New

syllabus
Computer Science 2023-24
Class XII ( As per
CBSE Board)

Chapter 6
Computer Network
and Network types

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 Computer Network
A computer network is a set of nodes like computers and
networking devices that are connected through communication for
the purpose of communication and sharing
resources(hardware/software) among the users.
Networks are used to:
(Benefits of computer network)
• Facilitate communication through email / video conferencing /
instant messaging or any other mode.
• Share hardware devices like a printer or scanner
• Enable file sharing
• Share software or operating programs
• Share information
Disadvantages of computer network
Lack of robustness, security issue, cost of network
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 Evolution of
networking
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork): In 1969, The US govt.
formed an agency named ARPANET to connect computers at various universities and
defense agencies. The main objective of ARPANET was to develop a network that could
continue to function efficiently even in the event of a nuclear attack.
The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated,
evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1985 to
1995 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States
Internet (INTERconnection NETwork): The Internet is a worldwide network of
computer networks. It is not owned by anybody. The internet has evolved from
ARPANET. The internet is a globally connected network system that utilizes TCP/IP to
transmit information. following services are instantly available through internet :
Email, Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services, Online movies and gaming ,
Data transfer/file-sharing, Instant messaging , Internet forums , Social networking ,
Online shopping ,Financial services
Interspace: is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to
communicate online with real –time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D
environments.
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 Data Communication
Terminologies
Communication means means of sending or receiving information,
such as phone lines or computers.
Components of communications sender, receiver, message,
communication media, protocols

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 Data Communication
terminologies
Communication Channel (Transmission media): A communication channel is either a physical
transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium
such as a radio channel in telecommunications and computer networking.
Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred from one point to [Link] is a
measure of the range of frequencies a transmitted signal occupies. In digital systems,
bandwidth is the data speed in bits per second. In analog systems, bandwidth is measured in
terms of the difference between the highest-frequency signal component and the lowest-
frequency signal [Link] is expressed in Hz, KHz, and MHz. The hertz (symbol:
Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as
one cycle per [Link] is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Hertz are commonly expressed
in multiples: kilohertz (103 Hz, kHz), megahertz (106 Hz, MHz), gigahertz (109 Hz, GHz)
Data transfer rate: DTR is the amount of data in digital form that is moved from one place to
another in a given time on a network. Data rates are often measured in megabits (million bits)
or megabytes (millionbytes) per second.
bps bits per second Bps bytes per second
Kbps kilobits per second KBps kilo bytes per second
Mbps megabits per second MBps megabytes per second
Gbps giga bits per second GBps giga bytes per second
Tbps tera bits per second TBps tera bytes per second
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 Transmission media
Wired Networks - It is also known as Ethernet networks, that is most common type of LAN technology. A
wired network is simply a collection of two or more computers, printers, and other devices linked by
Ethernet cables/ any form of wired media. Ethernet is the fastest wired network protocol, with connection
speeds of 10 megabits per second (Mbps) to 100 Mbps or higher. Computer must have an Ethernet adapter
(sometimes called a network interface card, or NIC) to connect with wire. Most of the network topology
uses wired networks.
Cable Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber optic
Signal form electricity electricity Light
cost least moderate High
speed low moderate High
Ease of use Easy to install Professional installation Professional installation

reliability low moderate High

Real life application Telephone Tv cable Data transmission &
network telephone line
Data transmission rate 10Mbps – bps 100Mbps >100Gbps
Data transfer range 100m 185m - 500m -
image

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 Transmission media
Wireless Networks – It uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to
communicate. Wireless allows for devices to be shared without networking cable
which increases mobility but decreases range.
Infrared Wave Transmission - Short Range Communication: Infrared waves can
travel from a few centimetres to several meters.(Approx. 5m ). Line of Sight
Propagation:Infrared uses point to point communication, both transmitter and
receiver should be placed in line of sight of each other and there should not be
any obstacle in between. Cannot Penetrate Solid object. It is Inexpensive mode of
Communication. Secure : At a time only two devices can communicate therefore
information passed to one device is not leaked to another device.
Radio Wave Transmission:- Long Range Communication : Radio waves can cover
distances ranging from a few meters (in walkie-talkies) up to covering an entire
city. Omnidirectional: Radio waves are propagated in all directions. Therefore
sending and receiving antennas do not have to be aligned. Penetrates Solid
Objects. Inexpensive mode of communication. Radio wave communication is
insecure communication.

