen)
meiosis I 2n
Primary
Meiosis

spermatocyte
Meiosis I
completed
n n Secondary
spermatocytes
Spermatogenesis

Meiosis II

n n n n Early
spermatids
Spermiogenesis

n n n n Late
spermatids

Sperm
n n n n

Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule

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Figure 16.3 Spermatogenesis (1 of 2). Figure 16.3 Spermatogenesis (2 of 2).

B asem en t m em b ran e

Spermatogonium 2n 2n Daughter cell

(stem cell) type A (remains
at basement
Mitosis 2n membrane
as a stem cell)
Growth
Daughter cell type B
Enters (moves toward tubule
prophase of lumen)
meiosis I 2n Primary

Meiosis
Meiosis I spermatocyte
completed
n n Secondary
spermatocytes

Spermatogenesis
Meiosis II

n n n n Early
spermatids

Spermiogenesis
n n n n Late
spermatids

Seminiferous
tubule Sperm
n n n n

Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule

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Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis

§ Each division of a spermatogonium stem cell § Meiosis

produces: § Special type of nuclear division that differs from
§ Type A daughter cell, a stem cell, that continues the mitosis
stem cell population § Occurs in the gonads
§ Type B daughter cell, which becomes a primary § Includes two successive divisions of the nucleus
spermatocyte, destined to undergo meiosis and form (meiosis I and II)
four sperm § Results in four daughter cells (gametes)

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Figure 16.4 The human life cycle.

Spermatogenesis Gametes (n = 23)

n
Egg
§ Gametes are spermatids with 23 chromosomes n
§ 23 chromosomes are half the usual 46 found in other Sperm
body cells Meiosis Fertilization

§ 23 is known as the haploid number (n)—half the

genetic material as other body cells
Multicellular
§ Union of a sperm (23 chromosomes, n) with an adults Zygote 2n
(2n = 46) (2n = 46)
egg (23 chromosomes, n) creates a zygote (2n,
or 46 chromosomes)
Mitosis and
development

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Figure 16.5a Structure of sperm.

Spermatogenesis

§ Spermiogenesis
§ Spermatids are nonmotile and not functional as sperm
§ A streamlining process is needed to strip excess
cytoplasm from a spermatid and modify it into a sperm
§ A sperm has three regions: head, midpiece, tail
§ Acrosome sits anterior to the sperm head (nucleus)
§ The entire process of spermatogenesis, including
spermiogenesis, takes 64 to 72 days

(a)

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Figure 16.5b Structure of sperm.

Provides genetic
Provides instructions and a Testosterone Production
energy for means of penetrating
mobility the follicle cell
capsule and
Plasma membrane oocyte membrane § During puberty:
Neck § Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) begins prodding
Provides
for mobility Tail seminiferous tubules to produce sperm
Head
Midpiece
§ Luteinizing hormone (LH) begins activating the
interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Axial filament Acrosome

of tail
Nucleus
Mitochondria

Proximal centriole

(b)
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Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 1
Hypothalamus 1 The hypothalamus releases

Testosterone Production 1
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH).
2 GnRH stimulates the anterior
Anterior
pituitary pituitary to release gonadotropins
—FSH and LH.
3 FSH stimulates

§ Testosterone 2
5
spermatogonia to produce sperm.
4 LH stimulates the interstitial
cells to release testosterone,
§ Most important hormonal product of the testes FSH LH
Testosterone
which serves as the final trigger
for spermatogenesis.
3 4 Testosterone then enhances
§ Stimulates reproductive organ development 5 spermatogenesis.
5 The rising level of
§ Underlies sex drive testosterone exerts negative
feedback control on the
§ Causes secondary sex characteristics Testosterone
hypothalamus and pituitary.
Primary and secondary
§ Deepening of voice sex characteristics
Supporting cell Seminiferous
§ Increased hair growth tubule in testis
FSH and
testosterone
§ Enlargement of skeletal muscles stimulate
sperm
§ Increased bone growth and density production

Spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis

KEY:
Stimulates
Inhibits
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Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 2 Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 3
Hypothalamus 1 The hypothalamus releases Hypothalamus 1 The hypothalamus releases
gonadotropin-releasing hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1 (GnRH). 1 (GnRH).
GnRH GnRH
2 GnRH stimulates the anterior
Anterior Anterior
pituitary pituitary pituitary to release gonadotropins
—FSH and LH.

