BUSINESS RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Graduation Thesis

Topic
“Factors Influencing University Students' Behavioral Intention to Use Electric Buses: An Extended
TAM-TPB Integration Model in Ho Chi Minh City”

Instructor: Ms. Ta Minh Thao

Semester: Spring 2025
Subject: Graduation Thesis (GRI491)
Group information: Group SP25BIZ06 - ANT

No. Student Name Student ID

1 Le Trinh Anh SS170540

2 Doan Nhat Hung SS170113

3 Doan Nhat Lan SS170045

4 Pham Tien Thinh SS170624

5 Thai Kim Ngan SS170369

 TABLE OF CONTENT

FIGURE
Figure 1: Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e) - Vietnam in 1970 -
2022​ 3
Figure 2: PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 value (% of
total) - Vietnam in 2010 - 2017​ 4
Figure 3: Ho Chi Minh City's Transport Mode Distribution in 2017​ 5
Figure 4: Framework - Extended TAM-TPB Framework for Behavioral Intention to Use Electric Buses
in Ho Chi Minh City​ 12
Figure 5: Literature Map of TAM, TPB, and Extended Constructs in Public Transport Research​ 14
Figure 6: The Extended TAM-TPB Framework for Behavioral Intention to Use Electric Buses in Ho Chi
Minh City​ 20
TABLE
Table 1: Previous studies on public transport use​ 7
Table 2: The number of undergraduate students in 2017 - 2020​ 23
Table 3: Sample sizes for different sizes of population at a 95 percent level of certainty (assuming data
are collected from all cases in the sample)​ 23
Table 4: Perceived ease of use​ 27
Table 5: Perceived usefulness​ 28
Table 6: Personal innovativeness​ 28
Table 7: Environmental awareness​ 28
Table 8: Security measures​ 29
Table 9: Perceived behavioral control​ 29
Table 10: Subjective norms​ 30
Table 11: Behavioral intention​ 30
Table 12: Summary of scale​ 38
Table 13: The questionnaire of demographic​ 40
Table 14: The questionnaire of screening​ 42
I. INTRODUCTION​ 3
1. Statement of Problems​ 3
2. Research questions and objectives​ 6
2.1. Research questions​ 6
2.2. Research objectives:​ 6

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 1

 3. Scope of research​ 7
II. LITERATURE REVIEW​ 7
1. Previous studies & Theoretical frameworks​ 7
1.1. Previous studies​ 7
1.2. Theoretical frameworks​ 12
2. Variable definitions​ 14
2.1. Dependent variable​ 14
2.2. Independent variable​ 15
2.2.1. Key Constructs of the Technology Acceptance M ko odel​ 15
2.2.1.1. Perceived ease of use:​ 15
2.2.1.2. Perceived usefulness:​ 15
2.2.2. Key Constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour​ 15
2.2.2.1. Subjective norms​ 15
2.2.2.2. Perceived behavioural control​ 16
2.2.3. Extended Variables Influencing Behaviour Intention use electric bus​ 16
2.2.3.1. Personal innovativeness​ 16
2.2.3.2. Environmental awareness​ 17
2.2.3.3. Security measures​ 17
3. Hypothesis development​ 17
4. Propose research model/conceptual framework​ 20
III. METHODOLOGY​ 20
1. Research design​ 20
2. Sampling and data collection​ 21
2.1. Stratified sampling​ 21
2.2. Population and sample estimation​ 22
2.2.1. Research site​ 22
2.2.2. Research participation​ 22
2.3. Data collection​ 25
2.3.1. Measurement scale​ 26
2.3.2. Data analysis approach​ 26
1. Develop a questionnaire for quantitative study​ 27
IV. REFERENCES​ 30
V. APPENDIX​ 38

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 2

I. INTRODUCTION
1.​Statement of Problems
In recent years, air pollution and climate change have significantly impacted public health and the
environment (Nguyen and Pojani, 2023). According to the UN Environmental Programme, cities are
responsible for 70% of global CO2 emissions, with transport being among the main contributors (Lwasa et
al., 2022; U.N. Environment, 2024). In Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, as the country’s largest economic hub,
faces increasingly severe air pollution, with transportation identified as one of the primary sources of
emissions (Vu et al., 2020). In 2022, Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Transport (Energy) in Vietnam
increased to 37.6 Mt (Metric tons) CO2e, with the number of private vehicles as of 14/06/2024, including
cars and motorbikes reaching 6,541,549 cars, 75,772,419 motorcycles, and electric scooters (World Bank,
2023; Ministry of Transport of Vietnam, 2024).

