Diamond Jenness

Diamond Jenness, CC FRCGS (February 10, 1886,

Wellington, New Zealand – November 29, 1969, Diamond Jenness
Chelsea, Quebec, Canada) was one of Canada's
greatest early scientists[1][2] and a pioneer of Canadian
anthropology.

Early life (1886–1910)

Diamond Jenness at Bernard Harbour, 1916

Family and childhood
Born February 10, 1886
Diamond Jenness was the second youngest son in a Wellington, New Zealand
middle-class family of ten children. His father's
Died November 29, 1969 (aged 83)
profession was that of a watchmaker/jeweler, though
Chelsea, Quebec, Canada
he also installed several clocks in municipal building
towers in New Zealand. The family was encouraged to Resting Beechwood Cemetery, Ottawa,
place Ontario, Canada
read, learn music, and engage in sports. Richling, in his
biography “In Twilight and in Dawn,” writes that the Education University of New Zealand (from
young Jenness “was a proficient outdoorsman and an the constituent college in
accomplished sharpshooter,” skills that helped prepare Wellington, then called Victoria
him for his experience in the arctic years later.[3] University College)
Balliol College, University of
Oxford
Education
Occupation Anthropologist
At an early age, Jenness showed proficiency for
Employer National Museum of Canada
learning. He earned his first scholarship at the age of
Known for His comprehensive early studies
twelve by entering a composition competition for
of Canada's First Nation's
children under fourteen. In those days, in New
people and the Copper Inuit.
Zealand, secondary education was only available to the
wealthier families, so this scholarship enabled Jenness Predecessor Dr. Edward Sapir
to complete high school and three years of college. He Spouse Frances Eilleen Jenness
finished his final year of secondary education with six Children John L. Jenness, Stuart E.
prizes: mathematics, science, Latin, French and Jenness, Robert A. Jenness
English, and was named top student. He attended
Lower Hutt School, then Wellington College.[4][5][6] He and sister May were the only two siblings to
proceed on to college.[3]
Jenness graduated from the University of New Zealand (from the
constituent college then called Victoria University College) (B.A.
1907; M.A. 1908), receiving first class honors for both degrees.
Then, when 22 years old, he received a scholarship that allowed
him to pursue further education at Balliol College, University of
Oxford (Diploma in Anthropology, 1910; M.A. 1916).

Career (1911–1948)

Field work – Northern D’Entrecasteaux

From 1911 to 1912, as an Oxford Scholar, he studied a little-
known group of people on the D'Entrecasteaux Islands in eastern
Papua New Guinea.[3] Jenness comments:
University of Oxford Anthropology
"They peered at me from out-of-the-way Diploma class of 1910–11. Jenness
corners, or through the doors of their huts, is in the center of the back row.
always at a safe distance. Recalling a
children's [game] I had learned in one of
the coast villages, I stooped down, tapped the ground with my fingers and
chanted the refrain. The children drew nearer and nearer, and one or two with
broad smiles began to imitate me. Then with a piece of string, I made some of
their own cat's cradle figures and held them out for their inspection. This turned
the scale. Five minutes later a laughing crowd surrounded me…The natives
could hardly believe that I was a white man, and kept asking my [guides] who I
was, how I came to speak their language and where I had learned their
game.”[7]

Canadian Arctic Expedition

In 1913, Jenness was invited to join the government-funded Canadian Arctic Expedition (CAE) that was
led by two Arctic explorers - Vilhjalmur Stefansson and R.M. Anderson.[8] He would be one of the two
anthropologists on board; the other was Henri Beuchat.[9] In June of that year, having barely recuperated
from yellow fever contracted while in New Guinea, Jenness boarded the whaling vessel Karluk along
with 12 other scientists. The ship steamed up the British Columbia coastline towards Nome, Alaska,
where they met up with Stefansson who had purchased two 60-foot schooners to assist in the expedition
work. The three vessels then proceeded towards their rendezvous point, Herschel Island, just east of the
mouth of the Mackenzie River, Northwest Territories.[8]

