Cy COMPUTER SCIENCE ~ 2 * Lecture No.- 01 im * Computer Fundamental 9 4 ay a6 INTRODUCTION TO COMPU AM Eee ate e lee The word “computer” is comes from the word “TO COMPUTE” means to reenETcs @ A computer is normally considered to be a calculation device which can Ieee tte) eR Cm aS ch oP We mC ARTE Rea eR Mie oe Coe re meee Clee Dec eee ee eee) eee UB eel POR eC oe eee a emi may meme tome ye) ed tCe LeeLee @ Acomputer can store, process & retrieve data as and when we desired.MPUTER The computer Data Processing is any process that a computer program does POR ae Me EU OMECUC OCCM COTESoeL) Cod Tau Cot Output Memory Unit er eee ReeSV eO CME MACOMB ag Me Me Mtr MO MOLLE) processed: 1. Analog computers 8 a Q 2. Digital computers 3. Hybrid computers ee ce Analog computers: In Analog Computers, data is represented as continuously varying voltage EUR A me ee en meer Lela Ale Tu ee eo ROR Ce ela em Lo DUOC UM ceePremed MVM Cm OME MCT ere MMe Tale cre ae) Coram nT Cet oe ORCC MECC Me Rey ELEM oe Ree Ree ees CCRC TCU ee ee Re ee ESC mL ee) obtained from a digital computer are accurate. Virtually all of today’s computers are based on digital computers. Hybrid Computers CReate meee Coes Taree me melee Cele me melt) has a Perce im ercetrada rie ken Tic eet rd Pees aCe MOET OEM smell ae emi mele aM mcd however is processed digitally.WUE eco e eo sy kee Reece eee lm SER ecco es oe Pecos oO A St Peer cg es CMS meee item Micro computers are the computers with having a microprocessor chip as it central processing unit. Originated in late 1970s. First micro computer was built with 8 bit processor. Microcomputer is known as personal computer. Designed to use by individual whether in the form of pc’s, workstation or notebook computers.Mini Computer: eo RRO Ce RUE UC Cae ey limited tasks. Less expensive than mainframe computer. Mini computers are Lower mainframe in the terms of processing capabilities. Capable of ain eRe cue h ait rte Teen ig Ae 12 Pa Tia geese Zen — Hee i NET CR RO Cod Hage: a a tee A very powerful computer which capable of a thousands of user STW ease ee eee Reese le eee Le) ace) PM el (Meee Me clo a ee] ey) (COM cee MT ely instructions per second. Mainframes are very large & expensive computers Prune mcr ecciet tetra air Ntescon gersBeco Most powerful & most expensive computer. Used for complex scientific application that requires huge processing power. Used multiprocessor technology to perform the calculation very speedy. They are special purpose computers that are designed to perform some specific task. 7 Prepared By: Meghna Bhatt The cost of the super computer is depended on its processing eerie e ceee eE eS Ome mee Come R ecm Prien een nrc ters 2 Seri Ses OEM ears n resets TS cad * Teraflops = 1012 arithmetic operation per second. i eg ‘ain = * Petaflops = 1015 arithmetic operation per second. Caciaeee ene Pheer Toe let Duration: 1942-1955 Technology: vacuum tube) Used as a calculating device. Performed calculations in milliseconds. To bulky in size & complex design. Required large room to place it. Generates too much heat & burnt. Pe ote aE CRETE emer CML cca} must air-conditioner rooms are required. Commercial production is difficult ac & costly. Difficult to configure. eee commercial use. In struckm >(,1)/" es RYT Re Teco Duration: 1955-1964 ee CUO URC UES ORUr ly a 1st generation system. Less heat than 1st ge! Coy em MOS Tel Lan eee mee cere acumen tre uta an esto Mec em Cee en momen cane Poel feeder icaThird Generation: a) aes Ng ar Duration: 1965-1975 Technology: & chip Smaller in size than 1st & 2nd Pee Re ce ee Seen eC Cnemernrat reat! ecu Lely oe aed eB SERS or Cm me oreo * computers. Air -conditioner is required. Widely used for commercial ay Bye ue ee Ree Mum C Om eoe Lo IL A ONE eae OR Cm ee Meee ee Me mee ras AN aa Sa y less power than 2nd generation computer. Fourth Generation: Duration: 1975-1989 Technology: (eR EEG cl microprocessor chip. Smaller in size. Mucl F Minimum hardware maintenance is required. Very pil ahaee Pay Genes ir Pe acon emcee cacy eke eas (Gas BOT oma ESR ecgFifth Generation: Duration: 1989 to Present ieatidiag MR Mee fei emit lany smaller & handy. Based on the ULSI chip which contains 100 million fo (Tee eee ee Ce Ree ee ak tem weenie ToS eye eels ae CMU ee Te ke Oe a eC Ceca with multi-media features. High level languages are allowed to write Pee ott P opanee bag cud ew( INPUT DEVICES Be Diageo meu eR em ORME emt CO aoe INPUT DEVICES Pointing Scanning Voice-input Digital Devices Devices Devices ~ Mouse Camer Joystickom Rk — SP+icat Park Rexder CY (excura BR — Bar Gk Reader (rad mT pCa aS SAC oe Pn a 9} Touch nao aes Input Device Diva eA ALAS ace) Gd 2y)SV aye mm (Aue oeMOMCE Namen ia Pern Naren Tico acce bp Output Devices = Mutimedia Projector aOutput CJ Hardcopy a 34 | (ers ieee Ons es is (aa 7 ons re dad) aan 3 > Dot Mahix Fe jae a ee 7 Inkjet (Lin) Ey, eas: =)Sys ae Disk etc Dynamic EPROM Tre Disc EEPROMSetmdary a A pillar se Ae LL awe 2) ea) Hard Tres ses YA wv) ase Lar is Be uotCOMPUTER SCIENCE FOR ASS 12TH CBSE BOARL * Lecture No.- 02 * Fundamentals of Computers t/PES WARE AND I C ME Meee CME ICL Me aCe Mee) ae ee Lease es commands that tells a computer what to do. Or in other words, the software is a computer program that provides a set of instructions to execute a user’s commands and tell the computer what to do. For example like MS-Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc. The chart below describes the types of software:Types of Software System Software Application Software Language Customised Operating System procesor and General purpose Software E.g:- linux, Device Driver E.g:-Ms-word, E.g:-Railwars windows etc. E.g:- Interpreter, Photoshop etc reservation compiler etc system etc.A elu Li ae (rial oR) toad io ceo Ra Reel ee like memory and process CE oo a Com Mitac eM oer R Late Mitac aN Molar M Later) System software plays vital role for ba eoicee made eee It is independent of the application Rotana ong ON yer e It is designed to fulfill the requirements of the user for performing specific tasks. Written in a high-level language IY Cle ia Rol ae) Application software is not so important for the functioning of the system, as it is task specific. It needs system software to run.@x: MEV a ONY PVC orem ye CON) MET Cer ecm ane eel ecm ome Lael eo CoML ene Ue ore eZee Real cm viele oer erllt the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling Bene CTT such as disk drives and printers. Soa ae Co had he tae one CECB ee emcee BEC een oe and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.siticon ake ae 1971: Intel announces the microprocessor 1972: IBM comes out with VM: the Virtual Machine Operating System 1973: UNIX 4th Edition is published 1973: Ethernet BUYER aoe een omen) BEE Aer eee. ony sb emer eae BL icev yall August 12, 1981: IBM introduces the IBM PC 1983 Microsoft begins work on MS-Windows pee) aero mesure ig 1990 Microsoft Windows 3.0 comes out 1991 GNU/Linux 1992 The first Windows virus comes out BULK A TT Cea ey 2007: i0S 2008: Android OSOE a | User 2 LOT System Application Softwares Softwares )NS i) OPER. Following are some of important functions of an operating System eam ene routes Processor Management Device Management File Management ee Security pe Control over system performance a Doe Cewelt ta et aac Error detecting aids see [oer lem take meal MULL a) fad talline ji tsa) tad, ole dad So =i) MEMORY MANAGEME Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it must in the main memory. An Oye eclelimy ices Olmert oe Ce) ois ie eek ROMO RMU ote Cairo Rose CIa Mua aR Mm OVIC elem Male RSM mein SOU La leer eee eR In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory SOU Lue MiCehaaLnL ToL Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so. De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been terminated.i PRO OR MANAGEMENT In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the processor when and for how much time. This function is called process scheduling. An Operating System does the following activities for processor BenFeTare<20t(t0] Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program responsible for this task is known as traffic controller. Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process. r@) OI aoe EST alaeAn Operating System manages device communication via their respective drivers. It does the following activities for device management — Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as bait Ae) oy Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time. PM [olor teoment ke au ee Renesas( FILE MANAGEMENT PCRS coum mene mee cii re mcm lea cele OMA ICL ATCLeleny and usage. These directories may contain files and other directions. ONO ore eeu me mee olor ease Omi eCHe olde Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective feel aloe mei eel aun Ly yste Decides who gets the resources. Allocates the resources.r( TYPES Flew MO ee eco) In Batch Operating System, there is no direct interaction between user and computer. Therefore, the user needs to prepare jobs and save offline mode to punch card or paper tape or magnetic tape. After creating the jobs, hand it over to the computer operator; then the operator sort or creates the similar types of batches like B2, B3, and B4. Now, the computer operator submits batches into the CPU to execute the jobs one by one. After that, CPUs start executing jobs, and when all jobs are finished, the computer operator provides the output to the user. Time-Sharing Operating System It is the type of operating system that allows us to connect many people located at different locations to share and use a specific system at a single time. The time- sharing operating system is the logical extension of the multiprogramming through which users can run multiple tasks concurrently. Furthermore, it provideseach user his terminal for input or output that impacts the program or processor Cy currently running on the system. It represents the CPU's time is shared between many user processes. Or, the processor's time that is shared between multiple users simultaneously termed as time-sharing. pobre eee) ote cei) The Embedded operating system is the specific purpose operating system used in the computer system's embedded hardware configuration. These operating systems are designed to work on dedicated devices like automated teller machines (ATMs), airplane systems, digital home assistants, and the internet of things (IoT) OTe OTST ee ae ete Aico Due to the CPU's underutilization and the waiting for I/O resource till that CPU remains idle. It shows the improper use of system resources. Hence, the operating system introduces a new concept that is known as multiprogramming. A multiprogramming operating system refers to the concepts wherein two or more processes or programs activate simultaneously to execute the processes oneafter another by the same computer system. When a program is in run mode and Cy uses CPU, another program or file uses 1/0 resources at the same time or waiting for another system resources to become available. It improves the use of system resources, thereby increasing system throughput. Such a system is known as a multiprogramming operating system. a ee aoe lente couy A network operating system is an important category of the operating system that eee MC TMmITS Tira eel anVely aC eM cM Mnce Clem teal co) handle data, applications and other network resources. It provides connectivity among the autonomous operating system, called as a network operating system. The network operating system is also useful to share data, files, hardware devices and printer resources among multiple computers to communicate with each other. PEM WTO) leet Perle Meee ey ACME i eeaecliiaagelMel me oe erm asc mce) provide services and data processing resources for applications in which the time interval required to process & respond to input/output should be so small withoutany delay real-time system. For example, real-life situations governing an automatic CJ car, traffic signal, nuclear reactor or an aircraft require an immediate response to complete tasks within a specified