Chapter 1
MIDDLE AGES
-also known as the “Dark Ages”
-6th Century up to the end of the 15th century.
-Alaric 1 appointed as Magister Militum.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
-Byzantium
-Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century. Emperor Justinian.
HANDHELD TREBUCHET
-Also known as “cheiromangana”
TIDAL MILL
-Used to grind grains
ISLAMIC EMPIRE
-Largest empires in the history.
KORAN
-Holy book of Muslims.
THE HOUSE OF WISDOM
-belonging to Abbasid Caliphs.
-translation of Greek and Syriac text to Arabic.
GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAMIC SCIENCE
-From 8th century and continued up to 13th century.
Ibn Al-Haytham
-also known as “Alhazen”
-foundation of modern optics.
Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Sin
-also known as “Avicenna”
-wrote Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb or “The
Canon of medicine”
Abu Qasim Khalaf ibn Abbas Al Zahrawi
-also known as “Al Zahrawi”
-Father of surgery
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
-foundation of current principles of
Algebra.
Al-Biruni
-Proposed the theory of earth
rotating on its own axis
-Calculation of the specific gravity
of 18 precious stoned and minerals
Jabir ibn Hayyan
-Father of chemistry
Medieval Europe
-Charles the Great or Charlemagne was king of the Franks from
768, king of the Lombards from 774, and emperor of the Romans from 800.
- He united the majority of western and central Europe.
- He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe
since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier.
Vikings
-While known to be cruel warriors, pillagers and skillful navigators , are
also credited for a number of technological advancements, particularly in
warfare and navigation
• Axe
– most commonly used weapon of the Vikings both for battle and as tools
• Dane axe
– was used for battle, supposedly held by two hands
• Magnetic compass
– uses the sun to help them navigate the seas
Crusades
-A series of religious wars sanctioned by the latin church to crub the
spread of the Islamic faith in Europe
Pope Urban II of the Latin Church of western Europe gave a sermon at the council
of Clermont emphasizing the importance of reclaiming the territories of Palestine
and Jerusalem from muslim occupation.
Crossbow
-Was considered an essential weapon in battle.
-is a type of elastic ranged weapon in similar principle to a bow,
consisting of a bow-like assembly called a prod, mounted horizontally on a main
frame called a tiller, which is handheld in a similar fashion to the stock of a long
gun.
The Three Field System
-Used to improve the agricultural technology and practice of man
Europeans
Averroes (1126 – 1198) and William of Moerbeke (1215 – 1286)
-Translators of aristotle’s works
Studium Generale
-One of the first medieval universities.
Christian scholasticism
-Method of critical thought that integrated religious theology with scientific
truth
Two main religious orders spearheaded the methodology of scholasticism
throughout euorope, namely, the Franciscans founded by st. francis of assisi
in 1209, and the Dominicans founded by St. Dominic in 1215.
ST. FRANCIS ST. DOMINIC
Roger Bacon
-Contributed to the development of one of modern day science’s
greatest tools – the scientific method.
Opus majus
-Bacon described a repeating cycle of scientific inquiry that took the
following steps
• Observation
• Formulation of hypothesis
• Experimentation
Alchemy
-Ancient branch of natural philosophy that mainly seeks to convert base
metals into noble metals such as gold.
Astrology
-Establishes the connection between position of heavenly and celestial
bodies to the dwellings of human life and the natural world.
Nicholas Oresme
-Mathematician who was able to establish the mean speed theorem or
theorem on uniform acceleration
John Buridan
-Mathematician that developed a theorem that described how a body in
motion continues to stay in motion through the body’s intrinsic and natural
quality which he called impetus
Renaissance
- The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic,
political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.
-Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th
century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy,
literature and art.
Johannes Gutenberg
-Inventor of the printing press around 1440 became pivotal to the
development of mass media.
Dante
-Father of Italian poetry
-The divine comedy
Francesco Petrarca
-Father of humanism
-Rediscovered greek and roman classics
Leonardo da Vinci
-Painter, sculptor and scientist
-Known for his works Mona lisa, Vitruvian Man, and the last Supper.