FSH LH

Supporting cell Seminiferous Supporting cell Seminiferous

tubule in testis tubule in testis

Spermatogonia Spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis

KEY: KEY:
Stimulates Stimulates
Inhibits Inhibits
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Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 4 Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 5
Hypothalamus 1 The hypothalamus releases Hypothalamus 1 The hypothalamus releases
gonadotropin-releasing hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1 (GnRH). 1 (GnRH).
GnRH GnRH
2 GnRH stimulates the anterior 2 GnRH stimulates the anterior
Anterior Anterior
pituitary pituitary to release gonadotropins pituitary pituitary to release gonadotropins
—FSH and LH. —FSH and LH.
3 FSH stimulates 3 FSH stimulates
spermatogonia to produce sperm. spermatogonia to produce sperm.
2 2 4 LH stimulates the interstitial
cells to release testosterone,
FSH LH FSH LH which serves as the final trigger
for spermatogenesis.
3 3 4 Testosterone then enhances
spermatogenesis.

Testosterone Primary and secondary

sex characteristics

Supporting cell Seminiferous Supporting cell Seminiferous

tubule in testis tubule in testis

Spermatogonia Spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis

KEY: KEY:
Stimulates Stimulates
Inhibits Inhibits
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Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 6
Hypothalamus 1 The hypothalamus releases
1
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH).
2 GnRH stimulates the anterior
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive
Anterior
pituitary pituitary to release gonadotropins
—FSH and LH.
System
3 FSH stimulates

2
5
spermatogonia to produce sperm.
4 LH stimulates the interstitial
§ Ovaries
cells to release testosterone,
FSH
3
LH
4
Testosterone
which serves as the final trigger
for spermatogenesis.
Testosterone then enhances
§ Duct system
5 spermatogenesis.
5 The rising level of
§ Uterine (fallopian) tubes
testosterone exerts negative
feedback control on the § Uterus
hypothalamus and pituitary.
Testosterone Primary and secondary § Vagina
sex characteristics
Supporting cell Seminiferous
tubule in testis
§ External genitalia
FSH and
testosterone
stimulate
sperm
production

Spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis

KEY:
Stimulates
Inhibits
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Figure 16.8a The human female reproductive organs.

Ovaries
Suspensory ligament
of ovary (part of broad
ligament)
Infundibulum § Ovaries
Uterine tube
Ovary § Produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and
Fimbriae progesterone)
Uterus (fundus)
Uterosacral
ligament Round ligament
§ Each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of:
Urinary bladder
§ Oocyte (immature egg)
Rectum
Pubic symphysis § Follicle cells—layers of different cells that surround the
Mons pubis
Cervix
oocyte
Urethra
Vagina Clitoris

Anus
Hymen

Greater vestibular gland Labium minus

Labium majus

(a)

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Figure 16.7 Sagittal section of a human ovary showing the developmental stages of an ovarian follicle.

Primary follicle Growing follicles Ovaries

Degenerating
corpus luteum § Ovarian follicles
§ Primary follicle—contains an immature oocyte
Blood
vessels § Vesicular (Graafian) follicle—growing follicle with a
Antrum maturing oocyte
Corona § Ovulation—the follicle ruptures when the egg is mature
radiata and ready to be ejected from the ovary; occurs about
Mature vesicular every 28 days
(Graafian) follicle § The ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus
Germinal luteum
epithelium
Corpus luteum
Developing Ruptured Ovulation Secondary oocyte
corpus luteum follicle

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Figure 16.8a The human female reproductive organs.

Ovaries
Suspensory ligament
of ovary (part of broad
ligament)
§ Ovary support Infundibulum
Uterine tube
§ Suspensory ligaments secure the ovaries to the lateral Ovary
walls of the pelvis Fimbriae
Uterus (fundus)
§ Ovarian ligaments anchor ovaries to the uterus Uterosacral
ligament Round ligament
medially Urinary bladder
§ Broad ligaments, a fold of peritoneum, enclose and Rectum
Pubic symphysis
Mons pubis
hold the ovaries in place Cervix Urethra
Vagina Clitoris

Anus
Hymen
Greater vestibular gland Labium minus
Labium majus

(a)

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Figure 16.8b The human female reproductive organs.

Duct System
Suspensory Uterine (fallopian) tube
ligament of ovary

Ovarian
Fundus
of uterus
Lumen (cavity)
of uterus § Uterine (fallopian) tubes
blood
vessels Ovary
§ Uterus
Broad Infundibulum
ligament Uterine
Fimbriae tube § Vagina
Ovarian ligament Round ligament of uterus
Body of Endometrium
uterus
Myometrium Wall of
Perimetrium uterus
Ureter
Uterine blood Cervical canal
vessels
Uterosacral
ligament
Cervix Vagina
(b)

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Duct System Duct System

§ Uterine (fallopian) tubes (continued) § Uterine (fallopian) tube structure

§ Form the initial part of the duct system § Infundibulum
§ Receive the ovulated oocyte from the ovaries § Distal, funnel-shaped end
§ Provide a site for fertilization § Fimbriae
§ Empty into the uterus § Fingerlike projections of the infundibulum
§ Little or no contact between ovaries and uterine tubes § Receive the oocyte from the ovary
§ Supported and enclosed by the broad ligament § Cilia located inside the uterine tube transport the oocyte

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Figure 16.8b The human female reproductive organs.

