“GS
METHOD GURU
Board | Foundation
CBSE, IIT-JEE, NEET
Physics by Shivendra Sir
(B.Tech, Experience-10 Yrs in Kota)
Method Guru - Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur (UP) Mob. 7014344748 Batch - PARAKRAM Alternating Current
Q Direct Current (DC)
Ifthe magnitude and direction of current do not change with time then itis called direct current
Frequency of DC is Zero and time period is infinite
R
i
Vv
QO Alternating Current (AC) or Alternating Voltage
An_ alternating currentWoltage is one..whose magnitude changes
continuously with time between zero and maximum value and whose
direction reverses periodically.
R
a Sp
OD sei OT aint cpt faineiined
> Equation for jand\~
Generally sinusoidalwaveform is used as alternating currentWoltage.
V= Vp sinat = Vy sin 2m V, sine i = ig sinat = ig sin 2zvt = isin on,
WO? T
where Vand /are Instantaneous values of current and voltage
jg and Vo are peak values of current and voltage
@ = Angular frequency in rad/sec, v = Frequency in Hz and T = time period
Vori > Peak value or Amplitude (ip and Vo )-
The maximum value of altemating quantity (jor Vi
is defined as peak value or amplitude.
> Peak to peak value
Itis equal to the sum of the magnitudes of
tore positive and negative peak values
Peak to peak value = Vo + Vo = 2Vo
> Time period (T)
The time taken to complete one cycle of variations is
called the ‘periodic-time’ or time-period.
VM
Method Guru - Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur (UP) Mob. 7014344748 Batch - PARAKRAM Neale elgg lag
> Frequency
The number of cycle completed by an AC in one second is called the frequency
v Unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz)
1 ¥ The value of AC is zero or maximum 2n times every second. The
vorn== direction also changes '2n' times every second.
T Y_ Frequency of AC supply in India is 50 Hz
{Current or voltage will be zero or maximum, 100 times in one second)
> Mean or Average value (/,, or V,,)
for one complete cycle ( t=0 to T) for one half cycle t-0 to T/2)
ju t S }
& ‘T Or
=0 be 069%, 62.78 oF
=0
= 0.637V, = 63.7% OF Vo
> Mean square value of A.C >
The average of square of instantaneous valves i in one cycle is called mean
square value. It is is aways positive for or ee ‘complete cycle
f Vedt =
» Root Mean square we(RMS) alle or apparent value or effective value of A.C.
Vans a = 0.707Vp = 70.7% of Vo
vin garieral} whervalues of voltage or current for alternating circuits are
given, thesé are rms. value
y _ Inour houses acis supplied at 220 V, which is the r.m.s. value of voltage.
It's peak value is /2 x 200 = 311V.
¥ — Rms value is also known as dc equivalent
> Form factor > Peak factor
The ratio of the R.M.S. value of A.C. The ratio of peak value
to its average during half cycle is and r.m.s. value is called peak
defined as the form factor of A.C. factor
= rms value _ Peak value
Path att caarwalua far kalilo Peakifacton = value
x
Form factor for sinusoidal wave = 111 Peak factor for sinusoidal wave = /2 = 1.41
UP) Mob. 7014344748
Method Guru - Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur Batch - PARAKRAM Alternating Current
> PHASE
Ifa quantity is represented as X = Xosin(ott 6)
Then
v phase = (wt + 6)
Y t= Instantaneous phase (changes with time)
¥ $= Initial phase ( Constant with time)
v Phase determines the direction as well as magnitude of current/emnf
v Unit will be radian.
> Phase difference (Phase constant)
The difference between the phases of currents and voltage is called phase
difference.
If, emf and current are given by :
V=V\sinlot +4,) sinlot +9)
Then phase of current relative to emf = ¢> S oy
and phase of emf relative to current = ¢°— 6
> Time difference .
If phase difference is de then- TD. = x xg
> Phasor Diagram .
A diagram representing=alternating current
and alternating voltage(ofsame frequency) as
vectors (phasors) witl2the phase angle between
them is called a paSor diagram.
> Impedance (2
The opposition(resistance) offered by ac circuits to the flow of ac through
it is defined it's impedance. It's unit is ohm{Q).
>» Reactance (X)
The opposition (resistance) offered by inductor or capacitor or both to the
flow of ac through it is defined as reactance. It is of following two type
{i) Inductive reactance (X,) (ii) Capacitive reactance (X,)
Method Guru - Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur (UP) Mob. 7014344748 Batch -PARAKRAM Vlei ae melee -lald
Y Inductive reactance (X,) offered by inductive circuit =x, -@L =2mL
for de-Vq =0 so for dc, X, = 0.
1 1
Y Capacitive reactance (X,) offered by capacitive circuit X¢ =FG" ae
tv
for de- v4 =0 so for de Xp = «.
> Admittance (Y)
Reciprocal of impedance is known as admittance. It’s unit is mho (v=
> Susceptance (S) ,
The reciprocal of reactance is defined as susceptance « = “x)
Y Inductive susceptance %-;-z7 Vv Capacitive susceptance s-- serecaewe
> MEASUREMENT OF AC CURRENT AND EMF.
v DC ammeter and voltmeter are based on the princifile of torque acting on a
moving coil placed in a magnetic field. It works e principle of magnetic
effect of current. It can not be use for AC measii ements.
v Hot wire ammeter and Voltmeters are, used for AC measurement Hot
wire instruments are based on heating‘effect of current. These devices
gives the RMS values (not the ay de) of voltage and current.
> Power in ac Circuits-
Power is defined as the pra of voltage and that component of the current
which is in phase with thevoltage.