The rendezvous never took place. On 12 August, the Karluk became locked in the sea ice. Stefansson,
with his secretary McConnell, Jenness, Wilkins (later Sir Hubert Wilkins), and two Eskimos, set out to
procure meat for the crew. While they were ashore, the Karluk drifted westward to the East Siberian Sea,
where it was eventually crushed in the ice off Wrangel Island.[8][9] Thirteen of the crew perished on
board, including Henri Beuchat.[10]

With the ship gone, the hunting party set off on foot towards Barrow, Alaska (Utqiaġvik), 150 miles
away, hoping to meet the two other vessels involved in the expedition: the Mary Sachs and Alaska.[9] In
Barrow, they learned that the two ships had anchored in Camden Bay, making it their winter base.[8]
Jenness remained behind and spent the first winter at Harrison Bay, Alaska, where he learned how to
speak the Northern Eskimo language, and compiled information about their customs and folklore. The
next year, in 1914, assisted by interpreter Patsy Klengenberg (son of an Inuit woman and the trader
Christian Klengenberg), Jenness commenced studying the Copper Inuit, sometimes called the Blond
Eskimos, in the Coronation Gulf area.[11] This group of people had had very little contact with
Europeans, and Jenness, now the only anthropologist, was solely in charge of recording the aboriginal
way of life in this area.[8][9][10]

Jenness spent two years with the Copper Inuit and lived as an
adopted son of a hunter named Ikpukhuak and his shaman wife
Higalik (name meaning Ice House).[8][9] During that time he
hunted and travelled with his "family," sharing both their
festivities and their famine.[9] By living with this Inuit family and
partaking in their everyday experiences, Jenness did something
that was "not often employed by other ethnologists" at the time: he
lived with the people who were the subjects of his fieldwork.[8] As
Morrison in his “Arctic Hunters: The Inuit and Diamond Jenness”
states: “His goal was to understand the Copper Inuit on their own Hubert Wilkins photograph of
terms, not in relation to some preconceived ‘ladder of creation’ Ikpukhuak and his shaman wife
Higalik
with Europeans perched firmly at the top.”[12]

Summarizing his first year with the Copper Inuit, Jenness wrote:

"By Isolating myself among the Eskimos ... I had followed their wanderings day
by day from autumn round to autumn.
I had observed their reactions to every season, the disbanding of the tribes
and their reassembling, the migrations
from sea to land and from land to sea, the diversion from sealing to hunting,
hunting to fishing, fishing to hunting,
and then to sealing again. All these changes caused by their economic
environment I had seen and studied; now,
with a greater knowledge of the language, I could concentrate on other phases
of their life and history."[13]

As anthropologist de Laguna noted years later, his “accomplishments are the more remarkable when it is
remembered that Jenness had to perform not only his own duties but [also] those of his unfortunate
colleague, Beauchat.”[14] Furthermore, Jenness's camera, anthropometric instruments, books, papers and
even heavy winter clothing had all remained on board the ill-fated Karlak.[15]

The CAE scientists kept daily diary logs, took extensive research notes, and collected samples which
were shipped or brought back to Ottawa. Jenness collected a variety of ethnological materials from
clothing and hunting tools to stories and games, and 137 wax phonographic cylinder song recordings he
had made.[11][8] (The latter's musical transcription and analysis by Columbia University's Hellen H.
Roberts with Jenness's word translations can be found in the monograph “Songs of the Copper Eskimos”
(1925).[16] Eight of Jenness's Copper Inuit recordings can be heard on CKUG's website. (http://www.cku
g.ca/index.php?p=5_2) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211201124445/http://ckug.ca/index.ph
p?p=5_2) 2021-12-01 at the Wayback Machine The radio station is located in Kugluktuk, Nunavut,
Canada. The website also features a short video demonstrating how Jenness recorded these songs with the
technology available in 1913.)