The Last Supper
Mona Lisa The Vitruvian Man
Michelangelo
-Famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in Vatican with
scenes from the book of genesis.
Raphael
-Italian painter and architect
-Known for embodying both the clear arrangement of elements and
clarify of form as seen in his paintings, the school of Athens and the Sistine
Madonna
The School of Athens Sistine Madonna
Scientific revolution
was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during
the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed
the views of society about nature.
Nicolaus Copernicus
- proponent of the heliocentric theory
argues that the sun is the central body of the
solar system and perhaps of the universe.
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer who eventually
proved Copernicus’s theory to be
correct
Sir Isaac Newton
Who eradicated all doubts of
heliocentrism’s validity through a
mathematical description of the
motion of the earth and other
celestial bodies around the sun
Fuel
It began during this period due to the demand for mass
production
Blast furnace
A type of metallurgical
furnace liquefies iron that
runs directly into the mold
which creates various
materials
Sheep farming
Was popularized because it required less human effort and provided
larger yields of food to support the growing population
Scythe
- For cutting both grass and crops
Navigation and expedition
- Contributed greatly to exploration of more
territories and trade with other nations
Masts, sails, and sternpost rudders
- Were among the various inventions of
maritime transport.
The mariner’s compass, quadrant and
forestaff
- Were among the instruments developed
for navigation and voyagers
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• 18th century
• Shift from agricultural processes to urbanized and
industrial processes.
• Arnold Toynbee
o Made the term “Industrialized
Revolution” popular
o Revolution is the “substitution of
competition for the medieval
regulations that previously
controlled the production and
distribution of wealth”
• England is the first country to be industrialized
o Factors that led England to industrialization:
§ Country’s large working class
§ Abundant natural resources
o These led England to increase levels of production
• Accessible sources of energy such as coal and fuel were sought for
production as new machines were developed for the efficient
production of goods.
• Factory system was implemented to increase the production level of
the yields
Iron and Steel Industry
• Technologies in 18th and 19th centuries
involved iron and steel to develop
machines and infrastructures
Tobern Bergman
•Swedish metallurgist
•Discovered the important role of carbon in steel in
1750
oSteel was not produced commercially until
later years
•Henry Bessemer and William Kelly
•Improved the methods of manufacturing steel from iron
•Kelly
oExperimented on the
manufacturing of steel using less
charcoal
•Bessemer
oPatented the same invention and
was able to produce steel stronger
than the cast iron
•Robert Mushet
•Welsh metallurgist
•Discovered an alloy of iron that combined
carbon and manganese with the formed iron
oThe carbon content reached the required
level for steel production
Textile Industry
• Flying Shuttle
o Invented by John Kay in 1733
o to increase the output for yarn
•Spinning Jenny or Saxon Wheel
o Invented by James Hargreaves in
1764
o can be able to spin more than one
spindle at a time
•Water Frame
o Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769
o to cater to the spinning of multiple
threads
o Water frame is powered by water and
not by hand
•Spinning Mule
•Invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779
•combines the features of the spinning jenny
and water frame
•Power Loom
•Invented by Edmund Cartwright in
1787
•for spinning and weaving to increase
the production of cotton from
plantations in England
•Cotton Gin
o Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
o multiplies the amount of cotton that could be
cleaned which increased the production of
cotton or textiles
•Mechanize Sewing Machine
o Submitted and patented by Thomas
Saint in 1790
•Chain Stitch
•Invented by Barthelemy Thimonnier
in 1829
Transportation Industry
• Steam Engine
o Developed by Thomas Newcomen
o Invented to prevent flooding in the Cornwall mines
o Utilized the principle developed by Denis Papin (inventor of
pressure cooker)
o Together with John Calley, they developed an engine that is based
on piston that was more efficient but used a lot of energy
• Watt’s Steam Engine
o Perfected and patented by James Watt in 1765
o Steam engine that produced the needed power without consuming too
much fuel
o Matthew Boulton partnered with Watt
o It became important in powering ships and trains
o Steam engines were used to propel river boats and land transportation
• Locomotive
o An engine or rail transport vehicle
o Richard Trevithick developed the first locomotive
§ It was named New Castle, however, it was unsuccessful
o George Stephenson developed an effective locomotive
§ It was called Blucher, used to tow coal in Northumberland in England
§ Developed Locomotion No. 1 together with his brother—Robert in
1825
• 12 miles per hour,
§ Also built the Rocket
• 30 miles per hour
o Development of locomotives led to an era of railroad construction in
Europe and United States in 1840s
• North River Steamboat
o Developed by Robert Fulton in 1807
o Utilized the steam engine of Boulton and Watt
o Later on called Clermont
• Technological Advancement
o Economic shifts due to industrialization divided people between
capitalists and laborers
o Industrial capitalists and businessman opted to promote laws and
provisions that would provide protection for their business
o While industrialization provided development, it caused suffering to the
working class because of the harsh working conditions
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND
19TH CENTURY
Charles- Augustin de Coulomb
- He published a series of studies on
electromagnetic which later on culminated into coulombs
law
Joseph Priestley
-Discovered oxygen gas by collecting
colorless gas from heated mercury in 1774
Antoine Lavoisier
-Father of modern Chemistry
-He explained the reaction of substances that
contained carbon with oxygen to form carbon dioxide
and water.