Suppose in ac circuit@ndiattmet V=Vsinot j=, sinot+4)
Y Instantaneous power ~ Pisentaneous = Vi =Voin sinotsin(at +9)
y Average power (True power) Pa = Vimsims Cos $ = = ed = 3M cos¢
Vi
¥ Apparent or virtual power- Pay) = Vinslims = a
> Power Factor
The ratio of apparent power and average power is called power factor. It may be
defined as cosine of the angle of lag or lead
Power Factor = cos = ;
Method Guru -Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur (UP) Mob. 7014344748 SE eae AG e AU Alternating Current
DIFFERENT TYPES OF A. C. CIRCUITS
1. Purely Resistive Circuit (R-Circuit)
Wi v Reactance=0, Impedance = Resistance = R
E)_ E,sinot -f
v Current! = (2)-2S" = Ipsin wt
~ _ Ey
E = Epsinat where lo= 3°
Y Current and voltage across a resistance
are in the same phase (¢ = 0°) .
v Power factor cosg=1
v Noenergy storage .
v Power (Loss) P =V,,.
Frms =
wt
2. Purely Inductive Circuit (L-Circuit)
v impedance = Reactance= X, = al =2mL
KV
AT} ——
ae
dt
{~)
we
E= Ep sinot
Y Voltage leads or current lags by ¢ = 90°
¥ Power factor cos¢=0
v Energy loss = 0
Y Energy stored at time t- U=SL7 ¥ Vint Lim
v Average energy stored= $ LB ns le
Method Guru - Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur (UP) Mob. 7014344748 Batch PARAKRAM PNW leae le mele
3. Purely Capacitive Circuit (C-Circuit)
1
¥ Impedance (Z) = Reactance (X) = Xc = oC
¥ Current i= isio( os 2)
V= Vp sin wt iy = PL = WoC = year)
C
Y Voltage lags or Current leads the voltage by ¢ = 90°
v Power factor cos¢=0
¥ Power loss = 0
v Energy stored at time t u=Scv?
v Average energy stored = ; CVoas -- ;
“
4. Resistive, Inductive Circuit (RL-Circuit) v,
me
Y Voltage across resistahCB Vp = iR .{ No lead or lag)
¥ Voltage across induétor V;, = iX, (leads with current by 90)
v Impedance 2. §RF x? JR i0'L
v Applied voltage y - v2eve
V= Vp sin wt
. a x, ol
Phase difference ¢- tan? ] ~ Voltage across capacitor V, = iX, (lags with current by 90)
Vr Ve v Impedance
f__¥ 2d - fet (2)
v. ea i Y Applied voltage v-\vF+v2
= Vo sin w .
° v Phase difference ¢ = tan* Xe < tant =
Y Current i =ig sin(wt+¢)
p= o-
20 [Re +x:
¥ Voltage lags with current by ¢
o R
v Power, dissipated P =Vimslrms cos @
VY Powerfactor _ Gby=
6.Inductive, Capacitive Circuit (LC-Circuit)
TT. dt v Voltage across inductor V, = iX, (lags with current by 90)
ae - ¥ Voltage across inductor V, = iX, (leads with current by 90)
———
Vi Ve | Casel x. x,
Vk Reactance is inductive _ Reactance is capacitive
4 V leads the current by > V lags the current by =
v Applied voltage v=v, -\
% =v Impendence Z= xX, -X,=X
v Phase difference ¢ = 90°
a ( . VW VY
on Y Current i=ipsin{ ot 4) = 2"& ~ Xe
v
Power factor : cos = 0
Energy dissipitation = 0
Method Guru - Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur (UP) Mob. 7014344748} Batch PARAKRAM Alternating Current
7. Series RLC Circuit
R L c
a —Mlli —=a I v Voltage across resistance Vq = iR (No lead or lag)
Va Vi Ve | Voltage across capacitor V, = iX, (lags with current by 90)
Mi ¥ Voltage across inductor V, = iX, {leads with current by 90)
V= Vo sin wt
Caselyx, > x, Case Il X, > X, Case lll x, = x,
Vi >Ve Ve> Vy V= Ve
Net reactance is inductive Net reactance is capacitive Net reactance is zero &
Circuit is purely resistive
«condition of resonance)
&
°
vy Applied voltage ¥ Applied voltage Y Applied voltage
V= (U,V)? +R V: We -V)? +Ve V=\,
v Impedance Impedance v Impedance
Z= JO eee RP "= (Oe = Xe +R? an = R
v Phase difference v Phase difference v Phase difference
tan @ = “*e a tang = =tew g=0
¥ Current ¥ Current y Current
i= ig sin(ot-¢) i=iysin(wt+¢) I= Igsinwt
¥ Current lags Y Current leads ¥ Current and voltage}
in same phase
v Power factor v Power factor v Power factor
aA cos@ = z
cosp=z Z cos¢=1
Method Guru - Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur (UP) Mob. 7014344748 Batch PARAKRAM Alternating Current
Resonance frequency:
Impedance as well as current changes with frequency (@ or f). Fora particular
frequency, impedance of circuit will be minimum and current in the circuit is maximum .
This state is called resonance and the frequency is called resonance frequency.
At resonance
X= Xe = 1 stor eps)
= == Ha lor
1 WEE sec °° Oedic
@L=
@C
XL
Xe
Half power frequencies and band width -
The frequencies at which the Itincreases voltage
and decreases current
Vs > Vp
Ng > Np
E5>Ep
is Itdecreases voltage
and increase current
fs Ns _Vs _ip _ C
ep Np Vp sek Transformation ratio
Efficiency of transformer (7) -
100 = Y's ,.100
Vpip
(Pin = Pr)
Losses in transformer
(i) Culoss (#R) (ii) Eddy current loss
(iii) Hysteresis loss (iv) Magnetic flux leakage
(v) Humming losses
Method Guru - Shashtrinagar, Sultanpur (UP) Mob. 7014344748