time delay. Hence, a real-time operating system must be fast and responsive for an embedded system, weapon system, robots, scientific research & experiments and various real-time objects. ER cee BT ALC) These types of OS are used with those required to complete critical tasks within the Sie Mee ee mene MOR C ei eree ees MMU Rem Cle face serious issues like a system failure. In a hard real-time system, the secondary Sree UC Re U Se eRe Ae Okeke RUE Oe Soft Real-Time System A soft real-time system is a less restrictive system that can accept software and hardware resources delays by the operating system. In a soft real-time system, a critical task prioritizes less important tasks, and that priority retains active until completion of the task. Also, a time limit is set for a specific job, which enables short time delays for further tasks that are acceptable. For example, computer audio or SUC eM TEt CBs ame Oe Am ne) ee Comte (ocr molei) DULI A Process Scheduler schedules different processes to be assigned to the CPU based on particular scheduling algorithms. There are six popular process scheduling algorithms which we are going to discuss in this chapter — Ce See Coie alee aye ene chy Bree ities 4 * Shortest-Job-Next (SJN) Scheduling an a t an Hid * Priority Scheduling * Shortest Remaining Time i me * Round Robin(RR) Scheduling * Multiple-Level Queues Schedulingearn aes enka s9) Par @ + Jobs are executed on first come, first serve basis. if a ok Sie ete Bille ecu lehi om ace eehVoma rel eee liele te tiem ia 2 pe & Sie cS AOR Oe seule Tue mba) auton Pee SSi One te oxketPO gustg) > By = Ee S * Poor in performance as average wait time is high. Shortest Job Next (SJN) (eke * This is also known as shortest job first, or SJF + This is anon-preemptive, pre-emptive scheduling algorithm. + Best approach to minimize waiting time. + Easy to implement in Batch systems where required CPU time is known in advance. + Impossible to implement in interactive systems where required CPU time is not peaTe SU emo ema mehr ee emu REL Ce eee Re Com PROM tee le) (Ree ene Mt m Neu Mele hate loe merity Pe | dpe tie PCamietet Rtetc nr Bacty. BF j f y Priority scheduling is a non-preemptive algorithm and one of the most common scheduling algorithms in batch systems. Each process is assigned a priority. Process with highest priority is to be executed first and so on. Processes with same priority are executed on first come first served basis. Priority can be decided based on memory requirements, time requirements or any other resource requirement. ia 2 A Shortest Remaining Time im ? % Se eC aCe B EEC eh Co outta of the SJN algorithm. The processor is allocated to the job closest to completion but it can be preempted by a newer ready job with shorter time to completion. Impossible to implement in interactive systems where required CPU time is not bse Out It is often used in batch environments where short jobs need to give preference.PUB r meet ed + Round Robin is the preemptive process scheduling algorithm. + Each process is provided a fix time to execute, it is called a quantum. + Once a process is executed for a given time period, it is preempted and other Pelee cal OME COUR SLU oe een PEM oe Cent etek ORT Reem ero etc Laer se aaa TaeCOMPUTER SCIENCE * Lecture No.- 03 Dare tamnaNUMBER SYSTEM + When we type some letters or words, the computer translates them in numbers as computers can understand only numbers. A computer can eo ee ec ee cee ae ad Sone Renee om nec + different values depending on the position they occupy in the number. + The value of each digit in a number can be determined using ~ The digit PCr et Oeg ec Csen nen g The base of the number system (where the base is defined as the total number of digits available in the number system)TYPES OF NUMBER TEM Menem inl eee) Oe ny Pen eo Bec ec nnn PayeA ppc SMT E Teeny C } CN SN ae Rs en ae by. See eo OS a Oe ay ad Seen Ree eee eet ee mC ees re Reset eens eRe eee ee te CUE n ay Cot ec eres cee ero c ea Ea Coa ee Rete en Te 2. Octal number system E J + Ithas eight digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) so its base A) if Sere eee ont eee een enna St Led oNRee Ceca) This number system has ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9) so its base is SOS occa SoC eee nod PN tet +© Ce ocR etc @ ‘This number system has ten numeric data from 0 to 9 and 6 alphabetic data (A,B,C,D.E,F), total 16 values included so total digits included 16. It's base represent by 16. ) i Pe See 2S ptr] © aNUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION TABLEae MPUTER COD Dee crea ey Eats Eten aes 71) =) Eee Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) code is one ts Pees areata o convert each digit of a decimal number eye mmpetereinenn errr rr. ree niat a binary number. This makes the conversion process easier. EY ieee eh aee a0 Prone Ciena iP) ah i BCD code was extended from 6 bit code to an 8 bit code. The added 2 bits are used as additional zone bits, expanding the zone to 4 bits. The resulting Ree ies ce cers smo rec ne a Od cee esG ens a ee oa J ea Another widely used computer code is the American Standard Code for Es Ce ec SMe Lome Leach Cnt escuae Cm UTC nL microcomputers, and is frequently found in large computers produced by React ans SCL CO ena een Rane enc Re Ee Cacaet Re ceures Pema ee eA ee that can represent 128(27) a Poe aneHl DECIAML TO BINARY ACE aan) Pan i axe 8) AIG aria ote pcr Pa ae EAC 2 ai 2 Bee Cates eses Sl ny ze ea RWa) Torey 2 By fi eG Nee er prearerarteeree 7 G+ot 2+d gs |! ts one y 2} ie Iran 302 = O60 ‘Or ie abn Cr Ome Lap as Cp ry TCS meee ers q 5 Seer ea se alone cee ea ‘3 (aura aie, feyaf oon Bae 6 fl O al a rere ale 818 |o hana BE (64aseh ae) ar | B—=)—_,6 (o>) Ce < ie iP Sreo l= Cn 2> | @ | p ee SUD SteerBINARY TO HEXA Buoy ea oa @ PCT Ce a ee U a Laat a care We )) () i ae Saie idee Rs ae d 12 <4COMPUTER SCIENCE Pee tats Oe] SR eta NEA Mey ae ay¥Y by fe ete 23 el), ol =I eli), ra) hd cas cy in wea} Ras aiquzmmmp =. .° a Ge © SLES aaa ie ce (0) hat cieeay | ee 413 ie 9 (Orang) eer eet Ey ( ea a Ps 1'S Conplenent) nt re arG parce, (GoranDO eee os oer es pres re fa 28 gare Bes - 60 am zal 1G aan Se Ses Ly rr Cree Ber T Complement a Plu) Err oeSOFTWARE eR in Ree ee rec CeCe operating procedures. ia ate hae rata) ‘The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) defines software PNR ne en ome eee Se neces CeCe one Roe ee ORO Re Re coe Cee macer aaaSOFTWARE CHARACTERISTICS if aC ROC ee nee Rn ea intended purpose. Reliability: Refers to the ability of the software to provide desired functionality Paneth ete ere Usability: Refers to the extent to which the software can be used with ease. eee COR eR an ase Teun most effective and efficient manner. Maintainability: Refers to the ease with which the modifications can be made Oo cu mCnsccu tm eC Cnn Sn rae ernie nce Ceara Portability: Refers to the ease with which software developers can transfer PV eRe a aC nn rece rcoe nT Rr Oe eR RO eS mmc CN ttm eon different hardware and software platforms without making any changes in it.Re cuboics This class of software manages and controls the internal operations of a computer cn CRM Mm cee Co eT OST Meee cs resources efficiently and effectively. For example, an operating system is a system software, which controls the hardware, manages memory and multitasking Ce cece Cocoa) es Dro This class of software observes, analyzes, and controls real world events as they Creator AE CE UE Te We OR Rc nt aCe SE en rae Uso ene eae eer Pes ec ete a ao eee Re cae cd Re ae ELC a en eso es secCT ee SC a CO management and control of financial activities is of utmost importance. The ee Ren Cee Ree en eee coo Peete itora attr eecne entero eel nee See err eee eam aT geen Coeu MM CR oom eer eos eo ROR eC CC ene oS ere Eo es Cn eC ee Or ey PRC ROR Cnr UC ROO dnc mame cece mcrae eee een ee aoc CeCe Coe) Pesce ee CS Ces CoM MC mee eat cna) engineering and scientific software. This software is designed to perform precise REMC M me ne ec me ue MR ColaArtificial intelligence (AI) software: This class of