Copper Inuit subgroups studied by Jenness

Several subgroups were reported on by Jenness and they include:[17]

Akuliakattagmiut
Haneragmiut
Kogluktogmiut
Pallirmiut
Puiplirmiut
Uallirgmiut (Kanianermiut)

Origin of the Copper Eskimos and their copper culture

In his article in Geographical Review, Jenness described how the Copper Inuit are more closely related to
tribes of the east and southeast in comparison to western cultural groups, basing his conclusion on
archaeological remains, materials used for housing, weapons, utensils, art, tattoos, customs, traditions,
religion, and also linguistic patterns. He also considered how the dead are handled: whether they are
covered by stone or wood, without any artifacts, as in the west, or “as in the east, laid out on the surface
of the ground, unprotected but with replicas of their clothing and miniature implements placed beside
them.”.[18]

Jenness characterized the "Copper Eskimos" as being in a pseudo-metal stage, in between the Stone and
Iron Ages, because this cultural group treated copper as simply a malleable stone which is hammered into
tools and weapons. He discussed whether the use of copper arose independently with different cultural
groups or in one group and was then "borrowed" by others. Jenness goes on to explain that indigenous
communities began to use copper first and following this, the Inuit adopted it. He cited the fact that slate
was previously used among Inuit and was replaced by copper at a later time after the indigenous
communities had begun to use it.[18]

First World War

The scientific members of the Canadian Arctic Expedition completed their mission and left the north in
1916. Jenness was assigned an office in the Victoria Museum of Ottawa and instructed to write up his
expedition findings. After six months of feverishly working on his collections, notes, and initial reports
for the government, Jenness, concerned about the events in Europe, enlisted in the World War 1 and
served in France and Belgium. Being of slight build and short of stature, he was assigned to duties other
than direct combat.[19]

Field work and writing

In December 1918, Jenness applied and received military leave to finish writing his Papua studies report
in Oxford, (delayed due his having joined the CAE and then the war). While in Oxford, he received word
that his unit was one of the first to be sent home from the war. Jenness returned to Ottawa in March,
1919, and the next month married his fiancé, Eileen Bleakney. After their honeymoon in New Zealand,
Jenness set about writing up his Arctic reports, and produced eight government reports in five volumes,
totaling 1,368 pages.[20] Richling states: “The scientific results of the Canadian Arctic Expedition filled
fifteen volumes. One-third of them contained the product of Jenness's investigations.”[21]

Canadian First Nations

A year and a half after his return from the war, the Canadian Government made his employment at the
Victoria Memorial Museum permanent, and he was assigned to study many of the Indian tribes of
Canada. (Jenness's employment had previously been on a yearly contract basis.)[22]

The Sarcee, on a reserve in Calgary, Alberta, were the first of many First Nation tribes in Jenness's
fieldwork. That experience also provided his first encounter with the deplorable conditions Canada's
indigenous peoples experienced on reserves.[23] After the Sarcee, Jenness undertook fieldwork study of
the Sekani. Beothuk (extinct), Ojibwa, and Salish. Collins and Taylor refer to Jenness's Indians of
Canada (1931c) as "the definitive work on the Canadian aborigines, dealing comprehensively with the
ethnology and history of the Canadian Indians and Eskimos".[8]

Archaeological discoveries
Although most of Jenness's time was devoted to Indian studies and administrative duties, he also
identified two very important prehistoric Eskimo cultures: the Dorset culture in Canada (in 1925)[24] and
the Old Bering Sea culture in Alaska (in 1926),[25] for which he later was named "Father of Eskimo
Archaeology."[26] These archaeological findings were fundamental in explaining migration patterns, and
Jenness's views were thought to be "radical" at that time. Helmer states: “These theories are now widely
accepted, having been vindicated by carbon-14 dating and subsequent field research.”[9]

Administrative duties
In 1926, Jenness succeeded Canada's first Chief Anthropologist, Dr. Edward Sapir, as Chief of
Anthropology at the National Museum of Canada, a position he retained until his retirement in 1948.
During the intervening years, although hampered by the Great Depression and World War II, he “strove
passionately, but with mixed success, to improve the knowledge and welfare of Canada's aboriginal
peoples and to enhance the international reputation of the National Museum.”[27]

Other administrative duties during this time include representing Canada at the Fourth Pacific Science
Congress in 1929, and chairing the Anthropological Section of the First Pacific Science Congress in
1933. Jenness also served as Canada's official delegate to the International Congress of Anthropological
and Ethnological Sciences in Copenhagen, 1938.

