Section A

Indigenous Religion

1. Explore the functions of spirits in Indigenous Religion.

Ancestral spirits 25.

- guide the family
- they protect their relatives against evil spirits, witchcraft and harmful magic
- help identify and initiate the traditional healer
- they act as intermediaries between God and people
- warn the living against any form of bad works such as incest, dishonest, etc
- heal the sick
- reward the good and punish wrong doers
- they bring fortunes
- they ensure wealth

Avenging spirits
- cause pain, panic, and punishment to a family, mostly because of unsolved and unresolved issues
and grudges.
- can cause disability and even mysterious death
- can torment the family of the perpetrator.

Hunting spirits
- possess the hunter before he goes out in search of his quarry.
- guide the hunter as to which animals he wants to catch

2. Discuss the importance of totems in Indigenous Religion. 25.

- are referred to as family name or clan
- they show history of the clan
- they identify behaviour
- basis for social identification
- encourage solidarity and unity
- have a religious function, kurova guva is led by a person of the same totem with the deseased
- basis for socialisation
- regulate marriage (help avoid exogamous marriage)
- solving conflicts
- basis for dividing roles and responsibilities
- regulate the environment (conserve nature)
-
3. Discuss taboos and their significance in protecting the environment. 25.
* taboos are moral sanctions that help in shaping a person's virtue (unhu) and protect the
environment in the community
- prohibition of cutting down sacred trees such as muhacha reduces deforestation, shelter and
habitats for animals
- eating animals that represent one's totem is prohibited, leading to the conservation of wildlife
- pollution of sacred places such as pools, forests is not allowed. This promotes tourism and
conservation of pools (hygiene)
- fetching water using a black (dirty due to burning of fire) is not allowed. This keeps the
environment clean and thus protects acquatic life.
- excreting on the road is prohibited. This helps keep the environment clean (hygiene)
- selling wild fruits is prohibited. This helps to keep food for wild animals
- incest is prohibited. It's a direct provocation of ancestral spirits. This leads to failure of rain. Rain
is good for every living organism.
- hunting taboos conserve nature
- eating pangolins is a taboo. It's a preserve for chiefs and Kings. This helps reduces extinction of
pangolins.
- sacred places, rivers and mountains

4. Discuss the nature of divorce and it's causes in Indigenous Religion. 25.
* Divorce is a legal or customary decree that marriage is dissolved.
- Unfaithfulness (prostitution)
- marriage at an early age
- short period of courtship and dating before marriage
- discovery of loss of virginity at the first consumation
- disapproval of marriage by relatives and friends
- barrenness (infertility)
- limited economic resources (unemployment)
- presence of children at the beginning of the marriage
- being highly or lowly educational qualification
- poor communication
- poor hygiene
- infidelity or sexual immorality among other things
- disrespect of each other

NB: Try to give a solution to (way to minimise) each cause of divorce, such as:
- couples should be groomed (informal education)
- pre and post-marital rites
- avoiding cohabitation
- marriage must be taken at community level
- bride price must be paid by parents and other relatives must attend the ceremony
- satisfaction in bed
- divorce procedures must be made difficult
- kupindira

5. Discuss the ways of wealth creation in Indigenous Religion. 25.

- wealth creation is the activity of creating a business or businesses.
-alien spirits confer talents upon individuals
- traditional healing
- hunting
- production of artifact
- tilling land
- keeping livestock
- mining
- craft work (making traditional instruments)
- (Trade) selling traditional instruments
- playing traditional instruments

Prohibited ways of wealth creation

- use of magic or supernatural powers (goblins or zvikwambo)
- use of bad ways such as (divisi) to obtain high yields
- prostitution or cheating
- obtaining wealth through social ills such as witchcraft
- kuromba
- stealing
- false prophecy (tsikamutandas)
Section B

Judaism

QN: Compare the perceptions of death in Judaism with the perceptions of death in other
religions.
Answer:
- Death in Islam
- it's not the end of life
- it's inevitable
- it's a form of punishment and test of faith
- it's passage to afterlife
- one who commits suicide doesn't enjoy afterlife

Death in Judaism
- death is God's plan and end of life
- death is inevitable
- death is not a tragedy though mercy killing is not encouraged
- there is life after death
- euthanasia is prohibited

Death in Christianity
- it's the end of a person's earthly life and beginning of eternal life in heaven
- there are some who believe in life after death immediately after death
- others believe in the inconsciousness of the dead right up to the second coming of Christ when a
resurrection will take place