Figure 1: Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e) - Vietnam in 1970 -
2022

The dominance of motorcycles and increasing car ownership has severely impacted public health and
environmental quality (Hou, 2022). The situation is particularly critical given that Vietnam's urban air
pollution levels frequently exceed World Health Organization guidelines by several times, with vehicle
emissions being a major contributing factor (Tran and Le, 2021). In which Vietnam had 37.48% of its
population exposed to PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5) pollution levels exceeding the WHO Interim Target-1
value in 2017 (Brauer, 2017). Urgent action in the transportation industry needs to be taken due to the

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 3

deterioration of the environment and growing public health concerns (Kwilinski, Lyulyov and Pimonenko,
2024).

Figure 2: PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 value (%
of total) - Vietnam in 2010 - 2017

Transitioning from fossil fuel-powered vehicles to electric vehicles is considered a potential solution to
reduce pollution and promote sustainable development (Tilly et al., 2024; Ajanovic and Haas, 2016;
Featherman et al., 2021; Nguyen and Pojani, 2023). This transition aligns with global efforts to create cleaner
and more sustainable cities. Additionally, customers are becoming more conscious of the environmental
impact of their travel choices and are seeking greener alternatives to private vehicles (Statista, 2024). Ho Chi
Minh City's current public transportation system consists of 2,052 operational buses, which only meets
6.17% of its residents' total transportation demand (Nhu Ngoc, 2024). In response to the increasing public
demand for sustainable, convenient, and cost-effective transportation, Ho Chi Minh City is transforming its
bus system (Statista, 2024). Currently, about a quarter of its 2,052-bus fleet runs on electric and CNG. The
city has ambitious plans to expand to 108 routes with 1,901 buses by 2030, while implementing a complete
transition to electric buses within the next few years to reduce carbon emissions and better serve commuter
needs (Ministry of Transport of Vietnam, 2024).

Electric bus routes run in inner-city districts connecting city centres and tourist attractions (Vinbus, 2024).
Charging stations are located in residential areas or commercial centers. The operating schedule of electric
vehicles is quite similar to that of conventional buses, with a transfer time of about 10 to 20 minutes. Most
linear electric vehicles have the same common infrastructure as conventional buses, meaning they do not

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 4

have dedicated lanes on the road. However, the comfort and convenience of the e-buses services far outweigh
these concerns. The proposed fare for Vinbus is 3,000 VND per trip for students and 5,000 - 7,000 VND/trip
for other groups of passengers, depending on the route distance, similar to the fare of the bus system (Vinbus,
2024; Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee, 2019). Passengers on the e-buses can pay by credit/debit card or
modern payment methods such as QR code to buy tickets online through platforms, which are unavailable on
conventional vehicles (Vinbus, 2024). Nonetheless, the Vinbus route in Ho Chi Minh City has not been fully
expanded, as the pilot routes have not been fully exploited and there are many challenges (Duc Phu, 2024).

The problem is that Ho Chi Minh City is not inherently a bus-oriented city. Here, motorcycles are the
dominant mode of transportation, accounting for over 80% of daily trips, while public transportation only
meets 9-15% of travel demands (Chu et al., 2019; Huu and Ngoc, 2021).

Figure 3: Ho Chi Minh City's Transport Mode Distribution in 2017

(CENTRE for Liveable Cities, 2017)

University students are essentially the primary users of buses, with 3 out of every 10 bus passengers being
university students (Tong et al., 2021; Nguyen and Pojani, 2023; Pham, Nguyen and Duong, 2020). This
phenomenon is not unexpected: students globally demonstrate a significant dependence on bus transportation
for mobility (Vincent et al., 2024; Bakdur, Masui and Ptaszynski, 2021; Jomnonkwao et al., 2016; Soltani,
2019). Consequently, examining student perceptions and behavioral patterns concerning public transportation
systems holds paramount importance.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 5

In Ho Chi Minh City, emphasizing university students' behavioral intention toward electric bus adoption
holds particular significance, given its status as a megacity of over 9 million inhabitants and its role as the
country's premier higher education center (General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 2024). More than 600,000
students are enrolled across approximately 241 higher education institutions (Ministry of Education and
Training, 2022). Achieving even a partial modal shift from motorcycles to electric buses among this student
population would represent a substantial accomplishment in sustainable transportation adoption.

This research is driven by the pressing imperative to address air pollution and its cascading effects on public
health and environmental sustainability. As Ho Chi Minh City undergoes rapid urbanization, sustainable
transportation solutions emerge as a critical component of the city's future trajectory. Moreover, the
prospective implementation of policies limiting gasoline-powered vehicles, particularly those promoting
electric public transportation adoption (Thuy, 2023), presents an opportunity to examine public behavioral
intentions, specifically among university students in Ho Chi Minh City, while identifying both obstacles and
enabling factors for behavioral change. Through understanding these underlying dynamics, this research
seeks to inform evidence-based policy formulation and planning, striking a balance between environmental
benefits and socioeconomic considerations, ultimately fostering a sustainable future for the metropolitan area
and its inhabitants.