Second World War and its aftermath

In 1941, eager to contribute to the war effort, he was seconded to the Royal Canadian Air Force, where he
served until 1944 as civilian deputy director of Special Intelligence. In 1944, he was made chief of the
newly established Inter-Services Topographic Section (ISTS), the non-military section of the Canadian
Department of National Defence (patterned after a similar Great Britain military intelligence
organization, Inter-Services Topographic Department.) Jenness retained this position when, in 1947, the
Canadian ISTS unit changed name (became the Geographic Bureau) and was placed under the
Department of Mines and Resources.[28]

Retirement years (1948–1969)

During his retirement, Jenness continued to travel, research, and publish. (See Through Darkening
Spectacles, Table 2, p. 364 for a complete table of locations visited.) He also taught courses at
universities, such as the University of British Columbia (1951) and McGill (1955), on arctic ethnology
and archaeology.[29]

From 1949 until his death in 1969, Jenness published more than two dozen writings, including the
monographs: The Corn Goddess and other tales from Indian Canada (1956), Dawn in Arctic Alaska
(1957) a popular account of the one year (1913 to 1914) he spent among the Inupiat of Northern Alaska,
The Economics of Cypress (1962), and four scholarly reports on Eskimo Administration in Alaska,
Canada, Labrador, and Greenland, plus a fifth report providing an analysis and overview of the four
government systems (published between 1962 and 1968 by the Arctic Institute of North America).[7] He
was able to complete these writings due to an award from the Guggenheim Foundation to further
“whatever scholarly purposes he deemed fit,” an award that amounted to more than two and half times his
annual pension from the Canadian government. When health prevented him from escaping Canada's bitter
winters, he commenced writing his memoir, a project which his son, Stuart Edward Jenness, “completed”
and published in 2008 under the title Through Darkening Spectacles.[30]

Role in applied anthropology

Jenness entered the field of anthropology at its outset and was able to study cultures that had experienced
little or no previous interaction with “white” people. He began his career engaging in the early traditional
fields: ethnology, linguistics, physical (biological), and archaeology. But as he noticed the decline in the
morale, economics and health of Canada's indigenous peoples, he shifted his attention towards applied
anthropology. Richling, who spent over two decades studying the professional life of Jenness, writes,
“Jenness's interest in Indian affairs deepened in the thirties out of concern for the worsening crisis among
Native peoples wrought by the Depression and the effects of a long-outmoded government policy of
‘Bible and Plough’.”[31]

Recommendations to deputy minister (1936)

In his biography “In Twilight and in Dawn,” Richling writes that in 1936 Jenness sent a memo to Deputy
Minister Charles Camsell stating the reserves “had degenerated into a ‘system of permanent segregation,’
one whose inhabitants have been stripped of all but a token remnant of control over their own material
and spiritual well-being. Rather than bringing opportunity, choice, and self-sufficiency, reserves brought
hardship, hopelessness, and dependency, ‘destroy[ing] their morale and their health’ making them
outcasts in the wider society.”[32] Jenness recommended: 1) closing of separate schools; 2) creation of
scholarships for attending high school, technical schools, and in special cases universities; 3) establishing
follow-up after completion of school to help ensure they had steady employment; 4) not enforcing the
Potash Law; 5) improving Indian health services; 6) protecting native hunting and trapping grounds.[33]
His suggestions appear to have had little influence.[33] The government shifted attention away from
domestic problems when World War II broke out, and Jenness (being too old for combat) was assigned
temporary duties to assist in war efforts at home.[34] Shortly after the war, he is recorded as having said:
“Unhappily nearly all our Indians today—not only the northern ones, but those in the south, too, who live
on reserves, whether here in the east or on the prairies or in British Columbia—have lost their dignity,
their self-reliance and self-respect.”[35]

Joint parliamentary committee meeting (1947)

In 1947, Jenness – officially billed as “Dominion Anthropologist” – was called before a joint
parliamentary committee to share his views and answer questions.[36] He presented a plan to address what
he referred to as the “immorally indefensible” state of Indian social and economic conditions. His plan
was based upon New Zealand's management of its native affairs since the early 1860s, which, in his view,
was being administered successfully at that time. “Because they are ‘free citizens,’ ” Jenness stated,
“Maori are neither segregated on reserves, nor subject to state-sanctioned institutional barriers limiting
their participation in national life.”[35] He pointed out that Maoris were treated as full and equal citizens
but also encouraged to maintain their distinct cultural identity, values, and traditions. They were allowed
to attend public schools and hold government office. Their local communities were becoming largely
self-governing - operating in accord with customary tribal authority yet with access to courts to settle land
disputes.[37]

Some modern viewpoints

Some anthropologists are critical of the role played by Diamond Jenness in Canadian state policies.
Stevenson, one of Jenness's modern critics who references Kulchyski's views in her book, concludes that
his solution for Inuit groups was to "ensure that in a 'definite and not too remote' future there will be 'no
such thing' as an Indian or an Eskimo."[38] These critics say that a focus on assimilation destroys the
cultural identity of the indigenous peoples.

