MALABAR Exercise: India, Japan, USA, Australia heal off Sydney east in Pacific Ocean for fit time, previously eld in Indian Osean 1992- commenced berseen Indi and USA Japan and Australia rejoined afer eevivsl of QUAD 2.0 PANAMA CANAL: conncct Alanic and Pacific oceans helps avoud voyage around Cape Hor at southern tp of South America sthmus~ ‘arrow stip of land connecting two larger land masse( Suez Canal on isthmus of Suez, Panama i isthmus connecting North and South “Ameria) Sis narow watenvays connecting wo lange bodies of water (Stat of Gibraltar connecting Mediterranean Sea and Atanic (Ocean) role i global wade: 12% of lobal wade passes through Scr Canal, ime and cost savings global supply chai, Panama canals significance includes national security, defense capablies for USA. SULINA CHANNEL: distrbutary of Danube river, connec Ukrainian port on river Black Sea-sltematve passoge ater Rusia withdrew fio Blak Sea grin dea. ies completely withia Romania, NATO member. Chili, Salina, St George-chanels in Danube deta SPIRIT OF CAMP DAVID joint stement by USA, Japan, South Kore. resilient and inclusive supply chain enhancement(RISE), counter (Chi and Nocth Korea thst, “0 years of coup in Iran: 1953- US backed coup Driven by fats shout possible it towands Soviet Union and os of enude ol. Brought Shah tw power toppled by 1979 Islamic revolution- Usbeted in hcocray of Ayatollah Khomeini INDIA-FRANCE: 25 years of strategic elation horizon 2047 framework 1954 Dei treaty retimed $ French setemens to Inia in 1962 ‘Sigaiicance: France hat assisted indias defence modernsstion eMart hough technology transfers, enabling indigenous production ‘capabilites, joint ventures(France second largest exporter of defence equipment oIndia-P7S scorpone technology ansfer, Rafal aircaf)= fagreement Signed to rol out UP n France and Purope+ adoption of comprehensive convention on ntemationalterorism in UN supported by ‘bth €200 milion to support welfare measires fr vulnerable section in Indi Ianehed internaions! solar alliance spports In’ id for UUNSC permanent membership suport Inia to join mise technology contol regime, assenasr acrangeren, Australia group ‘omumitment a clininate ingle use plastic prodicts pollution adoption of aad map fr indo Pacific’ support second phase of Taian program fon sustainable ctes-CITHS 2.0" long ter LNG sale and purchase agremeat ‘Ghallenog: France has joined the belt and road iniative+ delay in delivery ofRafile plane, charges of corruption against mide man bilateral ‘rade rermins fr below poeta: ony 1% of I's total iteration ade achnies,Fnaneil ind eile ality issues hat have to ‘beresolved on Jitapur nuclear power reactors WE: make use of positive relation with France too advance broad based wade and investment agreement with European Union encouraging reach in educational insttuions as language is one ofthe biggest challenges for mobiiy NEIGHBOURHOOD FIRST POLICY: forges tong neighbourhood relation based on consultative, non eciprcal, outcome erented ppecach with Inds neighbours. use principles of Sama (espe, Sana loge), Shank (peace), Sand (grosperiy), Sambi (Galture) for beter engagement Unausss infrastructure projects (rood fromDelaram to Zara parliament building in Ahanistan, Greater Male connctiviy project in Maldives) developmental assistance o bhutan ive year plan= humanitarian assistance ree doses of COVID-19 vaccines isader ‘management assistance: operation Mat in Nepal operationalizing UPI payment in Sri Lanka, enabling Rupay cad usage in Bhutan {Challenger political instalty in Myaniar, Pakistan? economic ess Sri Lanka and Pakistan acing hypeinlation after pandemic border ‘putes Kashmir sue, Kalapun dispate with Nepal exes and legal immigrant ener through porous borders of Banglades, ‘Myanmar, Pakistan= dispute over sharing of ver Wate Indus and Teesia z (2023 improving border infrastructure more iterated check posts! land customs stations nd border hats willbe bul anproving people to people connect ough tourism, promot of shared culture ahd history Lexping Gliplomatic dors open o resolve issues continuc humanitarian assistance, developmsnal projets, ins of credit, India's cacrgy diplomacy: Refers to goverment activitics that