INTRODUCTION
Mathematics seems to aid societal issues. Especially approaching from the
scheduling of employment to how it must be paid for their work. Applying Mathematics
enhances critical thinking of an individual to solve cases, financial risk, and even
forecasting climate changes. That makes Mathematics abundantly contributing to the
progressiveness of society. Furthermore, nature itself showcases relations of
mathematics by means of golden ratio to its landscape, abstract features of series of
plants, patterns of animals and the likes. This shows how Mathematics has effects on
the humanitarian actualization of an individual.
During World War II, Linear Programming was developed to utilize the system of
maximizing the resources efficiency. Like the old saying “Desperate times for desperate
measures” everyone must be fulfilled to consider every possible change in the
struggles. Linear Programming expects everyone to understand maximizing and
minimizing the potential of the variable. Since then, experts from a variety of fields,
developed the theory behind “linear programming” and explored its application. Allowing
linear programming to investigate how Applied Mathematics student-leaders maximize
their time allocation to their organization and academic duties using linear programming.
Thereafter, by knowing their chronotype approach to partitioned their activity per day.
Chronotype refers to an individual’s rest-activity preference that occurs within a
24-hour period (Adan et al., 2012). Moreover, this research will focus the approach of
their management by being a student lead. Acknowledging their Chronotype, this
research aims to identify student leaders maximize time depending on their ways of
approaching their academic responsibilities and organizational duties.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
To answer the above cited problem, an answer to the following will be sought:
1. What is the chronotypes of first year, second year, and third year students in terms of;
a. Early Birds; and
b. Night Owls?
2. How many hours did the students spend in a day to their;
a. Academic; and
b. Organization?
3. How many respondents are early birds and night owls based on;
a. First years;
b. Second years; and
c. Third years?
4. What is student-leaders maximize time allocation for academic and organization
depends on;
a. Early Birds; and
b. Night Owls?
LITERATURE REVIEW
Exploring the depths of the student from Bachelor of Sciences in Applied
Mathematics as a leader, and the way they handle the academic tasks and
organization’s duties; demonstrate a correlation between academic responsibilities and
organizational performances. Based on a literature review of Mulenga, Lombe, and
Simue (2023): Exploring the Global Pupil’s Academic Performance; it has been noted
that the performance of pupils in academic is subpar as a result of a variety factors such
as lack of teaching and learning resources, incompetent teachers or professors,
pedagogy they use, and pupil’s attitude.
According to Shier (2020), students have different responsibilities, such as
administrative duties, wherein they are responsible for making sure that their paper
works are all done. Aside from this, time management which requires organization and
discipline. They need to schedule their schooling into their plan. Set aside specific
commitments to their course and record it in their scheduler. Then stick to it like it was
their appointment. Other than that, students also need to manage and manipulate their
finances in order for them to not have an untimely financial crisis.
Shier (2020) also stated that readings, assignments, laboratories, essays and
test preparations must keep up. The reason is that the students need to take charge of
their learning. They are responsible to make sure and understand what they should do.
And unlike elementary or high school, no one is looking for their attendance and it is
completely your responsibility. From the first day of class, attendance is very important
since the very first day of the class. Whether it is face to face, the students need to
show up during lectures or laboratories, or if it is online class on the other hand they still
require to be present with that discussion forum. Just like being consistent with the
attendance and time management, studying regularly is important as well. By working
on it consistently, the students are more likely to make improvements.
There are more aspects that followed by Shier (2020), such as balanced life
commitment which more than time management, this just making sure that the student
still has a healthy lifestyle. Constantly monitor whether or not the students track with
their goals. Lastly is employing strong study skills, they are using techniques of review,
practice, repetition, questioning and consistency to guarantee strong knowledge.
This literature gives a brief notion on how the student may approach academic
performance adding the organizational duties. In retrospect to their time allocation to
finish tasks for academics and organization with a glimpse of leisure moments.