Richling points out that fifteen years before he presented his plan, Jenness had “pessimistically predicted
in The Indians of Canada that social and economic forces had already foreclosed on the cultural (and for
some, even physical) survival of nearly all Canada's Aboriginal peoples.”[31]

At the meeting in 1947, Jenness, as before in his memo to the Deputy Minister Camden, emphasized the
importance of education and vocational training to assist these already displaced peoples in becoming
more self-sufficient.[39] Using the example of Eskimos in Greenland and Siberia, he suggested teaching
the migratory northern Indians skills for trades such as airplane pilot and mechanic, mineral prospecting,
wireless operation, game and forest protection, and fur farming.[40]

Jenness also pointed out that Japanese children were attending schools with white children in British
Columbia while half a mile away Indian children attended segregated schools.[39] In response to his
comment, one of the committee members said that this was his district and he'd personally observed
Japanese students in classrooms with white children. He added that the Japanese and [west coast] Indians
are both members of Oriental races, a fact that had been overlooked, and to put the Indian children in
separate schooling, in his opinion, was wrong.[41]
Another criticism of Jenness is that he “cared about the Inuit: he didn't want them to become dependent
on welfare and thus demoralized, and he wanted them to be as resourceful as their ancestors. However,
his way of caring ignored who they were or wanted to become."[38]

In the same 1947 parliamentary proceedings the critic refers to, Jenness told the committee there certainly
were other approaches to be weighed [than the ones he suggested], especially those originating with the
peoples whose future hung in the balance. The committee then questioned him whether he felt the Indians
themselves should be asked what they think? Jenness responded “Yes.” He continued to say he felt a
proposed plan should be shared with them, and their views should be considered. “I think you would get
some very constructive ideas from some of the Indians,” he said.[42]

“A truth we often overlook,” Jenness wrote before the war,

“[is] that the strongest forces for the regeneration or upbuilding of peoples
comes from within their own ranks, not from without.”[43]

Outcome of the 1947 meeting

“In the end,” Richling writes, “little of a practical nature came of Jenness's proposals on policy reform in
the early post-war period.”[31] During the next decade, the government reorganized its bureaucratic
departments, replaced mission-run residential schools with state-run (but not integrated) day schools, and
offered social benefits such as unemployment insurance, child allowances, and universal health care.[43]

In 1968, in the appendix of Eskimo Administration V5: Reflections and Recommendations, Jenness
included his proposed plan to help the indigenous peoples of Canada's north become more self-sufficient.
He again emphasized the importance of vocational training, giving several specific suggestions such as
establishing a small Seaman's School (Navigation School) to train Eskimo youth. Denmark, Jenness
wrote, was helping her indigenous by training fishermen to work offshore in well-equipped vessels, and
training seaman in a seaman's school at Kogtved, Denmark—a school with an international reputation—
then enlisting them among crew for arctic and Antarctic navigation.[44]

21st-century reflections
Richling not only provides biographical information on the professional life of Jenness in In Twilight and
in Dawn, he objectively reviews many opposing viewpoints of Jenness's role in applied anthropology —
including his own. He shares that critics’ arguments range from his being “a well-intentioned …
supporter of assimilation, … [to] an ardent imperialist idealogue”[45] then concludes with the following
quotes in his last chapter:

“ 'Today, makes yesterday mean.’ ~Emily Dickinson

"There is an ‘undoubted truth’ in Dickinson's lovely double entendre.
“It is that ‘perspectives of the present invariably colour the meanings we
ascribe to the past.’ ”
 ~Richling (who includes quote from Wilson, Douglas.)[46]