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 Transmission media
Microwave radio, a form of radio transmission that use. Ultra-high frequencies. It is a point-
to-point, rather than a broadcast, transmission system. Additionally, each antenna must be
within line of sight of the next antenna. Frequency Bands Maximum Antenna Separation
Analog/Digital 4-6 GHz 32-48 km Analog 10-12 GHz 16-24 km Digital 18-23 GHz 8-11 km
Digital.
Satellite Communication It provide worldwide coverage independent to population
[Link] ommunication Systems offer telecommunication (Satellite Phones),
positioning and navigation (GPS), broadcasting, internet, Mobile, TV, etc.

It support Very Long Range Communication with Line of Sight Propagation . It Cannot
Penetrate Solid [Link] is Very Expensive communication mode.

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 Computer Network
(Not part of syllabus)
Microwave link vs Optical fiber
Microwave which is also known as Radio links have been used by many companies
for decades. Most of the Mobile (Cellular) networks use microwave to connect their
cell towers to their backhaul [Link] mobile operators, a reason using
microwave is not the speed which microwave provides. It is used to connect their
remote sites (Rural areas) , because microwave is a faster and cheaper deployment
option compare to fiber.
When more capacity (bandwidth) is required, fiber becomes more economical.
Actual cost of fiber deployments is laboring cost. Digging a trench and laying the
fiber , getting the required permissions from the land owners and from the
[Link] have to dig a trench that’s hundreds (or thousands) of kilometers
long, or lease access to ducts that have already been laid by infrastructure
[Link] of the land is very important for the fiber deployments. For
example, when faced with a mountain or river, do we go straight across at great
expense, or do you make a diversion to the nearest bridge or tunnel? Combine all of
these factors and you’ll understand why most of the world’s terrestrial fibre
networks are deployed alongside existing roads and railways.

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 Network devices

Computer hardware devices which are used to connect

computers, printers, or any other electronic device to a
computer network are called network devices. These
devices transfer data in a fast, secure and correct way
with some specific functionality over same or different
networks.

Some devices are installed on the device, like Internal

modem, NIC card or RJ45 connector, whereas some are
part of the network, like router, switch, etc.

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 Network devices
NIC – This is at top among other networking devices and mostly used networking device.
This is also known as network adapter card, Ethernet Card and LAN card. It allows our PC to
communicate with other PCs. A PC uses parallel data transmission to transmit data between
its internal parts where as the media that connects this PC with other device/PCs uses serial
data transmission. A NIC converts parallel data stream into serial data stream and vice
versa.

RJ-45 (Registered Jack – 45) is an eight wired connector that is used to connect
computers on a local area network (LAN), especially Ethernet.

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 Network devices
HUB – HUB is used to connect multiple computers in a single LAN network of one
workgroup. Generally HUBs are available with 4,8,12,24,48 ports.
When a hub receives signal on its port, it repeats the signal and forwards that signal from
all ports except the port on which the signal arrived. In below diagram leftmost node try to
send signal to rightmost node ,but signals are distributed to all ports(nodes).
There are two types of HUB
Passive HUB:- It only forwards the signal on
all ports without amplifying the signal.
Active HUB:- it forwards the signal with
improvement in the quality of data signal
by amplifying it. That why such hubs need
additional power supply.
Based on port type, there are two types of
HUB:-
Ethernet HUB :- All ports have RJ-45
connectors.
Combo HUB :- Several different types of
connectors such RJ-45, BNC, and AUI
available as ports in such HUB.
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 Network devices
SWITCH –Switch is also used to connect multiple computers together in a LAN
workgroup,just like hub. Switches are available with 4,8,12,24,48,64 ports. Switch makes
their switching decisions by using application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).Due to
switching decision capability, switch sends signal to recipient only and that’s why switches
are called as intelligent hub. In below diagram leftmost node sending signal to rightmost
node.

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 Network devices

Modem – Modem is short for Modulator Demodulator. It’s an

electronic device used to access the Internet that modulates carrier
waves to encode information to be transmitted and also
demodulates incoming carrier waves to decode the information they
[Link] means digital to analog signal conversion and its
vice versa is known as demodulation.

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 Network devices
Repeater – In a network signal travels a long distance in transmission
media. Due to resistance of media signal becomes weak. Repeater is
a networking device which regenerates the signal and forwards
these signal with more power.

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 Network devices
Router – Routers operate in the physical, data link and
network layers. Router is a networking device which
chooses the best optimal path from available pats to send
the signals. It interconnects different networks. The
simplest function of a router is to received packets from
one connected network and pass them to second
connected network.