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Creating a schedule is not an easy fit for everyone especially if a student cannot
handle their time as a student and a youth leader. In general terms, objectives are to
minimize the total hour of organization duties, maximize the total hour of venturing
academic responsibilities, maximize the request and preferences of Applied
Mathematics student-leaders while having a leisure moment in a week and ensuring
equal distribution of time between academic responsibilities, organizational duties, and
leisure moments.
STRUCTURE OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Generally, all Linear Programming Problems have these three properties
in common:
1. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION: The objective function of a Linear Programming
Problems is a mathematical representation of the objective function in
terms of a measurable quantity such as schedule, number of
organizations to join, and such.
Optimize (Maximize or Minimize) 𝑍 = 𝑎1𝑥1 + 𝑎2𝑥2 + 𝑎3𝑥3 + ... + 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛.
In most of the typical forms, we look for maximizing the time allocation for
the academic responsibilities. However, in student yield in leadership
scheduling problems we look for minimizing the time allocated in
organization.
2. CONSTRAINTS: The restrictions or constraints in an equation limit the
degree to which we can pursue our objective.
𝑎1𝑥1 + 𝑎2𝑥2 + 𝑎3𝑥3 + ... + 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑏1 where 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3, ... , 𝑎𝑛 are
parameters that contribute to decision variables.
3. DECISION VARIABLES: The various activities within the linear equation
are represented by 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, ... , 𝑥𝑛 is known as decision variables.
Therefore, Linear Programming means to maximize or minimize a quantity
(the objective function) subject to limited resources(the constraints). It is
desirable to express the objective and constraints in linear programming
problems in terms of linear equations or inequalities.
RESULT
Organizational duties scheduling to balance the life as a student-leader aim to
find the sufficient number of orgs to join while maximizing the time allocated for
academic responsibilities.
I. General Data for the fifteen students
Yr Level E.B. N.O. Academic Organization
1st year 1 7 to 8 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
1st year 1 7 to 8 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
1st year 1 5 to 6 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
1st year 1 5 to 6 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
1st year 1 7 to 8 hrs 4 to 5 hrs
2nd year 1 7 to 8 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
2nd year 1 7 to 8 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
2nd year 1 5 to 6 hrs 4 to 5 hrs
2nd year 1 5 to 6 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
2nd year 1 9 to 10 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
3rd year 1 9 to 10 hrs 4 to 5 hrs
3rd year 1 5 to 6 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
3rd year 1 7 to 8 hrs 4 to 5 hrs
3rd year 1 5 to 6 hrs 4 to 5 hrs
3rd year 1 9 to 10 hrs 4 to 5 hrs
II. Student Leaders Chronotype
- In this table, perceived the per year level number of early bird
student-leaders, and night owl student-leaders. Early Bird means a person
goes to bed and wakes up early. Night Owls prefer to do tasks late at
night. These Chronotypes relevantly showcase how student-leaders do
their scheduling.
Year Level Early Bird Night Owl
1st years 3 people 2 people
2nd years 2 people 3 people
3rd years 2 people 3 people
III. Student Leaders Maximize Time allocation for Academic and Organization
(Early Birds)
- The table above expresses selected early birds per year level of BS
Applied Mathematics from first year to third year student-leader.
Year Level Academic Organization
1st year 7 to 8 hrs 4 to 5 hrs
2nd year 9 to 10 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
3rd year 9 to 10 hrs 4 to 5 hrs
IV. Student Leaders Maximize Time Allocation for Academic and Organization
(Night Owl)
- The table below demonstrates the selected night owls per year level of BS
Applied Mathematics from first year to third year student-leaders.