Recognition

Awards and honors

Diamond Jenness received many distinguished awards and honors in recognition of his contributions to
his profession. In 1953 Jenness was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.[47] In 1962, he was awarded the
Massey Medal by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, and in 1968 he was made a Companion of
the Order of Canada, Canada's highest honor. Between 1935 and 1968, he was awarded honorary
doctorate degrees from the University of New Zealand, Waterloo University, University of Saskatchewan,
Carleton University, and McGill University.[14] In 1973, the Canadian government designated him a
Person of National Historic Significance[48] and in the same year the Diamond Jenness Secondary School
in Hay River was named after him.[49] In 1978, the Canadian Government named the middle peninsula on
the west coast of Victoria Island for him, and in 1998 Maclean's magazine listed him as one of the 100
most important Canadians in history as well as third among the ten foremost Canadian scientists.[50] In
2004, his name was used for a rock examined by the Mars exploration rover Opportunity.[51]

Appointments
Moreau writes that Jenness held many high posts in professional societies, demonstrating the high regard
he was held in by his colleagues. For example, Jenness was vice-president and later President of the
American Anthropological Association,(1937-1940), President of the Society for American Archaeology
(1937),[52] and vice-president of Section H (Anthropology) of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science (1938).[53]

Publications
During his lifetime, Jenness authored more than 100 works on Canada's Inuit and First Nations people.
Chief among these are his scholarly government report, Life of the Copper Eskimos (published 1922), his
ever-popular account of two years with the Copper Inuit, The People of the Twilight (published 1928), his
definitive and durable The Indians of Canada (published 1932 and now in its seventh edition), and four
scholarly reports on Eskimo Administration in Alaska, Canada, Labrador, and Greenland, plus a fifth
report providing an analysis and overview of the four government systems (published between 1962 and
1968 by the Arctic Institute of North America). He also published a popular account of the one year (1913
to 1914) he spent among the Inupiat of Northern Alaska, Dawn in Arctic Alaska (published 1957 and
1985).[14]
For a complete list of Jenness's 138 articles and publications, please refer to Appendix 2 in Through
Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs of Diamond Jenness by Diamond Jenness and Stuart E. Jenness,
Canadian Museum of Civilization, Mercury Series, (2008). Dr. de Laguna's obituary of Jenness in the
American Anthropologist [14] lists 109 publications, and the University of Calgary's: Arctic 23-2-71
obituary of Jenness by Collins, Henry B. & Taylor, William E. Jr. lists 98.[8]

Biographies
Nansi Swayze published a brief popular account about Jenness's life in The Man Hunters (1960).

The Canadian Museum of Civilization published Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs of Diamond
Jenness (2008). The story is told primarily by Diamond himself with additional sections by his son Stuart
Jenness. This biography covers Diamond's professional and personal life.

Barnett Richling has, since 1989, published several articles on various aspects of Jenness's life, and a
complete, scholarly biography of Jenness's professional life: In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of
Diamond Jenness published in 2012 by McGill–Queen's University Press.

See also
Uloqsaq
String figure

Further reading
(The first two books were published by the Canadian Museum of History):

Arctic Odyssey: Diary of Diamond Jenness, 1913–1916 Jenness's detailed diary while he
was with the Canadian Arctic Expedition. It was edited by his son Stuart and published in
1991.
Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs of Diamond Jenness (2008). In this book, Stuart
Jenness completed Jenness's last manuscript, creating a hybrid auto-biography and
biography.
In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume 67, McGill–Queens
Indigenous and Northern Studies, 2012); by Barnett Richling.
Life Beside Itself: Imagining Care in the Canadian Arctic, by Lisa Stevenson. In this book
(2014:115–121), Stevenson critiques Jenness for his advocacy for and participation in state-
sponsored assimilationist policies.

