Comprehensive Guide to Literary Terms
Comprehensive Guide to Literary Terms
Contents
• Introduction:
1) literary terms.
2)Shakespear's plays.
3) Old and Middle English.
4) The Renaissance ( Elizabethan age) .
5)The Commonwealth and Restoration age.
6) The age of Reason of the Enlightenment.
7) The Romantic age.
8) The Victorian age.
9) Modern age.
10) Famous novels, poems, plays, odes, poetry, Sonnet and
elegy.
11) Previous Exams.
Literary terms
• protagonist: the central character in a story. The protagonist faces a
problem and must undergo some conflict to solve it.
• limerick: is a five line poem that is often humorous.
• Allegory: simple story has a deeper meaning below the surface. It generally
teaches a lesson by means of an interesting story.
• parody: sth/ someone is imitated so that people will Lough at it.
• lyric: the word of popular songs. Alyric poem is now any short poem that
doesn't have a narrative.
• Ode: a lyric poem with a complex structure in which someone/ sth is praised.
• stream of consciousness (inner monologue): the description of
the flow of inner experience through the mind of the character.
• Blank verse: poetry written in lines which normally have fives
main stresses and which are usually iambic pentameter.
• Types of literature: (Fiction*Nonfiction *Drama*Poetry
*Folktale)
• Onomatopoeia: the formation or use of word whose
meaning is suggested by the sound of the word itself. Such
as:(boom _ buzz).
• Oxymoron: a figure of speech in which two contradictory
words or phrases are combined in a single expressions. Such as:
(wise fool _ cruel kindness).
• Sonnet: a poem of fourteen lines. Sonnets are divided into an
octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines).
• ** The forms of sonnet:
1 ) petrarchan sonnet ( abba abba cdcdcd) .
2 ) Shakespearian sonnet ( abab cdcd efef) .
• Rhyme: is two or more words with the same sound. Such as(go _
though is a rhyme Ryhme scheme/ is a pattern of rhymes.
• Rhythm: the movement of the sound in a poetry or of a piece of
writing.
• Allusion: a reference to sth in literature, history...etc
• setting: the time and place in which the actions of the story
occur.
• Paradox : a statement or a situation containing obvious
contradictions, but is nevertheless true.
• conflict: the struggle between two opposing forces.
• Types of conflict:
1) Internal ( inside the character)
2) External ( outside of the character like society, nature, another
person...)
• Plot: the series or sequence of events of the story.
• Imagery: words and phrases that create vivid experiences or a
picture for the reader.
• Hyperbole: an exaggeration for emphasis or humorous effects.
• Fable: is a story which tries to teach sth. It can be based on myth
or a legend.
• Alliteration: happens when the same letters are repeated in a
pattern of sounds, especially at the beginning in words and in
poems.
• Elegy: a poem in which the death of a hero or of a way of life is
described and it is usually a poem written about great sadness.
• Epic: along narrative poem which describes the actions of gods or
heroes in a society and it can have national purpose.
• Fairy story : a story in which there are supernatural events.
( Fairy stories usually have happy endings ).
• Pun: a form of wit, not necessary funny, involving a play on a word
with two or more meanings.
• Ballad: a song or a simple poem which tells a story and it contains
dialogue and repetition.
• Personification: a figure of speech in which human qualities or
characteristics are given to an animal, object, or concept.
• Enjambment : the carrying of sense and grammatical structure
in a poem beyond the end of one line, couplet, or stanza.
• Style: the way in which a piece of literature is written. Style refers
not what is said, but how it is said.
• Flashback: a scene, or an incident that happened before the
beginning of a story, or at an earlier point in the narrative.
• Antagonist: the character or force that opposes the protagonist.
• Climax: the point at which the conflict of the story begins to be
resolved and begins to reach a turning point.
• soliloquy: a speech in a play in which a character alone on a stage,
tells the audience about his/her thoughts and feelings.
• Metaphor: describes sth by comparing it to sth else without using
( like or as ) ( زي مثالshe is a mouse ) عكسmetaphor الي هيsimile
• Simile: describes sth by comparing it to sth else using the words( like
or as ) زي مثالHe fought like a tiger.
• Analogy: a point by point comparisons between two dissimilar
things for the purpose of clarifying the less familiar of the two things.
• Ambiguity: double or even multiple meaning.
• Euphony: A succession of sweetly melodious sounds.
• Apostrophe: the device, usually in poetry, of calling out to an
imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place, thing, or personified
abstraction either to begin a poem or to make a dramatic break in
thoughts somewhere within a poem.
• Suspense: the tension or excitement felt by the reader as he or she
becomes involved in the story.
• Syllogism: a logical argument based on deductive reasoning.
• Satire: a literary technique in which foolish ideas or customs are
ridiculed for the purpose of improving society.
• Rising action: that part of the plot that leads through a series of
events of increasing interest and power to the climax and turning
point.
• Falling action: events that lead to a resolution after the climax.
Resolution: the final unwinding, or resolvingof the conflicts and
complications in the plot.