Year Level Academic Organization
1st year 5 to 6 hours 2 to 3 hrs
2nd year 5 to 6 hours 4 to 5 hrs
3rd year 5 to 6 hrs 2 to 3 hrs
V. 1st Year
Data Graph
Chronotype Academic Organization Required Time to
allocate per day
Early Bird 7.5 hours 4.5 hrs 16 hours
Night Owl 5.5 hours 2.5 hrs 14 hours
Optimize Time 6 hours 5 hours
- The table above contains in between the number of hours of the selected
student-leaders per year levels. For the required time to allocate per day, it is
based on the study of J. Olson, M.D., a recommended amount of sleep of a
young adult approximately 7 hours or more in a day. Consider that for an early
bird, you must attain at least 8 hours sleep for consistency. Moreover, Night owls
contemplate their sleep pattern having at least 8 hours of sleep and more
especially if it is inconsistent with their body clock. Thereby, 16 hours of
productivity for the Early Birds gives enough sleep, and 14 hours of sleep for the
Night Owls acknowledges the consistent changes of their body clock. For the
Optimize Time part, it considers the precise number of hours to be spent in
study in a day (Wadsworth, 2023). Thereafter, the organization allotted time
computed based on the prescribed maximum hours mostly of every constitution
and by laws of an organization inside the Cavite State University Academic and
Non-Academic Organization.
Equations:
7.5x + 4.5y = 16
5.5x + 2.5y = 14
Standard Form Standard Form x - intercept y-intercept
(y) (x)
5 32 3 32 32 32
y=− 3
𝑥 + 9
x=− 5
𝑦 + 15
( 15 , 0) (0, 9
)
11 28 5 28 28 28
y=− 5
𝑥 + 5
x=− 11
𝑦 + 11
( 11 , 0) (0, 5
)
Fig. 1
- Each particular pair of numbers (x,y) is called a productive allocation. Each of
the lines in Fig. 1 supply with the productivity allocation that fully utilizes one of
the chronotype student leaders in the first year level of BS Applied Mathematics.
Fig. 2
- As you can see on Fig. 2, it is the computed feasible set of coordinations. The
table below shows the maximum number of hours to be spent by the first year
student leaders depending on the feasible set coordinations despite their
chronotypes.
VERTEX Optimize Productivity Time = 6x+5y
23 17 23 17
( 6
,− 6
) 6( 6
) + 5(− 6
) = 8.83 hours
32 32
(0, 9
) 6(0) + 5( 9
) = 17.78 hours
(0,0) 6(0) + 5(0) = 0 hours
28 28
( 11 , 0) 6( 11 ) + 5(0) = 15.27 hours
VI. 2nd Year Data Graph
Chronotype Academic Organization Required Time to
allocate per day
Early Bird 9.5 hours 2.5 hrs 16 hours
Night Owl 5.5 hours 4.5 hrs 14 hours
Optimize Time 6 hours 5 hours
- The table above contains in between the number of hours of the selected
student-leaders per year levels. For the required time to allocate per day, it is
based on the study of J. Olson, M.D., a recommended amount of sleep of a
young adult approximately 7 hours or more in a day. Consider that for an early
bird, you must attain at least 8 hours sleep for consistency. Moreover, Night owls
contemplate their sleep pattern having at least 8 hours of sleep and more
especially if it is inconsistent with their body clock. Thereby, 16 hours of
productivity for the Early Birds gives enough sleep, and 14 hours of sleep for the
Night Owls acknowledges the consistent changes of their body clock. For the
Optimize Time part, it considers the precise number of hours to be spent in
study in a day (Wadsworth, 2023). Thereafter, the organization allotted time
computed based on the prescribed maximum hours mostly of every constitution
and by laws of an organization inside the Cavite State University Academic and
Non-Academic Organization.
Equations:
9.5x + 2.5y = 16
5.5x + 4.5y = 14
Standard Form Standard Form x - intercept y-intercept
(y) (x)
19 32 5 32 32 32
y=− 5
𝑥 + 5
x=− 19
𝑦 + 19
( 19 , 0) (0, 5
)
11 28 9 28 28 28
y=− 9
𝑥 + 9
x=− 11
𝑦 + 11
( 11 , 0) (0, 9
)
Fig. 3
- Each particular pair of
numbers (x,y) is called a
productive allocation. Each
of the lines in Fig. 3 supply with
the productivity allocation that
fully utilizes one of the
chronotype student leaders in
the second year level of BS
Applied Mathematics.