7. Discuss the concept of health and well-being in Judaism.

# health is core value in Judaism
- good health shows a good relationship with Yahweh
Rambam's recommendation
- one should not eat when one is hungry- water is not allowed to be taken when eating (only little
water and wine is allowed to preserve health and well-being)
- one must not delay when one feels like urinating or defaecating
- one should sleep eight hours a day, not less or more, to keep healthy
- one should not wake up before the sun rises
- after eating, one should lean with one's right side in order for the food to move in the right
passage
- one should not drink water soon after eating, but wait up until the food has been digested
- in summer, one should eat cold foods and should not eat food with spices
- during rainy seasons, one should eat cold foods

# Recommended foods
- kasher - foods that are allowed to be eaten
- trephor - forbidden foods (they are carriers of evil)
- kashroot - foods that are not eaten at all

# Causes of illness
- evil spirits
- contaminated water or food
- caused by sin
- God's punishment

# Methods of healing
- consult doctors
- consult Yahweh (Isaiah 38)

8. Evaluate the status of women in Judaism. 25.

# Positive and or negative attitudes towards women in Judaism
* Positive attitude
- women as judges (Deborah was a judge, she sent her soldiers to war)
- women as prophetesses (Miriam, sister of Moses)
- women are regarded as childbearers
- women as care-givers (Moses' mother cared for her own son)
- women were built rather than created (Eve)

# Negative attitude
- women as sex toys ( Solomon had 400 wives and 300 concubines)
- women excluded in education
- women not allowed to read the Torah
- Excluded from politics
- women as harlots (Gomer)
- women as temptresses (Eve tempted Adam)
- woman's barrenness is a curse
- menstrual taboo shows woman's uncleanliness motherhood

9. Explore the significance of land in Judaism. 25.

- land in Judaism is a major element in the Abrahamic promise (covenant)
- land is the cornerstone of the Israel covenant
- the land of Canaan became the focal point on an ongoing struggle during Solomon's era
- land belongs to Yahweh
- Jewish life is not complete without land
- land was a form of power

10. Assess how the Jewish attitudes influence environmental conservation. 25.
# Nature is God's gift to humans that they work on it and take care of it.
# Nature is the source of human healthy food (including herbs)
- every man and woman has an obligation to protect nature, including the land from which he or
she is taken and to which he will go
- the Jewish ceremony of the festival of the first fruits is a celebration of the natural environment
on which they fully depend
- the Jewish law forbids same sex marriage which is a violation of the law of the natural
environmental nature

1⃣ *The original Sin*

Ancestral Sin resulting from the fall of [Link] and eve ,the sin of disobedience in consuming of
the tree of knowledge of good and [Link] has led to automatic guilt .We human beings sure of
Adams sins which are transmitted like a disease .
*1)* The adamic sin Brings
*2)* Deficiency /depravity /lack
*3)* Tendecnyc towards sin guilty
*4)* Collective transmittable
*5)* Condemnable
*6)* Lacking freedom to do good
*7)* Lack of grace to do good
*8)* Adam -Chest -define justice(sin enter the world through man and exist through Christ's
salvation actions)

*"*_For Adam all die ,so in Christ all will be made alive_*"*
*"*_Paul believed that Adam's transgression in a mysterious way affected the nature of tehuman
race ,the sin ,a Pauline creation with no biblical or post biblical Jewish,was irreparable by ordinary
human effort_*"*
*Problems*
*Irenius* :- Did not believe that Adam's sins had grave consequences for humanity ,he could not
link Adam's sin to the world's universal sinfulness. Adam's sin belongs to Adam only ,knowing
good and evil was integral part of human nature.
Adam was just a bad example .He can be presented as a bad case of a being ,who erred .According
to Irenius human beings are by default neutral .They can either do good or [Link] can be
corrupted through social indoctrination or be made good and loving and through education in a
good social [Link] and wickedness are because of faulty reasoning or lack of education.
Education can teach people to be enlightened and moral eg women and children.

*Effects of the original sin*

*1)* Death
*2)* Suffering
*3)* Shame
*4)* Guilt without condemnation
*5)* Pain
*6)* Misery

2⃣ *Actual Sin*
These are sins which people [Link] can be divided into two --:--:

*Actual*
This is mortal sin horrible offences against Godmwiht the full knowledge of the deeds(Psalms
51:3-4)full of [Link] is sin done by tr abuse of free will.

