1No page

TITLE IN BOLD AND CAPS EXCEPT FOR Scientific name

(COMMON NAME HERE) ARRANGED IN INVERTED 1.5 spacing
PYRAMID PREFERABLY UP TO FOUR LINES

A Capstone Project Presented to the

Senior High School Department
Bolbok Integrated National High School 1.5 spacing
Bolbok, Lipa City

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the 1.5 spacing

Capstone/ Research Project

NAME OF STUDENT
March 2015
 2

2 spaces, not 2 ‘enters’

ABSTRACT

3 spaces

The abstract should contain a one-paragraph summary of the study,

presented at the beginning of your research paper. It is likely the first substantive
description of your work read by an external examiner. You should view it as an
opportunity to set accurate expectations. The abstract is a summary of the whole
thesis. It presents all the major elements of your work in a highly condensed form.
It should be limited to a one-paragraph abstract of no more than 200 words. The
structure of the abstract should mirror the structure of the whole thesis, and should
represent all its major elements, the introduction, methodology, results,
Single- spaced
conclusion). There should be one or more sentences assigned to summarize each
chapter. But remember, the primary function of your research is not to tell
readers what you did, it is to tell them what you discovered. Other information,
such as the account of your research methods, is needed mainly to back the claims
you make about your results. Therefore, approximately the last half of the
abstract should be dedicated to summarizing your results. Key terms must be
enumerated below the abstract.

Key terms: First term, second term, third term, fourth term
 3

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON ABSTRACT MAKING:

-the executive summary of your paper

-usually 100-250 words or <5% of your paper; limit to 200 words
-1 paragraph
-Single-spaced
-Contents (follows the SPMRC model)
-1st statement (Statement or Background of the study)
-2nd statement (Principal purpose or objectives or rationale)
-3rd to 4th statements (Methods)
-5th to nth statements (Results –major findings)
-last statement (Conclusion-based from your objectives; more
importantly what are the implications of your findings)

-Some tips in writing the abstract

- should be less technical than the paper itself
- no citations, footnotes, abbreviations, acronyms, tables and figures
- do not paste sections taken from the main text
- Be informative and not interpretative
- Give numerical and statistical information without giving
explanations
-self contained; could be published separately in abstract compilation
or databases
-do not repeat information on the title
-write mostly in the pastAPPROVAL
tense except SHEET
S and C
-best to write it AFTER the paper is completed
-KEYWORDS
- function to supplement the information given in the title
(This page
-serve will be provided
as additional for by the Research Teacher)
pointers
-choose keywords not found in the title (because if ever the paper is
published, words in the title are automatically included in indexes)
 4

2 spaces
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (Final paper)

3 spaces

Acknowledge people, organizations, agencies, etc. who helped you finish

your dissertation. Noteworthy are those who gave technical support in the

completion of your paper. Write this in paragraph form.

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2 spaces TABLE OF CONTENTS

Please note paging ..Preliminary pages should start
3 spaces from i and not 1.
Title Page i

Abstract ii

Acknowledgments iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Tables v

List of Figures vi

List of Appendices vii

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 01

Statement of the Problem (Rationale) 00

Objectives of the Study 00

Hypotheses (if needed) 00

Scope and Delimitations 00

Significance of the Study 00

Definition of Terms (if needed) 00

CHAPTER 2. (OJECTIVE 1)

Background of the Study 00

Statement of the Problem (Rationale) 00

Methodology
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Research Design 00

Study Area (if necessary) 00

First step procedure 00

Second step procedure 00

Third step procedure… 00

Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis 00

Results and discussions 00

Conclusions 00

CHAPTER 3. (OJECTIVE 2)

Background of the Study 00

Statement of the Problem (Rationale) 00

Methodology

Research Design 00

Study Area (if necessary) 00

First step procedure 00

Second step procedure 00

Third step procedure… 00

Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis 00

Results and discussions 00

Conclusions 00
 7

CHAPTER 4. (OJECTIVE 3)

Background of the Study 00

Statement of the Problem (Rationale) 00

Methodology

Research Design 00

Study Area (if necessary) 00

First step procedure 00

Second step procedure 00

Third step procedure… 00

Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis 00

Results and discussions 00

Conclusions 00

(…and so on..)