John Dalton
-proposed the atomic theory
Hans Christian Oersted
-He discovered the electric current produces
magnetic fields
James Clerk Maxwell
-managed to formulate a theory on
electromagnetic radiation which poses light,
magnetism and electricity are variations in
manifestation of the same phenomenon.
-A Dynamic Theory of electromagnetic
George Johnstone Stoney
-proposed the theory that electrons have
fundamental quantities of electricity
William Crookes
-He discovered cathode rays when he
utilized the vacuum tube created by Heinrich
Geissler.
Eugen Goldstein
-Discovered the positive particles called protons from a tube filled with
hydrogen gas.
William Roentgen
-He accidentaly discovered x-ray
J.J Thompson
-He discovered electron
Henri Bacquerel
-He discovered radioactivity
Marie Curie
-Discovered the radioactive elements in uranium, thorium, radium, and
polonium from late 19th century until early 20th century
Alexander Graham Bell
-Filed a patent for the telephone because of his success in developing
means to exchange message in real time through electric current.
Carolus Linnaeus
-dubbed as the “Father of Taxonomy”
- Developed a system of naming
organism called the binomial nomendature
-known for his works species
Plantarum and Systema Naturae
James Hutton
-proposed that there are still gradual mechanisms on Earth that
explains variability of fossils
George Cuvier
-A pioneer in the field of Paleontology, proposed the theory of
Catastrophism in 1813.
Charles Lyell
-proposed the principle of Uniformitarianism based on Hutton’s
Theory
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
-A French naturalist, proposed The Theory of Acquired
characteristics through the use and disuse also known as The Theory of
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Charles Darwin
-Published his work explaining its variability of living organisms
entitled “On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection or the
Preservation of favoured Races in the struggle of life”
-A similar research by Alfred Wallace entitled “One tendency of
varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original type” and was published in the
same year.
Gregor Mendel
-Austrian monk and known as the “Father of Genetics”
-He proposed a model of Inheritance that shows how organism
transmit genetic information to their offspring.
-His research provided the theory of Evolution with a mechanism for
passing down traits during natural selection.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY
Max Planck
-originated the quantum of theory and the theory of relativity which
was established by Albert Einstein in 1905
Erwin Schrödinger
-proposed an equation on quantum mechanics that enabled
scientist to develop semiconductors and atomic power.
Robert Goddard
-Launched the first successful rocket at a farm near Auburn
Massachusetts.
James Chadwick
-Discovered the neutron in nucleus of an atom
Oswald Avery
-Discovered that genes and chromosomes are carried by DNA cells
Francis Crick and James Watsons
-proposed the double helix model of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Or
DNA, which depicts the double-stranded appearance of DNA, opposite each
other.
