1, Basic pointers
2, Strings - string functions
3, Storage classes
4, Advance pointers - 2D array, Dynamic memory, void * etc
5, UDT
6, Files
7, Misc
What?
How?
Basic pointers
Why?
What is pointer? -> Use? Where?
When?
1, Pass by ref
2, Dynamic memory
Why ? when? pass by ref
1, return more than 1 value - sum_prod, swap values,
2, passing array & string
3, UDT - struct
strings - Array of chars ending with nul
What are limitations of strcpy?
1. No limit checking
2. Won't work without nul
1. WAP to reverse a string. recursive
Eg hello -> olleh
2. WAP to reverse words in string
a) hello world -> world hello
b) hello world -> olleh dlrow
3. WAP to check palindrom
4. Find palindromes in on line.
5. WAP to find occurance of a word in a given string. Eg - of
Storage classes - memory segments
Code :- coverted machine level instruction + constant literals
10, 10.5, 'a', "hello"
Data :- Global & static
Stack :- auto local, fun args, return address
Heap :- Dynamic memory
Local -> auto, register, static (Scope is block)
Global -> Scope is entire program or file
extern * static
for(i=0; i<row; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<col; j++)
2D array
{
arr[i][j];
1. BS both static
}
}
Eg: int arr[3][4];
pointer to 1D array
scan_array(3, 4, arr)
scan_array(int r, int c, int (*arr)[c])
2. FSSD first static second dynamic
Array of pointers
int *arr[3];
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
arr[i] = malloc(4 * sizeof(int));
}
scan_array(arr, 3, 4)
scan_array(int *arr[], int r, int c)
3. BD both dynamic
Array of pointers
int **arr = malloc(3 * sizeof(int *))
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
arr[i] = malloc(4 * sizeof(int));
}
scan_array(arr, 3, 4)
scan_array(int *arr[], int r, int c)
4. FDSS first dynamic second static
pointer to 1D array
int (*arr)[5] = malloc(4 * sizeof(int[5]))
scan_array(4, 5, arr)
scan_array(int r, int c, int (*arr)[c])
1. WAP to allocate 2D array using both dynamic, scan and print
2. WAP find largest/smallest 1 2 3
3. WAP to store and print transpose od 2D array. 4 5 6
4. WAP to rotate 2D array in 90 degree clockwise 7 8 9
1 2 3 1 4 7 7 4 1
4 5 6 2 5 8 8 5 2
7 8 9 3 6 9 9 6 3
5. print 2D array in spiral format
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
void *
Generic pointer used for writing generic functions
Same logic/code for different datatype
Eg: sort(), search(), find_largest(), swap() etc
WAP - swap()
UDT
Structure -> Eg : explain with project
bitfield struct
Union -> To access same memory through different type
Eg: temp senser, ieee_float, access hardware/ports, endianness
PORTB union PORTS
RB0 {
RB1 char PORTB;
struct {
unsigned char RB7:1;
unsigned char RB6:1;
..
}
}
Structure padding
* Wordsize
* Data alignment
* CPU cycle saving
* avoid padding
Files -> ASCII, Binary
read/write char by char - fget/getc, putc/fputc
read/write line by char
1. fgets()
2. fscanf()
read complete/ huge content
1 fread()
volatile (unpredictable) Eg: Delay example
1, What is optimization
2, How to optimize using compler
3, How optimization currupt code. LED on/off with swtich
4, How volatile helps to overcome.
volatile const SW = 0; // off
LED = 0;// off
while(1)
{
if(SW == 1)
LED = 1;
else
LED = 0;
}