• Denouement: the final unraveling or outcome of the plot in drama
or fiction during which the complications and conflicts of the plot
are resolved.
• Convention: an accepted way of doing thing.
• Connotation: the association, images, or impressions carried by a
word.
• Cacophony: harsh, clashing, or dissonant sounds, often produced
by combinations of words that require a clipped, explosive delivery,
or words that contain a number of plosive consonants such as b, d,
g, k,p, and t. The opposite of Euphony.
• Euphony: A succession of sweetly melodious sounds.
Assonance: the repetition at close intervals of vowel sounds
for a purpose. For example: Mad as a hatter.
• Consonance: the close repetition of identical consonant
sounds before and after differing vowel sounds.
• Figurative language: language that cannot be taken literally
or only literally.
• Foreshadowing: a writer's use of hints or clues to indicate
events that will occur later in the narrative.
• Foil : a character who provides a striking contrast to another
character.
• Personification: a figure of speech in which human qualities
or characteristics are given to an animal, object, or concept.
• Enjambment : the carrying of sense and grammatical
structure in a poem beyond the end of one line, couplet, or
stanza.
• Point of view: the vantage point, or stance from which a
story is told, the eye and the mind through which the action is
perceived .
• Metonymy: a figure of speech that substitutes the name of a
related object, person, or idea for the subject at hand.
• Motif: a unifying element in artistic work, especially any
recurrent image, symbol, theme, character type, subject, or
narrative detail.
• Mood: the feeling or atmosphere, that a writer creates for the
reader.
• Epigram: any witty, pointed saying. Originally an epigram
meant an inscription.
• Epitaph: the inscription on a tombstone or monuments in
memory of the person or people buried there.
• Epigraph: a motto or quotation that appears at the beginning
of the book, play, chapter, or a poem.
• First person point of view: the narrator is a character
in the story, dictating events from their perspective using
"I" or "we." Second person :the reader becomes the main
character, addressed as "you" throughout the story and
being immersed in the narrative.
• Third person : the narrator exists outside of the story
and addresses the characters by name or as "he/she/they"
and "him/her/them.“
• Types of third person//
Third person omniscient: the narrator is all_knowing about
thoughts and feelings of the character .
Third person limited: deal with the writer presenting
events as experienced by only one character. This type of
narrator doesn't have full knowledge of situations, past or
future events.
Third person objective: the story conveys only the
external details of the characters - never their thoughts or
inner motivations.
• Chronological order: In literature, most authors write their
story as a sequence of events—when you use this method,
arranging events in the order in which they occurred in time.
• Melodrama: a play or a story in which events are exaggerated
in order to make it exciting.
• Mosque: a poetic drama in which songs, dance, and music are
combined.
• Absurd : a term describing texts, normally drama texts, which
can leave a reader or audience with a feeling of despair.
• Aestheticism: a new form of art literature in which the art and
the beauty of art exists only for itself.
• Black comedy: a comedy in which serious and sometimes tragic
problems are explored.
Irony: When someone says or does sth, but means a nother thing or
intends for sth else to happen.
• Types of Irony:
{ verbal irony, situational irony, Dramatic irony}.
*Verbal irony: a writer says one thing, but means Sth entirely
different.
*Situational irony: occurs when sth happens that is entirely
different from what is expected.
*Dramatic irony: occurs when the reader knows in formation that
the characters do not.
*Anti_ hero: the opposite of traditional hero whose personal
qualities contrasts with bravery, skill, and strength of the hero.
*Autobiography: is a book about your own [Link]: is a book
about someone's life.
• Trilogy: a group of three plays or novels which are linked by the
same theme or the same characters.
• Exposition: background information at the beginning of the story
such as setting, characters, and conflicts.
• Metre: the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse.
• Assonance: the repetition at close intervals of vowel sounds for a
purpose. For example: Mad as a hatter.
• Understatment ( meiosis) : a type of verbal irnoy in which sth is
purposely represented as being for less important than it actually
is.
• Narrative : the story narrator: is someone who tells the story.
• Saga: is a narrative about famous heroes or famous
families or about kings and soldiers.
• Canto: epic poems and long narrative poems are divided
into canto. It can be compared with chapters in a novel.
• Dramatist: a writer of play ( play wright)
• Diction: a language choesn by a writer, usually by poets.
• Existentalism: a modern belief that individuals live in a
world without God and without meaning and are
responsible for thier own actions.
• Caesura: a break or pause in a line of poetry, usually in the
middle of a line.
• Chorus: is a group of performers who sing, dance and at
times take part in the action of a play.
• Couplet: two lines of verse which [Link] novel: a
novel which is based on the experience of a spinster, an
un married woman.
• Compus novel: a novel set in a new university and with
university teachers and students as main characters.
• Tone: the writer's or speaker's attitude toward a subject.
• Theme: the central idea in a literary work. It is an idea
revealed by the events of the story.
• Symbol: a person, object, idea or action that stands for
sth else. It is usually sth literal that stands for sth
figurative. For example/ Roads can stand for choices.