CHAPTER X. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Implications

00

Recommendations 00

Cited References 00

Appendices 00

Curriculum Vitae 00
 8

2 spaces
LIST OF TABLES

3 spaces
Table Title Page

1 Sample title sample title sample title 00

2 Sample title sample title sample title 00

-NOTE:

Table and Figure numbering should be continuous throughout the text.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 Sample title sample title sample title 00

2 Sample title sample title sample title 00

 10

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

A Map of Study Site (if applicable) 00

B Standard Procedure (if applicable) 00

C Photodocumentation 00

D Time Table of Activities (Gantt Chart) 00

(For Proposal only)

E Budgetary Requirements (For Proposal only) 00

X Certification 00
 11

2 spaces
CHAPTER 1
2 spaces
GENERAL INTRODUCTION

3 spaces
 12

Background of the Study

This section is intended to provide the reader with critical information

about the topic being studied, such as, highlighting and expanding upon

foundational studies conducted in the past, describing important historical events

that inform why and in what ways the research problem exists, or defining key

components of your study such as concepts, people, places, things. You may

include some data that will justify your study. Just make sure that sources of your

supporting data must properly cited using the CSE format and as much as possible

your sources should not be older than 5 years ago.

The next few paragraphs should contain some background information or

related literatures and recent findings about the topic. It may not be that long,

some of the detailed information may be placed in the literature review.

3 spaces
Statement of the Problem

This section will include the (a) identification of research gaps in

knowledge or activities that must be filled to move field forward, (b) how these

research gaps/problems are being addressed, and (c) as researchers, how will you

address such gaps and problems. Just make sure that sources of your supporting

data must properly cited using the CSE format and as much as possible your

sources should not be older than 5 years ago. The aim of the study is to……….

(general objective)…… (The study generally aims to determine the effects of

 13

independent variables to the dependent variables; this is actually repetition of

your title which states the general objective of the study.)

Enumerate here Enumerate here

the independent the dependent
variables variables

Figure 1. Research paradigm of the study.

(this is just a sample; this may be more complex depending on the interplay of
variables and the objectives you want to achieve)

NOTES in Writing the Intro/Statement of the Problem:

The Introduction answers the questions:

What is the problem or what is the research all about? (INTRODUCE THE PROBLEM)

Why is it necessary to solve the problem or work?/ Why is the problem/work important?
(IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY)

What were the findings of previous authors who worked on it? (DEVELOP THE
BACKGROUND)

What do I expect to accomplish (objectives) or prove (hypothesis)? (STATE THE PURPOSE

AND THE RATIONALE in the “Statement of the Problem” part)

NOTE: Your paragraphs must be analytical and evaluative in approach, not

merely descriptive/narrative of the findings of other authors.

Sample :
 14

Objectives of the Study

Specifically, the study will determine the following:

1. Objective 1 (interrogative form or declarative form).

2. Objective 2, be sure that it should be goal-objective and not procedure-

objective;

3. Objective 3, there should be at least 2 specific questions/statements,

ideally 3

Hypotheses (if needed)

The following hypotheses will be tested to accept or reject the proposed

study on….
 15

1. First null hypothesis. The hypothesis should be stated negatively,

assuming negative results. There is no significant difference

between…

2. Second null hypothesis. The hypothesis should be stated negatively,

assuming negative results. There is no significant difference

between…

Scope and Delimitations

The study will focus on the effects of the following different

concentrations; you may enumerate here the different levels of the independent

variables to the dependent variables. The dependent variables should also be -

specified here and should be explained when will be observed or measured. This

paragraph is all about the scope or the inclusions of the study. The scope sets the

boundaries of your research. You may also include here the duration, in weeks,

of the experimental procedure.

It is not the intention of the study to identify the other components of the

study. This paragraph is all about the limitations or the exclusions of the study.

Significance of the Study (in paragraph form)

By developing an accurate and reliable understanding of your topic here,

you may include here some of the expected results of your study. You may cite
 16

some of the groups or direct beneficiaries from your study and explain also how

your findings would give them some benefits.

Definition of Terms

The following important terms are defined based on context or how they

were used in the study (arranged in alphabetical order):

Term 1. The definition should be based on how it was used in the study; it

should be in complete sentence.

Term 2. The definition should be based on how it was used in the study; it

should be in complete sentence.

Term 2. The definition should be based on how it was used in the study; it

should be in complete sentence.

 17

CHAPTER 2

(OBJECTIVE 1)

Background

Statement of the Problem (Rationale)

NOTES in Writing the Background/Statement of the Problem:

The Introduction answers the questions:

What is the problem or what is the research all about? (INTRODUCE THE PROBLEM)

Why is it necessary to solve the problem or work?/ Why is the problem/work important?
(IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY)

What were the findings of previous authors who worked on it? (DEVELOP THE
BACKGROUND)

What do I expect to accomplish (objectives) or prove (hypothesis)? (STATE THE PURPOSE

AND THE RATIONALE in the “Statement of the Problem” part)

Methodology

Research Design

State here the particular type of research design (quasi-experimental,

experimental or descriptive) of your proposed study. You may also include the

different levels/sets of groups under study and your sampling design.