Gateway – A networking device capable to convert

protocols so that two different network architecture based
system can communicate with each [Link] works as
protocol convertor.
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 Network devices
Hub Vs. Switch
A hub works on the physical layer (Layer 1) of OSI model while Switch works
on the data link layer (Layer 2). Switch is more efficient than the hub. A
switch can join multiple computers within one LAN, and a hub just connects
multiple Ethernet devices together as a single segment. Switch is smarter
than hub to determine the target of the forwarding data. Since switch has a
higher performance, its cost will also become more expensive.
Switch Vs. Router
In the OSI model, router is working on a higher level of network layer (Layer
3) than switch. Router is very different from the switch because it is for
routing packet to other networks. It is also more intelligent and sophisticated
to serve as an intermediate destination to connect multiple area networks
together. A switch is only used for wired network, yet a router can also link
with the wireless network. With much more functions, a router definitely
costs higher than a switch.

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 Network devices
Router vs Gateway
Gateway regulates traffic between two dissimilar networks, while router
regulator traffic between similar networks. A router is a hardware device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform
the traffic directing functions on the Internet.
 Connection In One Network With Router - For example, there are 30
computers connected inside Network A. All these computers
communicate with each other. In this situation, no gateway is needed.
Because a router with a routing table that defines the hops within those
30 computers is enough.
 Connection Between Different Networks With Gateway - In another
hand, we suppose that there are two networks, that are Network A and
Network B. Computer X from Network A wants to send data to
Computer Y from Network B, then there need to have both a Gateway A
and a Gateway B so that the two networks will be able to communicate.

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 Network devices
Wi-Fi cards - are small and portable cards that allow your
computer to connect to the internet through a wireless network. Wi-
Fi transmission is through the radio waves, these signals are picked
up by Wi-Fi receivers such as computers and cell phones equipped
with Wi-Fi cards. The devices need to be within the range of a Wi-Fi
network to receive the signals and produces a wireless internet
connection. Once a connection is established between userand the
network, the user is prompted with a login screen and password for
establishing is a secure [Link]-Fi cards can be external or
internal. If a Wi-Fi card is not installed inside your computer, you
may purchase an external USB antenna attachment and connect it to
your device. Many computers and mobile devices are now adays
equipped with wireless networking capability and do not require a
Wi-Fi card.
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 Computer Network

Structure of a network- The geometrical arrangement of computer

resources, network devices along with communication channel is
known as Network structure or Network topology.
Topology can be physical or logical
• Physical Topology-physical layout of nodes and cables in the network.
• Logical topology - the way information flows between different components.
Types of Physical Network Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology

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 Computer Network

Bus Topology
Nodes are connected through a common communication media
like diagram given below.
node node node

Communication media

node node node

Advantages of a Bus topology

• Easy to install
• Minimal Cable
Disadvantages of a Bus topology
• Difficult reconnection
• Difficult to find the problem
• Difficult to add new devices
• Break stops all transmission of data

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 Computer Network

Star Topology
The star topology uses a separate cable for each
node/[Link] cable connects the node to a central
device typically a HUB.
Advantages of a Star topology node
node

• Less expensive than mesh

• Easy to install, easy to configure
Hub/
• If one link fails the network can still switch
node
function node

Disadvantages of a Star topology

• Everything depends on the hub node

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 Computer Network

Tree Topology
In which a central root node (the top level of the hierarchy) is
connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower
in the hierarchy node

Advantages of a Mesh topology

• It is scalable.
• Easier fault identification and isolation. node
node
Disadvantages of a Mesh topology
• Maintenance of the network may be an issue
when the network spans a great area. node node

• if the backbone fails, the entire network is

crippled.

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 Computer Network

Types of network
1. Personal Area Network (PAN) – communication between two-
three mobile devices or PC for personal purpose.
2. Local Area Network (LAN) – limited area (within building)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – within city
4. Wide Area Network (WAN) – within multiple city/state/
countries

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 Computer Network

1. Personal Area Network(PAN) –

Spread in the proximity of an individual. Cover an area of a few
meters radius. Set up using guided media(USB cable) or
unguided media (Bluetooth, Infrared). Owned, controlled, and
managed by a single person.
Examples: A network of devices such as computer, Phone,
MP3/MP4 Player, Camera etc. Transferring songs from one cell
phone to another is a PAN of two phones. Transferring files from
a PC to an MP3 playeris a PAN between the two.

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 Computer Network

2. Local Area Network (LAN) – LANs are the most frequently

used/discussed [Link] is one of the most common one of
the simplest types of [Link] is designed for small physical
areas such as an office, group of [Link] of different types
of topologies can be used to design LAN like Star, Ring, Bus, Tree
etc.
Characteristics of LAN
• private networks means no need of regulatory control.
• Operate at relatively high speed.
• Ethernet, Token ring etc type media access controls are used
• Connects computers in a single building, block or campus.