References
1. Granatstein, J., 1998. "Sir William Logan", Maclean's magazine, vol. 111, no. 26, (July 1),
pp. 38–40.
 2. "Father of Inuit Archaeology - Diamon Jenness" (https://beechwoodottawa.ca/en/blog/father-
inuit-archaeology-diamond-jenness). 20 July 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2024. "in 1998
Maclean's magazine listed him as one of the 100 most important Canadians in history as
well as third among the ten foremost Canadian scientists."
3. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0773539815.
4. "Junior scholarships" (https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZTIM18990113.2.16?e
nd_date=31-12-1899&items_per_page=10&query=Diamond+Jenness&snippet=true&start_d
ate=01-01-1897&type=ARTICLE). Papers Past. 1898.
5. "Junior scholarships" (https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19040126.2.6?end_d
ate=31-12-1904&items_per_page=10&query=Diamond+Jenness&snippet=true&start_date=
01-01-1899&type=ARTICLE). Papers Past. 1904.
6. "December Examinations" (https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19040126.2.6?
end_date=31-12-1904&items_per_page=10&query=Diamond+Jenness&snippet=true&start_
date=01-01-1899&type=ARTICLE). Papers Past. 1904.
7. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, p.33
8. Collins, Henry B. & Taylor, William E. Jr. "Diamond Jenness (1886–1969)" (http://pubs.aina.u
calgary.ca/arctic/Arctic23-2-71.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221116195244/
https://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca//arctic/Arctic23-2-71.pdf) 2022-11-16 at the Wayback Machine.
9. Helmer, James. "Arctic Profiles (http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic36-1-108.pdf)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221116195239/https://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca//arcti
c/Arctic36-1-108.pdf) 2022-11-16 at the Wayback Machine". Department of Archaeology.
Calgary, Canada.
10. Natural Resources Canada. Diamond Jenness profile (http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/trailblazers/di
amond-jenness/692) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055944/http://www.nrc
an.gc.ca/trailblazers/diamond-jenness/692) 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine,
nrcan.gc.ca; accessed February 3, 2018.
11. Canadian Museum of History, [1] (https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/cae/pe
o60e.html)"The People of the CAE"
12. Morrison, David “Arctic Hunters: The Inuit and Diamond Jenness”, 1992, Canadian Museum
of Civilization, pp. 14-15
13. Jenness, Diamond “The People of the Twilight”, 1928f, p. 191
14. de Laguna, Frederica. "Diamond Jenness, C. C. 1886-1969". American Anthropologist (New
Series), v 73, February, 1971.
15. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. p.70 ISBN 978-0773539815
16. Roberts, Helen Hefron and Diamond Jenness “Songs of the Copper Eskimos. Report of the
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18, Southern Party 1913-16, Volume XIV” Ottawa : F.A.
Acland, 1925
17. "Anthropology in the Canadian Arctic Expedition". Anthropologic Miscellanea. 17 (4).
American Anthropological Association.: 776–780 1915. JSTOR 660004 (https://www.jstor.or
g/stable/660004).
18. Jenness, Diamond. "Origin of Copper Eskimos and Their Copper Culture." Geographical
Review. 13(4): 540–551.
19. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, pp. 67-68.
20. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, p. 76-77
21. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0773539815.
22. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, p. 78
23. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. p.163 ISBN 978-0773539815.
24. Jenness, D., 1925. "A new Eskimo culture in Hudson Bay". Geographical Review, vol. 15,
no. 3, pp. 428–437.
25. Jenness, D., 1928. "Archaeological investigations in Bering Strait, 1926". National Museum
of Canada Bulletin no. 50, pp. 71–80.
26. Collins, Henry B., 1967. "Diamond Jenness: Arctic Archaeology". The Beaver, Autumn, pp.
78–79.
27. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, p. vii, Abstract
28. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, pp. 193-202.
29. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, p.
30. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. p. 303 ISBN 978-0773539815.
31. Richling, Barnett. "Diamond Jenness and ‘useful anthropology’ in Canada 1930-1950." (http
s://www.academia.edu/21402676/Diamond_Jenness_and_Useful_Anthropology_in_Canada
_1930_1950?auto=download) The Journal of New Zealand Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1991)
32. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill–Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. pp. 278–79. ISBN 978-0773539815.
33. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, “Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs of
Diamond Jenness” by Diamond Jenness and Stuart E. Jenness, Canadian Museum of
Civilization, Mercury Series, (2008) p. 170
34. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, “Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs of
Diamond Jenness” by Diamond Jenness and Stuart E. Jenness, Canadian Museum of
Civilization, Mercury Series, (2008) pp. 193–201
35. Canada, Parliament, Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, vol. 1.
Ottawa: King's Printer 1947, p. 307
36. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. pp. 291. ISBN 978-0773539815.
37. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. pp. 293. ISBN 978-0773539815.
38. Stevenson, Lisa. 2014. Life Beside Itself: Imagining Care in the Canadian Arctic. University
of California Press.
39. Canada, Parliament, Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, vol. 1.
Ottawa: King's Printer 1947, p. 310
40. Canada, Parliament, Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, vol. 1.
Ottawa: King's Printer 1947, p. 311
41. Canada, Parliament, Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, vol. 1.
Ottawa: King's Printer 1947, p. 315
42. Canada, Parliament, Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, vol. 1.
Ottawa: King's Printer 1947, p. 316
43. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. pp. 294. ISBN 978-0773539815.
44. Jenness, Diamond "Diamond Eskimo Administration V5: Reflections and
Recommendations," Arctic Institute of America, March 1968, p. 62.
45. Richling, Barnett (2012). In Twilight and in Dawn: A Biography of Diamond Jenness (Volume
67) (McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's
University Press. pp. 337. ISBN 978-0773539815.
46. Wilson, Douglas L. “Thomas Jefferson and the Character Issue,” The Atlantic Monthly 270,
no. 5 (1992): 57:74.
47. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, p.348.
48. "Jenness, Diamond National Historic Person" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016030421091
5/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/rech-srch/clic-click.aspx?%2Fcgi-bin%2FMsmGo.exe%3Fgrab_id
=0&page_id=27493&query=diamond%20jenness&hiword=DIAMONDS%20diamond%20jen
ness%20). Archived from the original (http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/rech-srch/clic-click.aspx?%2
Fcgi-bin%2FMsmGo.exe%3Fgrab_id=0&page_id=27493&query=diamond%20jenness&hiw
ord=DIAMONDS%20diamond%20jenness%20) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
49. Jenness, Diamond and Stuart E. Jenness, 2008. "Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs
of Diamond Jenness" Mercury Series, History Paper 55, Gatineau, QC: Canadian Museum
of Civilization, p.350.
50. Granatstein, Jack (1998) Maclean's magazine, vol 111, no. 26 (July 1), p.39
51. Boswell, Randy (2004) Ottawa man "astounded" to learn NASA names Mars rock after
father. Ottawa Citizen, September 22, 2004, pp. A1, A11.
52. Maxwell, Moreau S (1972) “Diamond Jenness, 1886-1979.” (https://www.cambridge.org/cor
e/journals/american-antiquity/article/diamond-jenness-18861969/B6CC409D69333B198C23
10C65AFBE2F0) American Antiquity, v.37, Issue 1, p. 87 (Published online by Cambridge
University Press.)
53. Collins, Henry B. and William E. Taylor, Jr. (1970) “Diamond Jenness (1886-1969).” (https://
pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca//arctic/Arctic23-2-71.pdf) Arctic 23(2), p.77