software is used where the problem-solving technique is non-algorithmic in nature. The solutions of such eae eee eee eke cn rec nee aces eer es oo eee ieee eel eae Se meets eee etd Crom ne neuer te ea ace ne ee ORE Roe eS eee Ce Uncen act ae PR emer Ro em ene OR ce Te Ry ane eee eo ena oe Conca eecac auea menus cant Dera one ee eeCLASSIFICATION Personal computer (PC) software: This class of software is used for both official and personal use. The personal computer software market has grown over in the last two decades from normal text editor to word processor and from simple paintbrush to advanced image- editing software. This software is used predominantly in almost every field, Pe St eee eo Soe ec ar arecos multimedia-based software. It has emerged as a versatile tool for routine applications. — Lweware ts Nydas oe See octad* Lecture No.- 05 ® COMPUTER SCIENCE »~ [FOR CLASS 12TH CBSE BOARD | > CRB Secor untae me arte CTC tered |ANGUAGE & PROGRAM See COE ee Ree esd computer instructions. Or you can simply say it is the process of writing PR ce Reem on ee ees Contes ete Se eR Re eee eee Cece ene et erate eee te ys Poe tger sa a Se OR ee CM ee Pree ee Co Ue RO oe Cun eaerts ee erence sete ceANGUA\ ‘YP! Ss Deu eee eu ae ee cc ee od eee set eee ee eT ae Ue Poe ed ake accu en CH cH ee een ese Ra ee nace a Seer eee ce nee arc cea Ome Menara instructions directly and freely. The interpreter executes the program line by line. ego EC ae so Reems ea ee like, platform independence, dynamic scoping, dynamic typing etc. ear Ruby a)PES et eer ee control an application. Scripts which can be executed independently over any Cua semen hanno Cumin atm ets Eco RE COE te Example: PHP Mikasa Sane co Rent PU tere MS Ecce Derm a Cg Se eet se emcee a ne Oe eo Oe ett ei kes oot See TT aiPSEL Cc D Pseudo code is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a Cen ee ee See ee a eeu POU g ee eee eo ca ENR URN eee ete eo Peat Pseudo code uses the structural conventions of a programming language, but is rome CTS RT Tea CCS erate Cmca nek eae eaten So variable declarations, system-specific code and some subroutines peasy a Saclay a Paes ea ee a} ore Ke ie bay _ POOR orc tas ik ie < pi oh Peay Oe Poti y parcaCJ aes PU me Se Mea er Cece eo Ae Ne eT Ror a ee ee Om Ce een by connecting them with arrows. The diagrammatic representation illustrates a Pomenr kerr cae Cee ee ee eee oe Ree ae process or program in various fields. They are also used in designing and Peer ie tect a ares g — © LD start] stb > pe ay} pa oe aoe ic}Cant cn Addiim OL woreAn algorithm is a representation of a solution to a problem. Ifa problem can be defined as a difference between a desired situation and the current situation in SET euro Cer cc ent te emer ne nnd the current situation to the desired one. Ono et ec eee ame ey a) Nice eer ang solution to a problem, or to a specific class of problems for any allowable set of See un ca)ALGORITHMS ca Arek GMa CCesRCCO |} cSt} tal Yas an aD Soa Se aCe ae) Dat Butae Step d eee) Saal pera ear Daas Step RG ob aianes Biia ey fiettaned aay a a Gl of if a Ss is a Sdae ® TESTING & DEBUGGIN Neen Pee ae hed Seiten RS ear an saa PRR ea ae eae eee eco) ener In other words, we can say that the testing is a collection of techniques to determine the accuracy of the application under the predefined specification but, it cannot identify all the defects of the software. STS PRO en Uo ae) Cee eso eet CR ee nee Rc oe Rec to OR eh Se eo a cre modifying code errors in a software program.PRO! SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE MEER MeL Certtis Ciera Requirement Analysis is the most important and necessary stage in SDLC. Re eT stakeholders and domain experts or SMEs in the industry. CEU amen See eC ee risks associated with the projects is also done at this stage. 2. Defining Requirements Once the requirement analysis is done, the next stage is to certainly represent PUR tia einem ecu Cneent ae Cone test cement Poeee coos PTE ec ase Gi SoM OLN ne eae se ite Cea eee CT ee eee or) Poem nnn eed rss