Duct System
Suspensory Uterine (fallopian) tube
ligament of ovary

Ovarian
Fundus
of uterus
Lumen (cavity)
of uterus § Uterus
blood
vessels Ovary § Situated between the urinary bladder and rectum
Broad
ligament
Infundibulum
Fimbriae
Uterine § Size and shape of a pear, in a woman who has never
tube
been pregnant
Ovarian ligament Round ligament of uterus
§ Receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg
Body of Endometrium
uterus
Myometrium Wall of
Perimetrium uterus
Ureter
Uterine blood Cervical canal
vessels
Uterosacral
ligament
Cervix Vagina
(b)

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Duct System Duct System

§ Uterine support § Regions of the uterus

§ Broad ligament suspends the uterus in the pelvis § Body—main portion
§ Round ligament anchors the uterus anteriorly § Fundus—superior rounded region above where uterine
§ Uterosacral ligament anchors the uterus posteriorly tube enters
§ Cervix—narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina

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Duct System Duct System

§ Layers of the uterus § Vagina

§ Endometrium § Passageway that extends from cervix to exterior of
§ Inner layer (mucosa) body and is located between urinary bladder and
§ Site of implantation of a fertilized egg rectum
§ Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation or § Serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual
menses) flow to leave the body
§ Myometrium is the middle layer of smooth muscle that § Female organ of copulation
contracts during labor § Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
§ Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum) is the outermost § Hymen—partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
serous layer of the uterus

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Figure 16.8a The human female reproductive organs. Figure 16.8b The human female reproductive organs.

Suspensory ligament Suspensory Uterine (fallopian) tube

of ovary (part of broad ligament of ovary
ligament)
Fundus Lumen (cavity)
Infundibulum Ovarian of uterus of uterus
Uterine tube blood
vessels Ovary
Ovary
Fimbriae Broad Infundibulum
ligament Uterine
Uterus (fundus) Fimbriae tube
Uterosacral
ligament Round ligament
Ovarian ligament Round ligament of uterus
Urinary bladder
Body of Endometrium
Pubic symphysis uterus
Rectum Wall of
Mons pubis Myometrium
Perimetrium uterus
Cervix Urethra Ureter
Vagina Clitoris Uterine blood Cervical canal
vessels
Anus
Hymen Uterosacral
ligament
Greater vestibular gland Labium minus Vagina
Labium majus Cervix
(b)
(a)

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Figure 16.9 External genitalia of the human female.

External Genitalia and Female Perineum

Mons pubis
Labia majora
§ The female external genitalia, or vulva, includes: Prepuce of
§ Mons pubis clitoris
§ Labia Clitoris
§ Clitoris Vestibule
§ Urethral orifice Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
§ Vaginal orifice
Opening of duct
§ Greater vestibular glands of greater
vestibular gland
Labia minora
Perineum
Anus

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External Genitalia and Female Perineum External Genitalia and Female Perineum

§ Mons pubis § Labia—skin folds

§ Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis § Labia majora
§ Covered with pubic hair after puberty § Hair-covered skin folds
§ Enclose the labia minora
§ Also encloses the vestibule
§ Labia minora—delicate, hair-free folds of skin

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External Genitalia and Female Perineum External Genitalia and Female Perineum

§ Vestibule § Clitoris
§ Enclosed by labia majora § Contains erectile tissue
§ Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina § Corresponds to the male penis
§ Greater vestibular glands § The clitoris is similar to the penis in that it is:
§ One is found on each side of the vagina § Hooded by a prepuce
§ Composed of sensitive erectile tissue
§ Secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse
§ Swollen with blood during sexual excitement
§ The clitoris lacks a reproductive duct

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Figure 16.9 External genitalia of the human female.

External Genitalia and Female Perineum

Mons pubis
Labia majora
§ Perineum Prepuce of
§ Diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of clitoris
the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial Clitoris
tuberosities laterally Vestibule
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Opening of duct
of greater
vestibular gland
Labia minora
Perineum
Anus

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Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle

§ The total supply of eggs is determined by the time § Oogenesis is the process of producing ova (eggs)
a female is born in a female
§ Ability to release eggs begins at puberty with the § Oogonia are female stem cells found in a developing
fetus
onset of the menstrual cycle
§ Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes
§ Reproductive ability ends at menopause (in that are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles
female’s fifties) in the ovary

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Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle

§ Primary oocytes are inactive until puberty § Meiosis starts inside maturing follicle
§ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes some § First meiotic division produces a larger secondary
oocyte and a smaller first polar body
primary follicles to mature each month
§ A vesicular follicle contains a secondary oocyte
§ Cyclic monthly changes constitute the ovarian (maturation from a primary follicle takes about 14
cycle days)
§ Ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs with the
release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
§ Secondary oocyte is released and surrounded by
a corona radiata

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Figure 16.11 Ovulation.

Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle

§ Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if sperm

penetrates the oocyte
Oocyte § Ovum is produced
§ Two additional polar bodies are produced
§ Once ovum is formed, the 23 chromosomes can
be combined with the 23 chromosomes of the
sperm to form the fertilized egg (zygote)
§ If the secondary oocyte is not penetrated by a
sperm, it dies and does not complete meiosis to
form an ovum

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Figure 16.10 Events of oogenesis.

Meiotic Events Follicle Development

Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle Before birth
2n Oogonium (stem cell)
in Ovary

Follicle cells
Mitosis Oocyte

2n Primary oocyte Primary

follicle
§ Meiosis Growth
Primary oocyte Primary
§ Males—produces four functional sperm
2n
(arrested in prophase I; follicle
present at birth)

§ Females—produces one functional ovum and three Childhood (ovary inactive)

Monthly from
tiny polar bodies puberty to menopause Primary
follicle
2n Primary oocyte (still
§ Sex cell size and structure arrested in prophase I) Growing
follicle

§ Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in Mature

seminal fluid Meiosis I (completed by one
primary oocyte each month) Secondary oocyte
vesicular
(Graafian)
(arrested in follicle
§ Egg is large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to First polar body n metaphase II)
Ovulation
nourish the embryo until implantation Sperm Ovulated
secondary
Meiosis II of polar body oocyte
(may or may not occur) Meiosis II completed
(only if sperm
n n n n penetration occurs)
Polar bodies
(all polar bodies Second Ovum
degenerate) polar body

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Hormone Production by the Ovaries Hormone Production by the Ovaries

§ Estrogens are produced by follicle cells § Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum
§ Cause secondary sex characteristics § Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood
§ Enlargement of accessory organs of the female § Does not contribute to the appearance of secondary
reproductive system sex characteristics
§ Development of breasts § Other major effects
§ Appearance of axillary and pubic hair § Helps maintain pregnancy
§ Increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and § Prepares the breasts for milk production
breasts
§ Widening and lightening of the pelvis
§ Onset of menses (menstrual cycle)

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Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

§ Cyclic changes of the endometrium, about 28 § Stages of the menstrual cycle

days in length § Menstrual phase
§ Regulated by cyclic production of estrogens and § Proliferative stage
progesterone by the ovaries § Secretory stage

§ FSH and LH, from the anterior pituitary, regulate

the production of estrogens and progesterone by
the ovaries
§ Ovulation typically occurs about midway through
cycle, on day 14

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Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

§ Days 1–5: menstrual phase § Days 6–14: proliferative stage

§ Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed § Regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium
§ Bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days § Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well
§ Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels vascularized

§ By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are producing more § Estrogen levels rise
estrogen § Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage

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Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

§ Days 15–28: secretory phase § Days 15–28: secretory phase (continued)

§ Levels of progesterone rise and increase the blood § If fertilization does occur:
supply to the endometrium, which becomes more § Embryo produces a hormone that causes the corpus
vascular luteum to continue producing its hormones
§ Endometrium increases in size and readies for § If fertilization does NOT occur:
implantation § Corpus luteum degenerates as LH blood levels decline
§ The phases are repeated about every 28 days

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Figure 16.12a Hormonal interactions of the female cycles. Figure 16.12b Hormonal interactions of the female cycles.
Plasma hormone level

LH

Primary Secondary Vesicular Ovulation Corpus Degenerating

follicle follicle follicle luteum corpus luteum

FSH
Follicular Ovulation Luteal
phase (Day 14) phase

(b) Ovarian cycle: Structural changes in the ovarian follicles during the
(a) Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels: Fluctuating levels of pituitary ovarian cycle are correlated with (d) changes in the endometrium of
gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in the blood regulate the events of the the uterus during the uterine cycle.
ovarian cycle.

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Figure 16.12c Hormonal interactions of the female cycles. Figure 16.12d Hormonal interactions of the female cycles.

Endometrial Blood vessels

glands
Functional layer
Plasma hormone level

Menstrual
flow

Estrogens
Basal layer

1 5 10 15 20 25 28 Days
Menstrual Proliferative Secretory
phase phase phase
Progesterone
The menstrual and proliferative phases occur before ovulation and together
correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The secretory phase
(c) Fluctuation of ovarian hormone levels: Fluctuating levels of corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
ovarian hormones (estrogens and progesterone) cause the endometrial
changes of the uterine cycle. The high estrogen levels are also (d) The three phases of the uterine cycle:
responsible for the LH/FSH surge in (a). • Menstrual: Shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium.
• Proliferative: Rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium.
• Secretory: Begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood
supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to
receive an embryo.