Fig. 4
- As you can see on Fig. 4, it is the computed feasible set of coordinations. The
table below shows the maximum number of hours to be spent by the second year
student leaders depending on the feasible set coordinations despite their
chronotypes.
VERTEX Optimize Productivity Time = 6x+5y
37 45 37 45
( 29 , 29
) 6( 29 ) + 5( 29 ) = 15.41 hours
28 28
(0, 9
) 6(0) + 5( 9
) = 15.56 hours
(0,0) 6(0) + 5(0) = 0 hours
32 32
( 19 , 0) 6( 19 ) + 5(0) = 10.11 hours
VII. 3rd Year Data Graph
Chronotype Academic Organization Required Time to
allocate per day
Early Bird 9.5 hours 4.5 hrs 16 hours
Night Owl 5.5 hours 2.5 hrs 14 hours
Optimize Time 6 hours 5 hours
- The table above contains in between the number of hours of the selected
student-leaders per year levels. For the required time to allocate per day, it is
based on the study of J. Olson, M.D., a recommended amount of sleep of a
young adult approximately 7 hours or more in a day. Consider that for an early
bird, you must attain at least 8 hours sleep for consistency. Moreover, Night owls
contemplate their sleep pattern having at least 8 hours of sleep and more
especially if it is inconsistent with their body clock. Thereby, 16 hours of
productivity for the Early Birds gives enough sleep, and 14 hours of sleep for the
Night Owls acknowledges the consistent changes of their body clock. For the
Optimize Time part, it considers the precise number of hours to be spent in
study in a day (Wadsworth, 2023). Thereafter, the organization allotted time
computed based on the prescribed maximum hours mostly of every constitution
and by laws of an organization inside the Cavite State University Academic and
Non-Academic Organization.
Equations:
9.5x + 4.5y = 16
5.5x + 2.5y = 14
Standard Form Standard Form x - intercept y-intercept
(y) (x)
19 32 9 32 32 32
y=− 9
𝑥 + 9
x=− 19
𝑦 + 19
( 19 , 0) (0, 9
)
11 28 5 28 28 28
y=− 5
𝑥 + 5
x=− 11
𝑦 + 11
( 11 , 0) (0, 5
)
Fig. 5
- Each particular pair of
numbers (x,y) is called a productive
allocation. Each of the lines in Fig.
5 supply with the productivity
allocation that fully utilizes one of the
chronotype student leaders in the
third year level of BS Applied
Mathematics.
Fig. 6
- As you can see on Fig. 6, it is
the computed feasible set of
coordinations. The table below
shows the maximum number of
hours to be spent by the third
year student leaders depending
on the feasible set coordinations
despite their chronotypes.
VERTEX Optimize Productivity Time = 6x+5y
32 32
(0, 9
) 6(0) + 5( 9
) = 21.33 hours
(0,0) 6(0) + 5(0) = 0 hours
32 32
( 19 , 0) 6( 19 ) + 5(0) = 10.11 hours
CONCLUSION
As discussed, student-leaders' time allocation to do their academic responsibilities and
organizational duties is a complex scheduling problem that often affects the
effectiveness of a youth in the academic performance. In this paper, expressed how a
specific year level in BS Applied Mathematics student-leaders utilize into the full-extent
their time management both of academic and organizational tasks. Alongside their
chronotypes as an individual, maximizing their time allocation demonstrates correlation
of academic and organizational stuff. Therefore, student-leaders must be reminded that
being knowledgeable on how they will manage their time, increases their productivity
with an achievable goal to make.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank every respondent of this research from first years to
third years student-leaders of BS Applied Mathematics; for their time and effort
answering the prescribed questions. The authors also would like to give appreciation to
God for making this research possible and bearable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict/s of interest regarding the dissemination and searching
for the respondents of this paper.