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 Computer Network

Advantages of LAN Examples: A networked

• Resource Sharing office building, school or
• Software Applications Sharing home. Sometimes one
• Easy and Cheap Communication building can contain a few
• Centralized Data small LANs (Like some
• Data Security schools have independent
• Internet Sharing LANs in each computer
Disadvantages of LAN lab.).
• High Setup Cost
• Privacy Violations
• Data Security Threat
• LAN Maintenance Job
• Covers Limited Area
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 Computer Network

3. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN):– Spread within a city .

Cover an area of a few kilometres to a few hundred kilometres
radius. Set up using all types of all guided and unguided media.
Owned and operated by a government body or a large
corporation.
Examples: A network of schools, or banks, or Government
offices etc. within a city. A MAN is usually formed by
interconnecting a number of LANs and individual computers.

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 Computer Network

4. Wide Area Network (WAN) –Slightly more complex than a

LAN, a WAN connects computers across longer physical
distances. The Internet is the most basic example of a WAN,
connecting all computers together around the world. Because of
a WAN’s vast reach, it is typically owned and maintained by any
single person or owner.
Characteristics of WAN
• Covers large distances(states, countries, continents).
• Communication medium like satellite, public telephone
networks etc and routers are used establish connection.
Examples: A network of ATMs, BANKs, National Government
Offices, International Organizations' Offices etc., spread over a
country, continent, or covering many continents.
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 Computer Network

Advantages of WAN
• Long distance business can connect on the one network.
• Shares software and resources
• Messages can be sent very quickly to wide range of nodes
• Hardware devices can be shared.
Disadvantages of WAN
• Need a good firewall to restrict unauthorized access
• Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow and
complicated.
• Maintaining a network is a full-time job
• Security is a mazor issue when many different people have
the ability to use information

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 Computer Network

Network Layout –
The plan or design or arrangement of network wings and nodes
to be laid out is known as network layout.

A good network layout provides the following features

❖ Communication speed
❖ File sharing
❖ Back up and Roll back is easy
❖ Software and Hardware sharing
❖ Security
❖ Scalability
❖ Reliability

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 Computer Network

How to decide Network Layout –

The network layout can be best which provide

less installation and maintenance cost as well as
easy installation and maintenance. It is only
possible when it is properly designed, design
with shortest cable length and fulfill our
network requirements.

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 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example
Freya Tech Corporation (FTC) is a professional consultancy company. The
company is planning to set up their new offices in India with its hub at
Udaipur. As a network adviser, you have to understand their requirement and
suggest them the best network layout.

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 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example

-> Possible bus topologies

a) Human Resource -> Conference -> Finance = 110+80 =190m

b) Conference -> Finance -> Human Resource = 80+40 =120m

c) Finance -> Human Resource -> Conference = 40+110=150m

All can be arranged in round robin manner
Ring topology will be discarded as it will increase the cable length
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 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example

-> Possible Star topologies

❖ Here best layout is
a) Human Resource = 110+40 =150m b) finance to
conferece and
Conference Finance finance to Human
resourse as it
b) = 80+40 =120m require minimum
Finance
cable length
Conference Human Resource ❖ Tree topology will
be also same due to
Conference only three blocks
c) = 80+110=190 m are here
Finance Human Resource
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 Computer Network
How to decide Server location– Example

Server location can be decided by seeing the number of

computers/nodes required in each block of network.
Server must be installed at the wing/block with Maximum
number of Computers due to maximum load/requirement
of services in that block in whole network .So in above
example Server can be installed at Finance block.
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 Computer Network
How to decide Repeater location
❖ We need a repeater when the total length of a single span of
network cable(Twisted pair) exceeds 100 meters (328 feet).
❖ We need a repeater when the total length of a single span of
network cable(Coaxial cable) exceeds 500 meters.
❖ maximum distance of a fiber optic link can be 80-100 km but it
depends on varying factors like the bit rate and the quality of the
splices and the total attenuation of distance. It also depends on
the power of the transmitter and receiver quality.
Satellite link is required when network blocks/wings are too much
far from each other or where installation of cable is hard.
For data security firewall can be installed in network.
For economic internet connection – dialup internet connection
would be preferred but for faster internet broadband internet
connection would be preferred.
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 Computer Network

How to decide hub/switch location

The answer is always switch when we can afford it. A Hub
is always half-duplex, and simply acts as a repeater. The
resulting packet collisions, even with only 2 devices, will
make it slower than simply using a cable, whereas a switch
intelligently directs traffic based on the Ethernet
address(MAC address), and is full duplex, resulting in full
speed between any devices on the network at the same
time.
In general sense Hub or switch any device can be installed
when there are more than one computer in a wing/block.