3⃣ *Vernial Sin*
These are lesser sin that does not result in a complete separation from God and eternal doom in
hell as a unrepentant mortal sin would [Link] relationship between sin and morality Sin
equates to [Link] stresses the need to avoid wrong [Link] stressed a virtuous life for
example through the sermon on the mount on Christian conduct.
He teaches about pride ,sexuak immorality ,murder and deviation from God's laws.

*Major consequences of sin*

*1)* Hell
*2)* Condemnation
*3)* Guilt
*4)* Death

Qn: Explain why land is a sensitive issue in Judaism. (25)

Answer:
-The Israelite land is regarded as holy and Israel has become known as the ‘Holy Land’
-The land belonged to Yahweh who was the ultimate king over Israel. (Lev 25:23, Hosea 9:3, Jer
16:18)
-The people were only tenants on the land (the principle of stewardship)
-The land of Israel was given as a promise to Abraham in Genesis 17:7-8(Abrahamic covenant)
-The land of Israel was given to the Jewish people as an everlasting possession by an eternal
covenant
-Many mitzvoth can only be performed in the land of Israel according to the Torah
-No land was to be sold permanently (Lev 25:23)
-The Israelite ancestors were buried in the land of Israel and hence the land is consecrated and
contains Israel’s holiest cities; Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberius
-Many Jews want to be buried in Israel there is a belief that burial in the Holy land will cause to be
absolved of all sins
-The land of Israel is a spiritually sensitive place where the Jews can achieve their mission through
obedience to God’s will
-If the Israelites abandoned their mission through disobedience, God would banish the Israelites
from the land (Deut 11:13-17)
-Exile was one of the severest forms of punishment for the people of God as they all wished to die
on home soil (Jer7:4)
-The Israelite land was a form of heritage and could not be sold to anyone outside family lineage
(Naboth’s vineyard)
-Land grabbing, greed and exploitation is constantly warned against by ppts(Isaiah 5:8)
Absence of land tax in biblical law shows that land belonged to God
-Boundary markers on land were supposed to be respected (Deut 19:4)
-The series of holy wars by the Jews were meant to protect the land from foreign invasion
# Even today, it is the aspiration of every Jew living outside Israel to step on the land of Israel
before death

Qn:Analyse the works of Mohammed as a prophet

Answer:
-Muhammad started to preach in Mecca to the Meccans saying there is only one God
( monothusm ) and was not suppossed to be worshiped w idols
- The people in Arabia were idolaters they practised idolatery they worshiped idols but
Muhammad had long hated the deeds of his pple of Mecca who were poletheistic and they made
a lot of money frm people who came to worship idols at *kaaba* in Mecca
-Kaaba was a black stone found in Mecca wc was believed to have fallen frm heaven
-Many busness man in Mecca made Idols
- The owners of these idols were not happy with Muhamad bcz their bzness was being affected
since these idols were tgeir source of lncome and life hood
- Muhammad also preached about the ressurrection of the dead and God's judgemt fo him God
wld judge pple according to their deeds
- Khadijah was Moha first convert, the second convert was either Ali his cousin or zayd a slave
- The 3rd convert was Abusakr his friend
- other converts came frm the poor pple in Mecca
-The rich , old plle, and clqn leaders oppossed Muhammad but his uncle Abu Tqlib and a few
members of the clan offered him protection
-As soon as Muhammad started to recite the Korqn and preached the truth which God had revied
to him he and his small group followers suffered persecution frm the unbelivers
-This persecution and oppossition against his followers continued to grow
-As the percecution grew fiece God gave MuHammad the command to migrate so they
migrated to Ethopia wc was a Christian Kingdom there is a striking similarity btwn Jesus and
Muhammad bcz he seek refuge in Egypt
-The persecution was inform of boycotts against Muhammad and his clan
-In 619 CE /his uncle Abu Talib and Khadijah died
- the death of Abu Talib left him without Clqn protection
Young children thew Stones at him
-in 622 CE Muhammad and his followers migrated frm Mecca to the city of Meddina and his
migration marked tge beggining of Lsamkc Calendar known as Hijr
-It was at Medina that Lslam as a religion took shape
-hijr means migration
-Moslems date events of their calendars frm the time of Hjrr
-After several years Mohammad and his followers were able to return to Mecca were they forgave
their enemies ( so Muhammad was teqching pple about forgivnes)
-Before he died at the age of 63/the greater lart of Arabian peninsula had become Moslem
-Mohammad died in 632Ce and he was burried in Meddina
-Within a century of his death lsla. Had spread to Spain in the West and as far East as China
-Among the reasons for the rapid and peaceful spread was the truth and clarity of each doctrine
(teaching) ie Lslam cause fo faith in only one God who is the knly worth of worship
-The prophet Muhammad was an example of honest , justy , truthful and brave human being so
(As pple we must follow his path reffering to our qsn) l gave u earlier
- Although he was a person he was far removed frm all evil characteristics and he strived fo
the sake of God and his reward in the year after after.
More over , in all his actions and dealings he was ever mindful and fearful of God