Study Area (if applicable)

Give a detailed description of the the place where the study will be

conducted. Explicitly describe also the sampling sites. This portion may only be

required if the area is important or is a main factor in your results.

 18

Procedure 1

Explain here how you will be doing this particular step in a way that your

reader can replicate your work by just following this particular part. Therefore,

each step should be written in detail. It is also important to acknowledge your

source or basis using the CSE format.

Procedure 2

Explain here in detail how would go about this particular step of your

methodology.

Procedure 3

Explain here in detail how would go about this particular step of your

methodology. Remember also that the arrangement of steps should be on how

you actually conducted your study.

Data Gathering and Analysis

For each objective, enumerate here all data that you will gather and how

they will be analyzed (refer to the research matrix discussed in

Bioresearch/Research Design)). This paragraph should contain the specific

statistical tool that you employed in the analysis and interpretation of results.

This includes the post-statistical tool, if any. You should also include the formula

for those tools that are not common in research. Mention also the probability
 19

level used in the analysis, like this: All statistical analyses will be done at 5%

probability level.

Results and discussion

State directly your results. You don’t have to summarize the methods that

you used to generate data. This section describes the trends or patterns of your

results and not a mere description of the content of the table/figure). Either

present the data either in a tabular form (which is more meaningful) or figure

(never both if they say the same thing). Always write text then prompt your reader

to the Table or Figure.

Results obtained show that soils from dumpsite recorded higher metal (Cu,

Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations than their corresponding levels at the normal farmland

(Table 1). Soil samples collected from the dumpsite were found to contain

significantly (p<0.05) more metals than those collected from a farm land.

The next paragraph includes the analysis of such findings and supporting

it with findings from other research studies.

 20

Table 1. Metal concentrations in dumpsite and farm soils (sentence case)

Concentration (ppm)
Collection Sites
Cu Zn Cd Pb

Farmland 4.271X 3.464X 0.076X 1.764X

Dumpsite 15.184AY 53.283AY 0.167BY 15.465AY

Letters XY show the significant difference between rows (farm and dumpsite). Letters AB
show the significant differences between columns (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb). Different letters
indicate significant statistical (p<0.05)

Another sample:

1.
 21

Arrange
dates from
earliest to
most recent
(this sample
is arranged
otherwise)
 22

A
 23

(The title of the figure comes after the figure. Again the figure and its title should be self-
explanatory).

CHAPTER 3

(OBJECTIVE 2)

Background

Statement of the Problem (Rationale)

 24

NOTES in Writing the Background/Statement of the Problem:

The Introduction answers the questions:

What is the problem or what is the research all about? (INTRODUCE THE PROBLEM)

Why is it necessary to solve the problem or work?/ Why is the problem/work important?
(IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY)

What were the findings of previous authors who worked on it? (DEVELOP THE
BACKGROUND)

What do I expect to accomplish (objectives) or prove (hypothesis)? (STATE THE PURPOSE

AND THE RATIONALE in the “Statement of the Problem” part)

Methodology

Research Design

State here the particular type of research design (quasi-experimental,

experimental or descriptive) of your proposed study. You may also include the

different levels/sets of groups under study and your sampling design.

Study Area (if applicable)

Give a detailed description of the the place where the study will be

conducted. Explicitly describe also the sampling sites. This portion may only be

required if the area is important or is a main factor in your results.

Procedure 1

Explain here how you will be doing this particular step in a way that your

reader can replicate your work by just following this particular part. Therefore,
 25

each step should be written in detail. It is also important to acknowledge your

source or basis using the CSE format.

Procedure 2

Explain here in detail how would go about this particular step of your

methodology.

Procedure 3

Explain here in detail how would go about this particular step of your

methodology. Remember also that the arrangement of steps should be on how

you actually conducted your study.

Data Gathering and Analysis

For each objective, enumerate here all data that you will gather and how

they will be analyzed (refer to the research matrix discussed in

Bioresearch/Research Design)). This paragraph should contain the specific

statistical tool that you employed in the analysis and interpretation of results.