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 New
syllabus
Computer Science 2023-24

Class XII ( As per

CBSE Board)

Chapter 7
Network/Email Protocols
,mobile-wireless technology

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 Network Protocols

Network protocols are sets of rules and regulations that

dictate how to format, transmit and receive data on
computer network devices – like servers, routers to
endpoints -- can communicate regardless of the
differences in their infrastructures, designs or
standards.
To successfully send or receive information, network
devices must accept and follow protocol conventions .

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 Network Protocols

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)- also referred to as

the Internet Protocol Suite, is the World Wide Web's core communication
system which enables every Internet-based device to communicate with
every other such devices simultaneously.
An IP address is the unique numerical address of a device in a computer
network that uses Internet Protocol for communication. The IP address allow
you to pinpoint a particular device from the billions of devices on the
Internet. Static IP Addresses-usually never change but they may be changed
as a result of network administration.
Dynamic IP Addresses-These IP addresses are temporary and assigned to a
computer when they get connected to the Internet each time
Two most used ip versions are ipv4 and ipv6. IPv4 is a 32-Bit IP Address. IPv6
is 128 Bit IP Address. IPv4 is a numeric address, and its binary bits are
separated by a dot (.) IPv6 is an alphanumeric address whose binary bits are
separated by a colon (:)
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 Network Protocols

IPv4 ADDRESS CLASS -

Of the five address classes, three—Class A, B, and C—were designated

for unicast single source–to–single destination communication.
Addresses in Class D were reserved for IP Multicast applications, which
allows one-to-many communication. Class E addresses were reserved
for experimental purposes.
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 Network Protocols

How TCP/IP WORKS -worksTCP/IP is a two-layered program: the higher

layer (TCP) disassembles message content into small "data packets" that
are then transmitted over the Internet to be re-assembled by the
receiving computer's TCP back into the message's original form.

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 Network Protocols

TCP/IP and Higher-Level Applications - Many higher-level

apps that ecommerce businesses need to be familiar
with utilize and/or are built on TCP/IP.
• FTP (the Internet's File Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP (the Internet's Hyper-text Transfer Protocol)
• Telnet, which enables logging on computers from
remote locations
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

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 Network Protocols

FTP – FTP, or File Transfer Protocol, is one of the standard internet protocols used to transfer data files
between a client(FTP client) and a server(FTP server) over a computer network. It was developed in the
early 1970s by Abhay Bhushan (alumni IIT Kanpur),while he was a student at MIT. FTP was initially
created to allow for the secure transfer of files between servers and host computers over the ARPANET
Network Control Program (a precursor to the modern internet).Nowadays it is being used for uploading
files on webserver after non anonymous ftp(means username and password available with
you).downloading is possible as anonymous ftp(no password is required).FTP is available in two mode –
text mode ftp(where user have to give commands in text form) and GUI ftp(graphical interaction is
possible).

Some of the more popular, and reliable, FTP Clients currently operating in the industry are
FileZilla,WinSCP,Cyberduck,gFTP
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 Network Protocols

How to work on FTP – Here we are using Filezilla.

1. Download filezilla then Install filezilla
2. Open site manager from file menu and click on new site button
3. Type credential available of any domain
4. Press ok, It will connect our computer with remote computer ,screen will be something like this

5. Left side pan will display the folder/files of our computer and right side pan will display the file
structure of remote [Link] simple drag and drop we can download upload(receive file
from remote computer to local computer) or upload(sending file to remote computer from local
computer) the files.

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 Network Protocols

Practice site for FTP

Demo for Web-based Administration:
Location: [Link]
Username: demo-admin
Password: demo-admin

Demo for Web-based Client:

Location: [Link] Practice it
Username: demo-user
Password: demo-user

Login using your own client with FTP, FTPS, SFTP protocol:
Location: [Link]
Username: demo-user
Password: demo-user
FTP Port: 21
FTPS Port: 990
SFTP Port: 2222
Courtesy - [Link]
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 Network Protocols
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is an open standard protocol that is mostly used
to provide connections over point-to-point serial links. The main purpose of PPP is to transport
Layer 3 packets over a Data Link layer point-to-point link. PPP can be configured on:
Asynchronous serial connection like Plain old telephone service (POTS) dial-up
Synchronous serial connection like Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN) or point-to-
point leased lines.
PPP consists of two sub-protocols:Link Control Protocol (LCP): set up and negotiate control
options on the Data Link Layer (OSI Layer 2). After finishing setting up the link, it uses NCP.
Network control Protocol (NCP): negotiate optional configuration parameters and facilitate for
the Network Layer (OSI Layer 3).
Before a PPP connection is established, the link must go through three phases of session
establishment:
1. Link establishment phase: In this phase, each PPP device sends LCP packets to configure and
test the data link
2. Authentication phase (optional): If authentication is enabled, either PAP or CHAP will be
used. PAP and CHAP are two authentication protocols used in PPP
3. Network layer protocol phase: PPP sends NCP packets to choose and configure Network
Layer protocol (OSI Layer 3) to be encapsulated and sent over the PPP data link

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 Network Protocols

HTTP - HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol and is used to transfer data across
the Web. It allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web
pages. When accessing any web page entering http:// in front of the address tells the
browser to communicate over HTTP.
How It Works-
It is a connectionless text based protocol. Clients (web browsers) send requests through
request object of http to web servers for web pages / images [Link] server respond
accordingly through response object of http After this cycle(request – response), the
connection between client and server across the Internet is disconnected. A new connection
must be made for each request(means for each web page).

This diagram shows the

working of http protocol.
Working with dns server
and working with web
Server both.

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 Network Protocol
HTTPS(Hyper text transfer protocol secure) - helps prevent intruders
from tampering with the communications between your websites and
your users' browsers. It scramble the messages using that "code" so
that no one in between can read the message. It keeps our
information safe from hackers.
Https uses the "code" on a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), sometimes
called Transport Layer Security (TLS) to send the information back
and forth.
Essentially, we need three things to encrypt data:
• The data to be sent/encrypted
• A unique encryption key
• An encryption algorithm (a math function that garbles the data)
asymmetric encryption is used in https. Asymmetric means we are
using two different keys, one to encrypt and one to decrypt.
This encryption is now done at TLS rather than SSL.
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 Network Protocols

Remote login – A remote login facility permits a user who is using one computer to login to
remote computer or interact with a program on another computer. Command given at
remote location is processed by server and result displayed over remote location.

Telnet – Telnet is most popular protocol for accessing remote site/server. Using telnet client
software on our computer, we can make a connection to a telnet server (that is, the remote
host). Once our telnet client establishes a connection to the remote host, our client becomes
a virtual terminal, allowing us to communicate with the remote host from our computer. In
most cases, we need to log into the remote host, which requires that we have an account on
that system. Occasionally, we can log in as guest or public without having an
[Link] it is used in unix based client server system to interact.

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 Email Protocols

Email –Electronic mail is a facility that allows users to transmit messages across the
internet in fast and secure manner.

Email created using email client program->on press of send button ,it is delivered to
sender’s mail server through SMTP(Simple mail transfer protocol)->which further
transmit the same through internet to recipient’s mail server->whenever recipient’s
email client program’s inbox is opened,that email is delivered to inbox through
POP3 (post office protocols 3rd version)->which user will read in email client
program.
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 Email Protocols

SMTP – Most of the internet systems use SMTP as a method to transfer mail from one user to another.
SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send the mail to email server. it is usually used with one of two
other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them
periodically from the [Link] alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is X.400. Many mail
servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which allows multimedia files to
be delivered as e-mail.

The SMTP model is of two type :

• End-to- end method
• Store-and- forward method
The end to end model is used to communicate between different organizations whereas the store and
forward method is used within an organization.
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 Email Protocols

POP3 – Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard

mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server
to a local email client. POP3 allows us to download email
messages on our local computer and read them even when
we are offline. Note, that when we use POP3 to connect to
our email account, messages are downloaded locally and
removed from the email server. This means that if we
access our account from multiple locations, that may not be
the best option for us. On the other hand, if we use POP3,
our messages are stored on our local computer, which
reduces the space of email account uses on your web
server.
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 Protocols for chat
& video conferencing
VOIP – Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows us to make voice
calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.
VoIP services convert our voice into a digital signal that travels over the Internet. If we are
calling a regular phone number, the signal is converted to a regular telephone signal before it
reaches the destination. VoIP can allow us to make a call directly from a computer, a special
VoIP phone. In addition, wireless "hot spots" in locations such as airports, parks, and cafes
allow us to connect to the Internet and may enable us to use VoIP service wirelessly.
Advantages:
• Less Cost
• Accessibility
• Flexibility
• Voice Quality
• Extra/Less Expensive Features
Disadvantages:
• Reliable Internet Connection Required
• Power Outages/Emergencies
• Latency

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 Protocols for chat
& video conferencing

Services provided by VOIP – Phone to phone,pc to phone ,phone to pc,voice

to email,ip phone,toll free number,call center applications,vpn,unified messaging etc.