aimed to ensure country’s neray security while promoting business ‘opportunites related to energy sector in foreign nations, use of energy capacities as an instrument of foreign policy vo reduce national sks. ‘spar of SAARC energy agreement on clctecitycoopertion (2014) India exports powe to Bhutan, Bangladesh and ‘Nepal? sued guidelines for import export of electricity (2018) intemational sla alliance, one Su one World One Grid to connct different reglonal grids through common grid to be used wo transfer renewable energy Turkmenistan Afghanistan Pakistan- India (TAP) pipe ‘onectvity to anspor natral gas from Turkmenistan to remaining thre counties Indo-US nuclear dal nd Japan civil mucleaedeal> Inyoelectic corporation India imports power fom hyoctetric power plants (Tala, Chukhs, Kurichu, Mangdchu) In Bhutan. involved in projects of Nepal Malka eat, Upper Karnal project, Ara project ‘Challeness: India imports more than 60% of oil and ga fom Persian Gl region challenging to decide transmission charges on power ‘supplied using interconnected regional network’ Technology consirsnt- challenging io develop and maintain ener infrastocte across borders WF: divesifcaton of energy’ sources (ONGC Vides) Investment due to highly capital and technology intensive nature of energy sector India has earmacked USD 2 billion For soar energy by 2025 ntrmainal soar alliance seks to develop slbal grid of Torrid zne(ara between Tropic of cancer and Tropic of Capricorn overcome domestic land sear, reduce reliance on fossil ues. Prmered with inteuational organizations to mobilize USD 1000 billion investment in ‘le stor in member countries by 2030, “Maaitateral development banks: Supranational insiusions setup by sovereign tates, which re dsr sharcholders. Example- World Bank, ‘Asian Development Bank, ncw Development Bank, Asin infastrictire investment bank. 2023 G20 repoet oa harnessing potential of MDBS: ‘triple agenda!) liminaing extreme poverty 2) boosting shred prospeity 3) comtbuting to sobal public goods, tiling sotainoble lending levels ty 2030, creating hid funding mechanism tat permits lexible atrangements fr engaging with inveson ‘Saificines: stabilization of global economy(MDBs provided USD 222 bilhon during 2008 pabal financial crisis} promote growih in ‘veloping and underdeveloped countries through projects on infrastructure, energy, education lowcost, lang matty financing indirectly “tre private investment by ereting conducive conditions Assuring is sometimes different from prosites of developing economies and comes wih high indirect costs elated to policy ‘ondtionalis, eect rules, lengthy negotiations non horrower shareholders led hy USA have pushed IDI o oc om ow sncome couniries tnd io gach rade incomne connses for lending a ther economies grow srgyled to adres problesa of global S bike securing fod land eneay supply, echnology transfer, energy wansition~chnas role in NDB, AI. can use tem to pursue own foreign policy gals new ‘tos-bordr challenges such as climate change, migration, pandemic requir new approaches structural issues like outdated framework, ‘egonal frus, insuflccat coordination aoag MDI andthe increasing demands for development finance _@20seportescommendatins change in vision document to formally adopt tape manda ripe sustainable lending levels of MDB by 2030 ‘lexble legal and institutional mechanism to icteaseasovstion of sovereign danas and aon saverigninvesors- supporting activites ‘outside MDB- domestic resource mobilization frSDG, climate investment ensure close coordination between IMF aad MDB: to bridge ‘macroeconomic imperatives of SDG investing rnsfommtion of operational models-limelines for projec preparation shouldbe shrunk, _ntonaization of procedures uperads knowledge and advisory services for sustainable development SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORG: st Shanghai summit 2001 by Chins, Russia, Kazakstan, Kyrgyastan, Tajikistan, Urbekisan* India, Pakistan, Inn (2023), secretariat in Being. Objectives: address security related conceme countering frrorsm resolving border ssues+ military cooperation and intelligence sharing cooperation in education, energy, transportation. RATS= epioal anti eto strctre, HQ