This includes the post-statistical tool, if any. You should also include the formula

for those tools that are not common in research. Mention also the probability

level used in the analysis, like this: All statistical analyses will be done at 5%

probability level.
 26

Results and discussion

State directly your results. You don’t have to summarize the methods that

you used to generate data. This section describes the trends or patterns of your

results and not a mere description of the content of the table/figure). Either

present the data either in a tabular form (which is more meaningful) or figure

(never both if they say the same thing). Always write text then prompt your reader

to the Table or Figure.

Results obtained show that soils from dumpsite recorded higher metal (Cu,

Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations than their corresponding levels at the normal farmland

(Table 1). Soil samples collected from the dumpsite were found to contain

significantly (p<0.05) more metals than those collected from a farm land.

The next paragraph includes the analysis of such findings and supporting

it with findings from other research studies.

(and so on and so forth…)

Use “Figure” for graphs and photos;

“Plates” for images from x-ray and remote sensing

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 27

Objective 1

Conclusion should be the direct answer to each of the specific objectives

of the study. Each conclusion should be qualitative statement or without the use of

the quantitative values of your findings.

Example: The investigated dumpsite soil of Smokey Mountain, Tondo,

Manila were found to have higher levels of metal concentrations compared to the

control. It further revealed that generally, plants grown on dumpsite soils can

accumulate more of toxic metals than plants grown in normal agricultural soil.

Heavy metal accumulation varies on the variety of plant and the heavy

metal contents of the soil. Muntingia calabura (tree), Zea mays (food crop) and

Corchorus olitorious (shrub) were studied and it was revealed that parts of these

plants have the capacity to accumulate heavy metals from soil, specifically, Cu,

Zn, Cd and Pb.

(Include here the implications of your research findings. Why are your research

findings important?)

Objective 2…and so on and so forth…

Recommendations

The following recommendations were drawn based on the results and

conclusions of the study:

 28

1. Further study of other metals present in the dumpsite is suggested. Studies

may also be done in different seasons to see if weather or temperature may

affect the availability of heavy metal contents in dumpsite soil.

2. Investigation on the plants studied to support the findings of its capability

as bioaccumulator, specifically, the Muntingia calabura (tree).

3. Effects of eating plants cultivated in the dumpsite may also be taken into

consideration by the next studies.

Remember to cross-check all cited references in your manuscript (in-text references) with all
entries here in the “Cited References’ (end-references) and vice versa… follow the CSE 2006 29
format..this is uploaded in our FB group)

CITED REFERENCES (in CSE format-downloadable also from the FB group)

Allen C, Prior P, Hayward AC. 2005. Bacterial wilt: the disease and the Ralstonia
solanacearum species complex. St. Paul (MN): APS Press 508 p.

Allen C. 2007. Bacteria, bioterrorism, and the geranium ladies of Guatemala. In:
Cabezas AL, Reese E, Waller M, editors. Wages of empire: neoliberal
policies, repression, and women's poverty. Boulder (CO): Paradigm Press.
p. 169-177.

ASAP: systematic annotation package for community analysis of genomes

[Internet]. 2013. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; [cited
2013 Sep 12]. Available from [Link]

Bennett AB, Gratton C. 2013. Floral diversity increases beneficial arthropod

richness and decreases variability in arthropod community composition.
Ecol Appl. 23(1):86-95.

Flores-Cruz Z, Allen C. 2011. Necessity of OxyR for the hydrogen peroxide

stress response and full virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl
Environ Microbiol. 77(18):6426-6432.

Oliver SS. 2012. Context dependent protein interpretation of the histone language
[dissertation]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 238 p

Otegui MS. 2007. Endosperm: development and molecular biology. In: Olson
OA, editor. Endosperm cell walls: formation, composition, and functions.
Heidelberg (Germany): Springer-Verlag. p. 159-178.

Powell JM, Wattiaux MA, Broderick GA. 2011. Evaluation of milk urea nitrogen
as a management tool to reduce ammonia emissions from dairy farms. J
Dairy Sci. 94(9):4690-4694.

Stem Cell Research Oversight Committee. 2009. University of Wisconsin-

Madison policy for multisite research studies using human pluripotent
stem cells [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison;
[cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from
[Link]
/documents/[Link]
 30

Vierstra R. 2011. Atomic perspectives on phytochrome photoactivation and

signaling. Paper presented at: Steenbock 35. Proceedings of the 35th
Steenbock Symposium on Advances in Biomolecular NMR; Madison, WI.

Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. 2012. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Arch
Biochem Biophys. 523(1):123-33.