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Figure 16.7 Sagittal section of a human ovary showing the developmental stages of an ovarian follicle.

Primary follicle Growing follicles Mammary Glands

Degenerating
corpus luteum § Present in both sexes, but function only in
females
Blood
vessels § Modified sweat glands
Antrum § Function is to produce milk to nourish a newborn
Corona
radiata § Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens)
Mature vesicular to increase in size
(Graafian) follicle

Germinal
epithelium
Corpus luteum
Developing Ruptured Ovulation Secondary oocyte
corpus luteum follicle

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Figure 16.13a Female mammary glands.

Mammary Glands Skin (cut)

Pectoralis major muscle

Connective tissue
§ Parts of the mammary gland suspensory ligament

§ Areola—central pigmented area Adipose tissue

§ Nipple—protruding central area of areola Lobe

§ Lobes—internal structures that radiate around nipple Areola

Nipple
§ Lobules—located within each lobe and contain
clusters of alveolar glands
§ Alveolar glands—produce milk when a woman is Lactiferous sinus
lactating (producing milk) Lactiferous duct
§ Lactiferous ducts—connect alveolar glands to nipple Lobule containing
alveoli
§ Lactiferous sinus—dilated portion where milk
accumulates

(a)
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Figure 16.13b Female mammary glands.

Skin (cut) First rib

Mammography
Pectoralis major muscle

Connective tissue
suspensory ligament § Mammography is X-ray examination that detects
Adipose tissue breast cancers too small to feel
Lobe
§ American Cancer Society recommends
Areola
mammography annually for women between 45
Nipple
and 54 years old and every 2 years thereafter if
Opening of
lactiferous duct the results are normal
Lactiferous sinus
§ Breast cancer is often signaled by a change in
Lactiferous duct
skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the
Lobule containing
alveoli
Hypodermis
nipple
(superficial fascia)
Intercostal muscles

(b)
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Figure 16.14 Mammograms.

Pregnancy and Embryonic Development

§ Pregnancy—time from fertilization until infant is

Malignancy born
§ Conceptus—developing offspring
§ Embryo—period of time from fertilization until week 8
§ Fetus—week 9 until birth
§ Gestation period—from date of last period until
birth (approximately 280 days)
(a) Mammogram procedure (b) Film of normal breast (c) Film of breast with tumor

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Figure 16.15 Diagrams showing the approximate size of a human conceptus from fertilization to the early fetal stage.

Accomplishing Fertilization

§ An oocyte is viable up to 24 hours after ovulation

§ Sperm are viable up to 48 hours after ejaculation
Embryo § For fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must occur
no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than
Fertilization 1-week 3-week 5-week embryo 24 hours after
conceptus embryo (10 mm) 8-week embryo
(3 mm)
(22 mm)
§ Sperm cells must make their way to the uterine
tube for fertilization to be possible
§ Sperm cells are attracted to the oocyte by chemicals

12-week fetus
(90 mm)

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Accomplishing Fertilization

§ When sperm reach the oocyte:

§ Enzymes break down the follicle cells of the corona
radiata around the oocyte
§ Sperm undergo an acrosomal reaction
§ Membrane receptors on the oocyte pull in the head of
the first sperm cell to make contact
§ Oocyte undergoes second meiotic division to produce
an ovum and a polar body

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Figure 16.16 Sperm and oocyte during fertilization.

Accomplishing Fertilization

§ Fertilization occurs when the genetic material of a

sperm combines with that of an oocyte

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Events of Embryonic & Fetal Development Events of Embryonic & Fetal Development

§ Zygote § Cleavage
§ First cell of a new individual § Rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the
§ The zygote is the result of the fusion of DNA from zygote
sperm and egg § 3 days after ovulation, the embryo reaches the uterus
§ The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions, known and floats as a morula, a ball of 16 cells
as cleavage, 24 hours after fertilization
§ The zygote journeys down the uterine tube, moving
toward the uterus

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Events of Embryonic & Fetal Development Events of Embryonic & Fetal Development

§ Blastocyst (chorionic vesicle) § Functional areas of the blastocyst

§ Hollow, ball-like structure of 100 cells or more 1. Trophoblast—large fluid-filled sphere
§ Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to 2. Inner cell mass—cluster of cells to one side
induce the corpus luteum to continue producing § By day 7 after ovulation, the blastocyst has
hormones, preventing menses, until the placenta
assumes its role attached to the endometrium