• Synecdoche: a figure of speech in which a part of sth
stands for the whole thing.
• poet laureate: is a title which is given to the poet who is
officially appointed by the king or queen to be the
national poet.
• perface : an introduction which comes before a
book or play.
• prose : contrasts with verse. It describes languge written
in a usual form, not as a poetry.
• Myth: a story which is normally not true and in which
supernatural begins play important parts.
• Monolgue: a speech by one person in a poem , play,
novel.
• Syntax: the sentence structure.
Shakespeare's plays are divided into:
* Walter Scott//
1) Waverley. 2) The Bride of lammer moor.
• Mary Shelly (Frankenstein)//
➢ it is Gothic novel or novel of terror.
* Famous poets//
1) Cynewulf.
2) King Alfred.
3) Aelfric.
• Religious Poetry in this era//
1) Juliana. 2) The Fates of the Apostles.
3) Christ. 4)Elene.
* prose//
1 ) Anglo_Saxon Chronicle (king Alfred).
2)The Homilies ( Aelfric).
3 ) Lives of Saints ( Aelfric).
• Lyrics//
1) Deor's Complaint. 2) The Husband's Message.
3) The Wanderer. 4)The Wife's Complaint.
Famous poets// •
Cynewulf •
King Alfred •
Aelfric •
Jonathan Swift
-Gulliver'c Travels
Samuel Richardson
-Pamela
-Clarissa
Henry Fielding
-Joseph Andrew
-Tom Jones
-Jonathan Wild the Great
Oliver Goldsmith
-The Vicar of Wakefield
Tobias Smollet
Roderick Random ( novel)
Humphrey Clinker ( novel)
Ann Radcliffe
The Mysteries of Udolpho ( Gothic novel)
Horace Walpole
The Castle of Otranto
Laurence Sterne
Tristram
Poetry
John Dryden
- Absalom and Achitophel
-MacFleknoe
-Translations
Prose
John Dryden
- Essay on Dramatic Poesie
John Bunyan
- The Pilgrim's Progress
John Locke
-Essay on the Human Understanding
Drama
William Etherege
-The Man of Mode
William Wycherley
-The Country Wife
-The Plain Dealer
William Congreve
-The Old Bachelor
-The Double Dealer
-Love for Love
-The Way of the World
Oliver Goldsmith
-She Stoops to Conquer
Richard Sheridan
-The Rivals
-The School of Scandal
-The Critic
John Dryden
-The Conquest of Granada
- All for Love (The World Well Lost)
Famous poets//
1) Virgina Woolf
2) George Orwell
3) E.M Forster
4) James Joyce
5) W.B yeats
6) T.S. Eliot
7) Samuel Beckett
Novels//
1-Henry Green wrote ( Blindness_ Party Going_ Caught _ loving)
2. Graham Greence wrote ( The power and the Glory_ The Heart of
the Matter)
[Link] Beckett wrote ( Imagination Dead Imagine )
4. Charles Morgan wrote ( The River line )
[Link] Orwell wrote ( Keep the Aspidistra Flying_ Animal Farms_ Homage
to Catalonia_ Nineteen Eighty_ Four)
6. Angus Wilson wrote ( Hemlock and After _ Anglo Saxon Attitudes_ No
loughing Matter _ The Middle Age of Mrs Eliot)
*Doris's novels //
1) The Colden Notebook
2) Children of Violence
3) Archives
4) Conopus in Argos
*Muriel's novels//
1) Memento Mori
2) The prime of Miss Jean Brodie
3) The Driver's Seat
4) A Far Cry from Kensington
Poetry //
1. T.S Eliot ( Four Quarters _ East Coker_ The Dry Salvages _
little Gidding)
Prose//
1 ) E. M Forster ( A passage to India )
2 ) James Joyce ( Ulysses)
3 ) Virginia Woolf ( To a light House )
Poetry
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1 ) The ldylls of the kings
2 ) In Memoriam
3 ) Ulysses
Robert Browning
1 ) pippa passes
2 ) The pied Piper of Hamelin
Mathew Arnold
1 ) Thyrsis
2 ) The Scholar Gipsy
Prose
Charles Dickens
1 ) A Tale of Two Cities
2 ) Oliver Twist
3 ) A Christmas Carol
4) Hard Times
5 ) David Copperfield
William Makepeace
Vanity Fair
Charlotte Bronte
Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte
Wuthering Heights
Ocar Wild
The picture of Dorian Gray
Thomas Hardy
1 ) Far from the Madding Crowd
2 ) The Return of the Native
3 ) The Mayor of Casterbridge
4 ) Tess of the D'Urbervilles
5 ) Jude the Obscure
George Eliot
1 ) The Mill on the Floss
2 ) Silas Marner
Edmund Spenser
-The Sheoherd's Calendar
-The Farei Queene
Christopher Marlow
-The Passionat Shephers yo His Love
John Donne
He is the greatest metaphysical poet
Ben Jonson
-To Celia
*SOME WORKS/