Alexander Fleming
-He discovered Penicillin
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
-Developed the first antibiotic that could be mass produced
Niels Jerne
-Expounded the anti body formation process
Jonas Salk
-Developed the first polio vaccine
Albert Sabin
-Improved on Salk’s work and produced the oral polio vaccine
Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo
-They discovered Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which led to
the awareness of the causes of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
The first cloning in animal through a sheep named Dolly, was successfully
performed before the end of the 20th Century
Orville and Wilbur Wright
-They launched the first manned engine powered aircraft flight
Henry Ford
-He launched the first production model of the automobile
Sputnik
-The first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union
Apollo 11
COMPUTER AND THE AGEOF INFORMATION
The invention of the computer from the early systems of calculation of Charles
Babbage in 1812 significantly made an impact on how the world progressed in
the age of technology. This led to more technological innovations.
Claude E. Shannon
• He formulated his ideas on digital communication and published his Work, A
Mathematical Theory of Communication.
• He was known as "Father Or Information Theory"
Shannon weaver model of communication
• Shannon worked with Warren Weaver to formulate this model
• It also called "mother of all models"
• The model is incomplete because of the lack of feedback from the receiver
to the information source.
This limitation conceptualize different model namely
• The transactional model involves both the sender and the receiver as
communicators who exchange messages rather than have messages come
from a Single sender.
• The interactive model it is often in the context of studying new media such
as the internet.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
• a binary and digital way of transmitting analog-type data.
• Alec H. Reeves who adapted the use of PCM technology for voice
communication.
SIGSALY-a
• secure speech system during World War II.
• It is also known as the Green Hornet, X System, Project X, and Ciphony I.
Universal Turing machine (UTM)
• Alan Turing introduce UTM in year 1936 and 1937.
• a machine equipped with wheels and levers capable of calculating various
mathematical equations and store aggregate amounts of data.
• Known as the first "computing machine,"
• Earned him the title "Father of the Modern Computer"
Z3
• The world's first programmable computer between 1936 to 1938
• made by Konrad Zuse
• This is the first Turing-complete digital computer to be created and became
operational in 1941.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
• John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry created the first electronic digital
computer ABC.
• The machine was able to solve for variables one at a time until an entire
system of equations is solved. its method of storing data known as the
dynamic random-access memory (DRAM or RAM), became the model of
the main memory systems of modern computers.
Magnetic Drum
• Perry Crawford described in his thesis, titled Automatic Control by
Arithmetic Operations that a magnetic drum could be used to store
electronic digital information.
• A pioneering computer firm of the 1950s known as Engineering Research
Associates (ERA) used parts of captured German Magnetophones to build
magnetic drums and disks under the alias Project Goldberg.
• The mechanism called the magnetic drum memory system was used by
the US Navy to decipher encryptions and was later developed for
computers in US military universities in both the US and the UK.
Colossus
• Tommy Harold Flowers invented colossus
• the world's first programmable electronic computer
• It had roughly 1,700 vacuum tubes, which greatly deviated from the
previously most complicated electronic device.
• It was called colossus due to its massive size.
The Harvard Mark 1
• A general-purpose electromechanical computer devised by Howard Aiken
and built by IBM in 1944.
• It was able to compute and print mathematical tables.
Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM)
• nicknamed as Manchester Baby computer
• spearheaded by Frederic calland Williams and Tom Kilburn.
• Their combined efforts in building and designing the machine and its program
led to its culmination.
Fairchild semiconductors
• A company that William Shockley and his team of engineers founded.
• later called the "traitorous eight,"
• They were first to commercially mass-produce transistors.
604 Electronic Calculating Punch
• International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) build it.
• capable of performing basic mathematical operations hundreds of times
faster than earlier IBM machines.
Integrated Circuit (IC) chip
• Jack Kilby is the first to create and patent the IC chip.
• The IC chip was patented under the title of a miniaturized electronic circuit.
• Today its serve as the brain of the computer and cellular phones
IBM stretch computer
• Known as the 7030 Data Processing System
• The first IBM supercomputer that ran completely through transistors.
• it pioneered the use of "bytes" or 8-bit characters.
Floppy disk
• first commercially viable storage device that was designed by IBM.
• Floppy disks gained popularity with by IBM the introduction of the Apple II.
Compact Disc (CD)
• can be traced to James Russell's invention that can record digital information on
an optical transparent foil
• it is a device that could record and replay sounds without any physical contact
between parts.