External links
Diamond Jenness (http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/trailblazers/diamond-jenness/3457) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20180507151002/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/trailblazers/diamond-jen
ness/3457) 2018-05-07 at the Wayback Machine archived at Natural Resources Canada
People of the Canadian Arctic Expedition (http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/his
t/cae/peo622e.shtml)
 'Diamond Jenness': After the Grind (https://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/opportunit
y/20040803a.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080127141733/http://marsrover
s.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/opportunity/20040803a.html) 2008-01-27 at the Wayback
Machine
Bio sketch by Henry B. Collins and William E. Taylor, Jr. (http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/
Arctic23-2-71.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221116195244/https://pubs.aina.
ucalgary.ca//arctic/Arctic23-2-71.pdf) 2022-11-16 at the Wayback Machine
Works by or about Diamond Jenness (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subjec
t%3A%22Jenness%2C%20Diamond%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Diamond%20Jennes
s%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jenness%2C%20Diamond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%
22Diamond%20Jenness%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jenness%2C%20D%2E%22%20
OR%20title%3A%22Diamond%20Jenness%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jenness%2
C%20Diamond%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Diamond%20Jenness%22%29%20O
R%20%28%221886-1969%22%20AND%20Jenness%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:
software%29) at the Internet Archive
The Papers of Diamond Jenness (https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/
2/resources/1195) at Dartmouth College Library

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Jenness&oldid=1259540444"