Werling BP, Lowenstein DM, Straub CS, Gratton C. 2012. Multi-predator effects
produced by functionally distinct species vary with prey density. J Insect
Sci [Internet]. [cited 12 Sep 2013];12(30). Available from:
[Link]/12.30

Williamson RC. 2004. Deciduous tree galls [Internet]. Madison (WI): University
of Wisconsin-Madison; [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from
[Link]
ee_Galls.pdf

APPENDIX A

MAP OF THE STUDY SITE

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Area with Vegetation

Figure 3. Map of the abandoned dumpsite, Smokey Mountain in Tondo, Manila.

Adopted from __________.

 32

Another sample…

Figure 6. Map of Cavite (outlined in red) showing the forest fragments marked
with .. Modified from Google Earth 2011.

(Write here some explanations or legend about the symbols used (if any)

in the map).

APPENDIX B
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PLANT/ANIMAL SAMPLE

Photo credit : Name of source and year

Figure 4. Origanum vulgare L. (Oregano)

Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Origanum
Species: O. vulgare

A small perennial sub-shrub, perennial ground covers with many forms. Most
have stems that can get very woody. Leaves are oval, dark green and in opposite
pairs. Some varieties have fuzzy leaves, others not. The flowers stalks are spiky
and may be white, pink or purple. Oregano starts out as a ground hugging rosette
of leaves, but it can easily grow to about 40-50 cm tall (Reference).
APPENDIX C
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STANDARD PROCEDURE (if needed)

Title of the procedure (Citation 2008)

Write here the basis of your methodology or the standard procedure

followed in your study. Do not forget to acknowledge your source.

APPENDIX D
 35

RAW DATA (if needed)/STATISTICAL RESULTS

1. Uptake and distribution of Cu in the three studied plants

Concentration (ppm)
Collection Aratiles Corn Saluyot
sites tree corn corn corn saluyo saluyot saluyot
leaves roots leaves seeds t roots stems leaves
3.077
1.2180 4 0.9553 0.9622 2.3101 0.9830 1.5498
3.084
1.2387 3 0.9622 0.9208 2.3309 1.0175 1.5705
Cu 3.098
landfill 1.2529 1 0.9277 0.9069 2.3447 1.0106 1.5152
3.499
1.3424 0 1.1143 0.9415 2.3309 1.1281 1.0866
3.526
1.3770 7 1.1350 0.9899 2.3516 1.1350 1.1143
2.678
0.4440 3 0.0587 0.1691 1.0682 0.0842 0.1365
2.691
0.3916 0 0.0010 0.1654 1.0610 0.0806 0.1021
2.689
Cu farm
0.3391 2 0.0716 0.1691 1.0610 0.0842 0.0913
2.549
0.3084 9 0.3699 0.1365 0.6250 0.0860 0.4006
2.544
0.3066 4 0.3464 0.1021 0.6177 0.0951 0.3862

2. One-way ANOVA of Copper in Leaves of Plants

Anova: Single Factor Copper

SUMMARY
Averag Varianc
Groups Count Sum e e
Aratiles 6.0000 7.7852 1.2975 0.0047
Corn 6.0000 6.1881 1.0314 0.0086
Saluyot 6.0000 7.9576 1.3263 0.0579
 36

ANOVA
Source of P-
Variation SS df MS F value F crit
Between
Groups 0.3173 2.0000 0.1587 6.6832 0.0084 3.6823
Within Groups 0.3561 15.0000 0.0237

Total 0.6734 17.0000

APPENDIX E

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

(Include significant photos of researchers while performing the experiment ; be

sure you are wearing proper attire (e.g. lab gown if doing lab work, etc.) when

doing photodocumentation)
 37

APPENDIX F

TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES

(For proposal only)

Research July Aug Sept Oct Nov

activity 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Procedure 1

Procedure 2

Procedure 3

Procedure 4

Procedure 5

Procedure 6

Procedure 7
 38

APPENDIX G

BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

(For proposal only)

Items Amount Total

2 Cages 200/cage PhP 400

72 albino rats 100/rat 7,200

Feeds 20/100 g 40

Vitamin supplements 200 200

Blood glucose kit 6,000 6,000

Blood cholesterol kit 300/kit 900

Histology preparation 500 500

Heavy metal analysis 800 800

Total PhP 16,040.00

 39

CURRICULUM VITAE

In paragraph form, write here all pertinent information about the

proponent. 2 x 2 photo should be recent and with clear background. Please

exclude personal information such as address, birthday, etc. to protect your

privacy (in accordance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012).

 40

Sample Table of Contents for your

reference .
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