Advanced Research Projects Agency
• a packet Switching network that grouped data in a message into parts or
"packets" that are sent independently to other computers in the system through
the most optimal route.
• it was decommissioned in 1990 and was replaced by the internet.
Internet
• collection and interconnection between and among numerous networks from
around the globe.
• To access information from this global network, the World Wide Web (known as
web) was created by Tim Berners-Lee
• Berners - Lee was also able to establish groundbreaking concepts related to
web including HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Uniform Resource
ldentifier/Uniform Resource locator (URI/URL) HyperText Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) and Internet protocol (IP)
• Berners-Lee managed to write the very first web page editor called the
[Link].
END.
STEM CELL
THERAPY
TIMELINE
he conceptualization of stem cell therapy began in the 1960’s; however, early
attempts at transferring cells were unsuccessful. Following is a timeline of the
development of gene therapy:
• 1960s: Research began on stem cells taken from adult tissue.
• 1968: Adult stem cells were used to treat an immunodeficient patient.
• 1998: US scientists grew stem cells from human
embryos and germ cells, establishing cell lines still
in use today.
• In 1998, Professor James Alexander Thomson
and his team at the University of Wisconsin–
Madison grew the first human embryonic stem
cells in a laboratory dish (in vitro).
• 2001: Embryonic stem cell turned into blood
cell.
Human Diseases that can be treated by stem cell therapy:
• Cancer
• Baldnes
• Hearing Problem
• Crohn’s Disease
• Wound
• Male Infertility
Human diseases that can be treated by stem cell therapy:
• Diabetes
- condition that impairs the body’s ability to process
blood glucose, otherwise known as blood sugar
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
- chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more
than just your joints
• Neurodegenerative Diseases
- umbrella term for a range of conditions which
primarily affect the neurons in the human brain
• Osteoarthritis
- occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions
the ends of your bones wears down over time
Human diseases that can be treated by stem
cell therapy:
• Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury
-Stroke. Occurs when blood
supply to part of your brain is interrupted
or reduced, preventing brain tissue from
getting oxygen and nutrients
- Traumatic Brain Injury.
Physical injury which occurs suddenly,
with a certain degree of severity.
• Spinal Cord Injury
- damage to any part of the
spinal cord or nerves at the end of the
spinal canal
• Heart Diseases
- conditions that involve
narrowed or blocked blood vessels
Stem Cell
• Stem cells are basic cells that are able to develop into any type of cell in the body.
• The human body uses stem cells to replace worn out cells.
Three type of stem cells
• Adult stem cell- produce limited number of human cell types. They replace existing cells in the
organ as they wear out and die
• Embrynic stem cell- created from leftover embryos that are willingly donted bt patients from
fertility clinics.
• Induced pluripotent cells- are regular skin, fat or other cells that scientist have modified to
behave like embryonic stem cell.
Application, Sources,
and controversies
•Stem cells – being develop for personal medicine human organs can be
grown in the laboratory to replace damaged organ and in theory, replace older
cells to delay aging process
• Stem cells are currently being investigated for the treatment of certain cancers
such as leukemia and other diseases
•Bone marrow transplant – a method of stem cell therapy that has been used for
may years without controversy
•Process involves harvesting stem cells from the patient’s bone marrow using a large
needle that reaches the core of the bone
• Somatic cell nuclear transfer – another method that consists of taking a
denucleated female ovum and implanting a donor nuncleus from a somatic cells
Critics of stem cell research argue that sourcing stem cells from human embryos is
unethical. They believe that such process of sourcing violated that sanctity of life and
tantamount to murder
Many countries like Germany, Austria, Ireland, Ireland, Italy, Norway and Poland
prohibit the use of human embryos as a source of stem cells for treating human
diseases
However, countries such as Australia, Belgium, China, India, Israel, Japan, Singapore,
South Korea, Swede and USA allow the use of human embryos and somatic cell nuclear
transfer
In the Philippines, Administrative Order No. 2913 – 0012 issued by DOH, prohibits and
restricts activities involving stem cells from embryonics, aborted fetal