Protocols used for VOIP are

• Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)- connection management protocol developed by the IETF
• H.323 - one of the first VoIP call signaling and control protocols that found widespread
implementation.
• Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)- transport protocol for real-time audio and video data
• Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)- sister protocol for RTP providing stream
statistics and status information
• Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) - encrypted version of RTP
• Session Description Protocol (SDP) - file format used principally by SIP to describe VoIP
connections

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 New
syllabus
Computer Science 2023-24

Class XII ( As per

CBSE Board)

Chapter 8
Web services

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 Web services

Web service - is a standardized medium,protocol or language to propagate

communication between the client and server applications on the World
Wide Web. A web service is a software module that is designed to
perform a certain set of tasks.

Web services are invoked by the user directly or indirectly to provide

services to the program/software which is being used as a part of
[Link] may be unaware about such web services.

The web services can be searched for over the network and can also be
invoked accordingly.

When invoked, the web service would be able to provide the functionality
to the client, which invokes that web service.

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 Web services

Many people think that the internet and the world wide web (WWW) are
the same thing. While they are closely linked, they are very different
systems.
The internet is a huge network of computers all connected together. The
world wide web (‘www’ or ‘web’ for short) is a collection of webpages
found on this network of computers. Our web browser uses the internet
to access the web.
The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of
interactive multimedia resources.
World Wide Web was created by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at CERN in
Geneva. World Wide Web came into existence as a proposal by him, to
allow researchers to work together effectively and efficiently at CERN.
Eventually it became World Wide Web.

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 Web services

Web architecture –

Web is a two – tiered architecture.

• A web browser display information contents
• Web server that transfers information to the client

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 Web services

HTML – Hyper text markup language is a document design language not a

programming language. It provide various kinds of tags(commands) used to
define the structure and appearance of web page.
HTML was created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991 but was not released
officially, which was published in 1995 as HTML 2.0. HTML5 is the latest evolution
of the standard that defines HTML.

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 Web services

Basic structure of HTML document –

<html>
<head>
<title>simple document</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>a simple paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
Save above content in text editor with .html extension and open it in web
browser to run it(tags).Generally/Most of the tags are written as part of <body>
tag.
List of HTML Tags

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 Web services

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set

of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable
and machine-readable.
XML is Platform Independent and Language Independent: The main benefit
of xml is that we can use it to take data from a program like Microsoft SQL,
convert it into XML then share that XML with other programs and
platforms. You can communicate between two platforms which are
generally very difficult.

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 Web services
Difference between HTML and XML
BASIS FOR
XML
COMPARISON HTML

Expands to Extensible Markup Language Hypertext Markup Language

Basic Provides a framework for markup HTML is predefined markup language.

Structural Information Provided Does not contain structural information

Language type Case sensitive Case insensitive

Purpose of the language Transfer of information Presentation of the data
Errors Not allowed Small errors can be ignored.

Whitespace Can be preserved. Does not preserve white spaces.

Closing tags Compulsory to use closing tags. Closing tags are optional.
Nesting Must be properly done. Not much valuable.

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 Web services

Structure of XML Document System

A XML Document is intended to display data like HTML.
An XML document system comprises the following-
 Style Sheet (CSS or XSL)
It defines the style (How it would appear i.e. font,
color, size alignment etc.) of the elements.
 Grammar Structure (DTD)
It is optional component in XML document system
and defines the Rules of the document (Tag
definitions).
 XML File
It contains and describes actual data.
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 Web services
How to Prepare XML Document
In order to prepare XML Document system, you may
do the following steps-
 Prepare XML document file as per problem
XML document is divided into two part.
1. The Prolog :
Preface or Introduction to the XML document. It
includes An XML declaration, Comments etc.
2. The Data Instance :
It contains actual data.
 Prepare a style-sheet file for XML file
It contains style rules that tells a browser how to
display an XML document.
 Link the XML file with Style sheet
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 Web services

Example to create XML document

 Expected View on Browser
Suppose we
want to make an Computer Parts
XML document
Mother Board
which is
displayed in
Asus
browser as
shown here P3B-F
1230.00