*PROPHECY IN ISRAEL BEGAN WITH SAMUEL

-Samuel organised the Hebrews into a nation after their arrival in Canan .
-Samuel took as a patriach (father of Nation),as priest,religious leader and as a judge .in relation to
that ,this maltitude of duties ranks him as one Unique fellow who served the Nation of Israel than
anyone else .This simply means that Samuel is the prophet who began with prophecy in Israel
*-Samue saved as *seer* (1samuel 10:2-8) he greatly supported Yahweistic cult which was formed
by [Link] gave it a greater momentum and shape .In his capacity as a pries Samuel
exercised all practical roles of man of God .there he was a stong prophet active in Israel
*-Samuel anointed the first king of of Israel* he did this with his full strength and capacity and
received non help .By doing such a duty he set himself the first prophet of Israel *appoint and
anoint*
*-Samuel also vigorously advocated for monotheism in Israel* - although the campaign Began
with Moses as he destroyed the Golden calf The major aspect is that Moses was not doing the task
in Israel bt in the Wilderness going to Canan bt Samuel was ministering in the land of Isarel
*If we are to speak strictly about prophecy in the land of Israel , credits should be given to Samuel
rather than Moses , but if we are generally talking about the beginning of prophecy among the
Hebrew pple we may give great credits to Moses*

Additions and subtractions on the above presentation are allowed

Explain why those heard the prophecies of Amos found his msg hard to accept

A good essay to this QN has give and bring out clearly the distinction that not all who listened to
Amos found his msg hard to listen. This claim takes it for granted that Amos' message was
directed to the rules, nobility, women of the nobility, merchants, judges and priests. Whilst these
were being a message hard to receive; the poor, though not the message's target cld hear it and
would be happy that their enemies were being vindicated/ punished. While these faced punishment
the poor/ the afflicted were being justified/ liberated. Therefore not all who who listened to Amos'
message disliked it/ found it hard to accept for the afflicted enjoyed that by the vindication of their
enemies their liberation is coming

The prophet Amos prophesied the total destruction of Israel by military defeat. He proclaims a
gloomy picture of God’s punishment. Strong metaphors drawn from animal violence and natural
catastrophe are used by Amos to announce destruction. The overall impression is death. In the
first chapter the motto of Amos equates God with a roaring lion. Using a similar metaphor in
Amos 3:12, he uses the imagery of animal violence to illustrate how God would deal with his
people. In this verse J.P. Hyatt in Peakes`s Bible Commentary sternly warned that the verse is
referring to complete death. The lion is a beast of prey which will never spare its victim. In the
main body of his book (chapter 5-8) Amos proclaims death using poetic devices and visions. The
funeral dirge in Amos 5 Vs 2 is a poetic device suggesting destruction of the nation of Israel:
Fallen, no more to rise is the virgin Israel. Further elaborations associate this death with the day of
the Lord: “it is darkness and not light.”

The vision of judgement which Amos saw reveal natural disaster which threatened the whole
ecosystem. A great fire (7:4-6) would consume the vegetation and leak the subterranean waters of
the land of Israel. A great swarm of locusts (7:1-3) would invade the whole crop and destroy it
completely. The basket of summer fruit (8:1) suggested that Israel was ripe for destruction and so
would not see the next season. And the he was a prophet of doom.

This message of doom was directed to the rulers, nobility, women of the nobility, merchants,
judges and priests. Whilst these were being adressed whith a message of unavoidable doom, the
poor, though not target of the message, cld hear it and would be happy that their enemies were
being vindicated/ punished. While these faced punishment the poor/ the afflicted were being
justified/ liberated. Therefore not all who who listened to Amos' message disliked it/ found it hard
to accept for the afflicted enjoyed that by the vindication of their enemies their liberation is
coming