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Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 1 Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 2

(a) Zygote (b) 4-cell stage (c) Morula (d) Early blastocyst (e) Implanting
(fertilized egg) 2 days (a solid ball of (morula hollows out blastocyst
blastomeres) and fills with fluid) (consists of a sphere
3 days 4 days of trophoblast cells
and an eccentric
cell cluster called
the inner cell mass)
Zona 7 days
pellucida
Inner
cell
Blastocyst mass
Fertilization cavity
(sperm Sperm
meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube Blastocyst Uterine tube
Ovary cavity Ovary
Oocyte
Trophoblast
(egg)

Uterus Uterus
Ovulation Ovulation
Endometrium Endometrium

Cavity of Cavity of
uterus uterus

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Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 3 Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 4

(a) Zygote
(fertilized egg)

Zona
pellucida

Fertilization
(sperm Sperm
meets and
Uterine tube enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary Ovary
Oocyte Oocyte
(egg) (egg)

Uterus Uterus
Ovulation Ovulation
Endometrium Endometrium

Cavity of Cavity of
uterus uterus

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Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 5 Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 6

(a) Zygote (a) Zygote (b) 4-cell stage

(fertilized egg) (fertilized egg) 2 days

Zona Zona
pellucida pellucida

Fertilization Fertilization
(sperm Sperm (sperm Sperm
meets and meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary Ovary
Oocyte Oocyte
(egg) (egg)

Uterus Uterus
Ovulation Ovulation
Endometrium Endometrium

Cavity of Cavity of
uterus uterus

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Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 7 Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 8

(a) Zygote (b) 4-cell stage (a) Zygote (b) 4-cell stage (c) Morula
(fertilized egg) 2 days (fertilized egg) 2 days (a solid ball of
blastomeres)
3 days

Zona Zona
pellucida pellucida

Fertilization Fertilization
(sperm Sperm (sperm Sperm
meets and meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary Ovary
Oocyte Oocyte
(egg) (egg)

Uterus Uterus
Ovulation Ovulation
Endometrium Endometrium

Cavity of Cavity of
uterus uterus

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Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 9 Figure 16.17 From fertilization and cleavage to implantation. Slide 10

(a) Zygote (b) 4-cell stage (c) Morula (d) Early blastocyst (a) Zygote (b) 4-cell stage (c) Morula (d) Early blastocyst (e) Implanting
(fertilized egg) 2 days (a solid ball of (morula hollows out (fertilized egg) 2 days (a solid ball of (morula hollows out blastocyst
blastomeres) and fills with fluid) blastomeres) and fills with fluid) (consists of a sphere
3 days 4 days 3 days 4 days of trophoblast cells
and an eccentric
cell cluster called
the inner cell mass)
Zona 7 days
Zona
pellucida pellucida
Inner
cell
Blastocyst Blastocyst mass
Fertilization cavity Fertilization cavity
(sperm Sperm (sperm Sperm
meets and meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube enters egg) Uterine tube Blastocyst
Ovary Ovary cavity
Oocyte Oocyte
Trophoblast
(egg) (egg)

Uterus Uterus
Ovulation Ovulation
Endometrium Endometrium

Cavity of Cavity of
uterus uterus

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Figure 16.18 Embryo of approximately 18 days.

Events of Embryonic & Fetal Development

§ Inner cell mass of blastocyst develops into: Umbilical cord

Amnion
§ Primary germ layers Chorionic
§ Ectoderm—outside layer, which gives rise to nervous Uterine
cavity
villi

system and epidermis of skin

§ Endoderm—inside layer, which forms mucosae and Chorion Ectoderm
associated glands Forming
Embryo
§ Mesoderm—middle layer, which gives rise to everything mesoderm

else Endoderm

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Figure 16.19 The 7-week embryo.

Events of Embryonic & Fetal Development Amniotic sac Umbilical cord Umbilical vein

Chorionic villi

§ After implantation, the trophoblast of the

blastocyst develops chorionic villi (projections)
§ Chorionic villi combine with tissues of the uterus to
form the placenta
§ Once the placenta has formed, the amnion is
attached to the placenta by an umbilical cord Placenta
§ Amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo
§ Umbilical cord is a blood vessel–containing stalk of Yolk sac
tissue
Cut edge
of chorion

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Events of Embryonic & Fetal Development Events of Embryonic & Fetal Development

§ Placenta § All organ systems are formed by the end of the

§ Forms a barrier between mother and embryo (blood is eighth week
not exchanged) § Activities of the fetus are growth and organ
§ Delivers nutrients and oxygen specialization
§ Removes wastes from embryonic blood
§ Becomes an endocrine organ and takes over for the § The fetal stage is one of tremendous growth and
corpus luteum (by end of second month); produces change in appearance
estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones that § Fetal changes are summarized in Table 16.1
maintain pregnancy

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Figure 16.20 Examples of fetal development. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Fetus (1 of 3)

(a) (b)

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Table 16.1 Development of the Human Fetus (2 of 3) Table 16.1 Development of the Human Fetus (3 of 3)

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Figure 16.21 Relative size of the uterus before conception and during pregnancy.

Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother

§ Pregnancy—period from conception until birth

§ Anatomical changes
§ Enlargement of the uterus
§ Accentuated lumbar curvature (lordosis)
§ Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic
symphysis due to production of the hormone relaxin

(a) Before conception (b) 4 months (c) 7 months (d) 9 months

(Uterus is the size of a fist (Fundus of the uterus (Fundus is well above (Fundus reaches
and resides in the pelvis.) is halfway between the umbilicus.) the xiphoid
the pubic symphysis process.)
and the umbilicus.)

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Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother

§ Physiological changes § Physiological changes (continued)

§ Gastrointestinal system § Urinary system
§ Morning sickness is common and is due to elevated § Kidneys have additional burden and produce more urine
progesterone and estrogens § The uterus compresses the bladder, causing stress
§ Heartburn is common because of organ crowding by the incontinence
fetus
§ Constipation is caused by declining motility of the
digestive tract

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Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother

§ Physiological changes (continued) § Physiological changes (continued)

§ Respiratory system § Cardiovascular system
§ Nasal mucosa becomes congested and swollen § Blood volume increases by 25% to 40%
§ Vital capacity and respiratory rate increase § Blood pressure and pulse increase
§ Dyspnea (difficult breathing) occurs during later stages § Varicose veins are common
of pregnancy

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Childbirth (Parturition) Childbirth (Parturition)

§ Initiation of labor § Initiation of labor (continued)

§ Labor—the series of events that expel the infant from § Estrogen levels rise
the uterus § Uterine contractions begin
§ Rhythmic, expulsive contractions § The placenta releases prostaglandins
§ Operates by the positive feedback mechanism § Oxytocin is released by the pituitary
§ False labor—Braxton Hicks contractions are weak, § Combined effects of rising levels of hormones—
irregular uterine contractions oxytocin and prostaglandins—initiates contractions
and forces the baby deeper into the mother’s pelvis

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Figure 16.22 Oxytocin promotes labor contractions during birth by a positive feedback mechanism. Slide 1

4 Hypothalamus sends efferent

impulses to posterior pituitary,
where oxytocin is stored

5 Posterior pituitary releases

oxytocin to blood; oxytocin
targets mother’s uterine
muscle
6 Uterus responds
by contracting more
vigorously
1 Baby moves
deeper into
mother’s birth
canal

3 Afferent
impulses to
hypothalamus

2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus
excited Positive feedback
mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby

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Figure 16.22 Oxytocin promotes labor contractions during birth by a positive feedback mechanism. Slide 2 Figure 16.22 Oxytocin promotes labor contractions during birth by a positive feedback mechanism. Slide 3

1 Baby moves 1 Baby moves

deeper into deeper into
mother’s birth mother’s birth
canal canal

2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus
Positive feedback excited Positive feedback
mechanism continues mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby by birth of baby

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Figure 16.22 Oxytocin promotes labor contractions during birth by a positive feedback mechanism. Slide 4 Figure 16.22 Oxytocin promotes labor contractions during birth by a positive feedback mechanism. Slide 5

4 Hypothalamus sends efferent

impulses to posterior pituitary,
where oxytocin is stored

1 Baby moves 1 Baby moves

deeper into deeper into
mother’s birth mother’s birth
canal canal

3 Afferent 3 Afferent
impulses to impulses to
hypothalamus hypothalamus

2 Pressoreceptors 2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus in cervix of uterus
Positive feedback excited Positive feedback
excited
mechanism continues mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby by birth of baby

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Figure 16.22 Oxytocin promotes labor contractions during birth by a positive feedback mechanism. Slide 6 Figure 16.22 Oxytocin promotes labor contractions during birth by a positive feedback mechanism. Slide 7

4 Hypothalamus sends efferent 4 Hypothalamus sends efferent

impulses to posterior pituitary, impulses to posterior pituitary,
where oxytocin is stored where oxytocin is stored

5 Posterior pituitary releases 5 Posterior pituitary releases

oxytocin to blood; oxytocin oxytocin to blood; oxytocin
targets mother’s uterine targets mother’s uterine
muscle muscle
6 Uterus responds
by contracting more
vigorously
1 Baby moves 1 Baby moves
deeper into deeper into
mother’s birth mother’s birth
canal canal

3 Afferent 3 Afferent
impulses to impulses to
hypothalamus hypothalamus

2 Pressoreceptors 2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus in cervix of uterus
Positive feedback excited Positive feedback
excited
mechanism continues mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby by birth of baby

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Figure 16.23a The three stages of labor.