TFT Monitor

LG Electronics
995e
8500.00

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 Web services

 Preparation of XML ([Link]) document Prolog

<?xml version=“1.0” encoding = UTF-8“ ?>

<?xml-stylesheet type=“text/css” href=“[Link]”?>
<PARTS>
<TITLE> Computer Parts </TITLE>
<PART> Linking of .css
<PARTNAME>Mother Board</PARTNAME> (Style Sheet) file
<MANUFACTURER>Asus</MANUFACTURER>
<MODEL>P3B-F</MODEL>
<COST>1230.00</COST>
Data
</PART>
Instance
<PART>
<PARTNAME>TFT Monitor</PARTNAME>
<MANUFACTURER>LG Electronics</MANUFACTURER>
<MODEL>995e</MODEL>
<COST>8500.00</COST>
</PART>
</PARTS>
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 Web services

 Preparation of StyleSheet ([Link]) file

PARTS {display:block}
TITLE {display:block; font-fanily:arial; color:#008000;
font-weight:600; font-size:16 margine-top:12pt;
text-align:center}
PART {display:block}
PARTNAME {display:block; font-fanily:arial; color:#008000;
font-weight:400; font-size:14 margine-left:10pt;
margin-top: 10pt}
MANUFACTURER {display:block; font-fanily:arial; color:#600060;
font-weight:400; font-size:14 margine-left:30pt;
margin-top: 10pt}
MODEL {display:block; font-fanily:arial; color:#600060;
font-weight:400; font-size:14 margine-left:30pt;
margin-top: 10pt}
COST {display:block; font-fanily:arial; color:#800000;
font-weight:400; font-size:14 margine-left:30pt;
margin-left: 5pt}
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 Web services

HTTP - HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol and is used to transfer data across
the Web. It allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web
pages. When accessing any web page entering http:// in front of the address tells the
browser to communicate over HTTP.
How It Works-
It is a connectionless text based protocol. Clients (web browsers) send requests through
request object of http to web servers for web pages / images [Link] server respond
accordingly through response object of http After this cycle(request – response), the
connection between client and server across the Internet is disconnected. A new connection
must be made for each request(means for each web page).

This diagram shows the

working of http protocol.
Working with dns server
and working with web
Server both.

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 Web services
DNS –The Domain Name System, translates human readable domain
names (for example, [Link]) to machine readable IP
addresses (for example, [Link]). ... DNS servers translate requests
for names into IP addresses.

Request [Link]
Response [Link]

Local DNS server

Make http Request to [Link]

Http response
A domain name is our website name. e.g. in [Link] , in is primary
domain,mykvs is subdomain of in and python is subdomain of mykvs.
Generic domain name - .com,.edu,.gov,.mil,.net,.org etc
Country specific domain name - .in for india,.us for united states

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 Web services

URL –Uniform Resource Locator is defined as the global address of

documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. The URL is
an address that sends users to a specific resource online, such as a
webpage, video or other document or resource.
e.g.
[Link]

protocol subdomain domain name path

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 Web services
Web page - A html document which can be displayed in a web
browser.
Website - A collection of web pages which are grouped together
and usually connected together in various ways. Often called a
"web site" or simply a "site.“
Web browser – A software which interpret html document and
display them in human readable form is known as web browser.
E.g. Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Microsoft Internet Explorer or
Edge, or Apple's Safari. These are also often called just "pages.“
Web server – A software which host website and return web pages
to web client(web browser) on request. E.g. Apache Tomcat,
Microsoft’s Internet Information Services (IIS) Windows Server ,
Nginx web server , Jigsaw , Zeus web server

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 Web services

Domain Name-Domain name is the address of your website that

people type in the browser’s URL bar to visit your website.

Web hosting - Web hosting is the place where all the files of your
website live. It is like the home of our website where it actually
lives.
A good way to think about this is if the domain name is the address
of our house, then web hosting is the actual house that address
points to. All websites on the internet, need web hosting.
Domain names and web hosting are two different services.
However, they work together to make websites [Link] is
possible with the system known as DNS.

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 Web services

There are four main types of web hosting:

• Shared hosting – share by multiple domains/web sites.
• VPS (virtual private server) hosting - The main server is split into
multiple virtual servers—hence the name. These virtual servers
can be customized by individual websites.
• Dedicated hosting - Websites being hosted on a dedicated server
have complete technical control over the server settings. We
choose the software, configurations, and anything else we need.
• Cloud hosting - Cloud hosting plans come with multiple remote
servers. Each server has different responsibilities. If one of the
servers is compromised or has a problem, the other servers on the
network will take over those responsibilities and pick up the slack.
• Reseller hosting and WordPress hosting are also specific types of
hosting
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