Stages of Labor

Placenta
§ Dilation
§ Cervix becomes dilated Umbilical
cord
§ Full dilation is 10 cm
Uterus
§ Uterine contractions begin and increase
§ Cervix softens and effaces (thins) Cervix
Vagina
§ The amnion ruptures (“breaking the water”)
§ Longest stage, at 6 to 12 hours Sacrum

(a) Dilation (of cer vix)

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Figure 16.23b The three stages of labor.

Stages of Labor

§ Expulsion
§ Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
§ Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes
in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births
§ Normal delivery is head-first (vertex position)
§ Breech presentation is buttocks-first

(b) Expulsion (deliver y of infant)

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Figure 16.23c The three stages of labor.

Stages of Labor

§ Placental stage
Uterus
§ Delivery of the placenta
§ Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of Placenta
infant (detaching)

§ Afterbirth—placenta and attached fetal membranes

§ All placental fragments should be removed to avoid
postpartum bleeding Umbilical
cord

(c) Placental (delivery of the placenta)

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Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive

System System
§ Gender is determined at fertilization § The reproductive system is inactive during
§ Males have XY sex chromosomes childhood
§ Females have XX sex chromosomes § Reproductive system organs do not function for
§ Reproductive system structures of males and childbearing until puberty
females are identical during early development § Puberty usually begins between ages 10 and 15
§ Gonads do not begin to form until the eighth week
§ The presence or absence of testosterone
determines whether male or female accessory
reproductive organs will form

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Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive

System System
§ Males § Menopause—a whole year has passed without
§ Enlargement of testes and scrotum signals onset of menstruation
puberty (often around age 13) § Ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs
§ Females § Childbearing ability ends
§ Budding breasts signal puberty (often around age 11) § Hot flashes and mood changes may occur
§ Menarche—first menstrual period (usually occurs § There is a no equivalent of menopause in males,
about 2 years later) but there is a steady decline in testosterone

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A Closer Look: Contraception A Closer Look: Contraception

§ Contraception—birth control § Morning-after pill (MAP)

§ Birth control pill—most-used contraceptive § Taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse
§ Relatively constant supply of ovarian hormones from § Disrupts normal hormonal signals to the point that
pill is similar to pregnancy fertilization is prevented
§ Ovarian follicles do not mature, ovulation ceases, § Other hormonal birth control devices cause
menstrual flow is reduced cervical mucus to thicken
§ Minipill (tablet)
§ Norplant (rods placed under the skin)

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A Closer Look: Contraception A Closer Look: Contraception

§ Intrauterine device (IUD) § Coitus interruptus—withdrawal of penis prior to

§ Plastic or metal device inserted into uterus ejaculation
§ Prevents implantation of fertilized egg § Rhythm (fertility awareness)—avoid intercourse
§ Sterilization during period of ovulation or fertility
§ Tubal ligation (females)—cut or cauterize uterine tubes § Record daily basal temperature (body temperature
§ Vasectomy (males)—cut or cauterize the ductus rises after ovulation)
deferens § Record changes in pattern of cervical mucus

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A Closer Look: Contraception A Closer Look: Contraception

§ Barrier methods § Abortion—termination of pregnancy

§ Diaphragms § Miscarriage—spontaneous abortion is common
§ Cervical caps and frequently occurs before a woman knows she
§ Condoms is pregnant
§ Spermicidal foams
§ RU486, or “abortion pill”—induces miscarriage
§ Gels
during first 7 weeks of pregnancy
§ Sponges

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A Closer Look 16.1 Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy A Closer Look 16.2 Some contraceptive devices.

Male Female
Technique Event Event Technique
Production of Production of
viable sperm viable oocytes
Vasectomy Combination "pill,"
birth control patch,
Condom
Transport down Ovulation monthly shot,
Abstinence the male duct vaginal ring,
Coitus system or implant
interruptus
Condom
Sperm Capture of the
deposited in oocyte by the
the female uterine tube
Birth
vagina Tubal ligation control
Spermicides,
diaphragm, pills
Sperm move Transport
down the
cervical cap, Diaphragm
through the vaginal pouch, or
female’s repro- uterine tube
ductive tract progestin-only
minipill, implant,
or injection
Meeting of sperm and oocyte
in uterine tube
Morning- Spermicidal
after pill (MAP)
Union of sperm and egg Contraceptive inserts
Intrauterine device sponge
(IUD); progestin-only
Implantation of blastocyst in minipill, implant, or Contraceptive
properly prepared endometrium injection jelly
Birth
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