2.​Research questions and objectives

2.1. Research questions

a)​ What are the effects of TAM variables (Personal Innovativeness, Perceived Ease of Use,
Perceived Usefulness) on university students' behavioral intention to use electric buses?
b)​ To what extent do TPB variables (Perceived Behavioral Control and Subjective Norms)
influence university students' behavioral intention to use electric buses?
c)​ What is the relationship between all determining factors and university students' behavioral
intention to use electric buses in Ho Chi Minh City?
d)​ Among university students in Ho Chi Minh City, what is the level of awareness regarding
environmental, economic, and social benefits of electric buses compared to personal
transportation modes?

2.2. Research objectives:

a)​ To examine the influence of TAM variables (Personal Innovativeness, Perceived Ease of
Use, Perceived Usefulness) on university students' behavioral intention to use electric buses.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 6

 b)​ To assess the impact of TPB variables (Perceived Behavioral Control and Subjective Norms)
on university students' behavioral intention to use electric buses.
c)​ To analyze the relationships between all determining factors in the integrated model and
university students' behavioral intention to use electric buses in Ho Chi Minh City.
d)​ To measure students' awareness level of environmental benefits of electric buses, including
greenhouse gas emission reduction, air pollution reduction, and noise reduction compared to
personal vehicles.

3.​ Scope of research

This research primarily focuses on residents of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with particular emphasis on
university students, encompassing those who utilize gasoline-powered vehicles, electric vehicles, or public
transportation systems. The strategic selection of students as the target demographic ensures substantial
research coverage, considering that the urban population aged 15-24 constitutes 39.9% of the total
population—a demographically significant proportion for evaluating electric vehicle adoption potential
(General Statistics Office, 2023). Moreover, as Pham et al. (2022) articulated, understanding public
perception serves as a critical foundation for assessing the viability of sustainable transportation policies.

The spatial scope of the study is limited to Ho Chi Minh City, the largest economic and urban center in
Vietnam, which faces significant challenges related to air pollution, primarily caused by transportation
emissions (Vu et al., 2020). Ho Chi Minh City represents a typical metropolitan area in Vietnam where the
transition to electric vehicles may have significant environmental and societal impacts. As reported by
Daisuke (2014), large cities in developing countries like Ho Chi Minh City often face challenges in
implementing sustainable transport solutions due to congestion, high vehicle density, and limited
infrastructure.

This research will be conducted over a period of two weeks, from [March, 3th] to [March, 10th]. The
selected timeframe allows for an in-depth survey of public opinion and behavioral responses to the
hypothetical ban on gasoline-powered vehicles and the encouragement of electric vehicle usage. The two
week period ensures adequate time for data collection and analysis, while being feasible for the scope of the
study.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 7

 II. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.​Previous studies & Theoretical frameworks

1.1. Previous studies

Table 1: Previous studies on public transport use

Sample /
Authors (years) Target modes Factors used Method
Country

Ardi et al. (2024) 138 Gen X, 151 Bus Rapid Transit 1. Perceived Ease 1. Structural Equation
Generation Y/ (BRT), Mass of Use Modeling (SEM)
Indonesia Rapid Transit
2. Perceived 2. Partial Least Square
(MRT), and Light
Usefulness (PLS)
Rail Transit
(LRT) 3. Attitude 3. Multigroup Analysis
toward Public (MGA)
Transportation
4. Measurement
4. Subjective Invariance of Composite
Norm Models (MICOM)

5. Perceived 5. Theory of Planned

Behavior Control Behavior (TPB)

6. Environmental 6. Technology
Concern Acceptance Model
(TAM)
7. Demographics
7. Questionnaire
8. Behavioral
Intention 8. Pilot testing

9. Expert interviews

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 8

Nguyen and 833 Electric buses 1. Personal 1. Structural Equation
Pojani (2023) undergraduate innovativeness Modeling (SEM)
students/ Hanoi,
2. Perceived 2. Partial Least Square
Vietnam
usefulness (PLS)

3. Perceived ease 3.Technology

of use Acceptance Model
(TAM)
4. Environmental
awareness 4. Questionnaire

5. Perceived risk 5. Multigroup Analysis

of theft (by gender and
experience)
6. Security
measures

7. Perceived risk
of sexual
harassment

8. Perceived risk
of Covid-19
infection

9. Self-protection
measures

10. Behavioral
intention (USE
ELECTRIC
BUSES)

Shanmugavel 525 prospects E-vehicles 1. Personal norm 1. Structural Equation

and Balakrishnan automobile Modeling (SEM)
2. Descriptive
(2023) dealers/ India
norm 2. Confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA)

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 9

 3. Subjective 3. Average variance
norm extracted (AVE)

4. Environmental 4. Maximum shared

knowledge variance (MSV)

5. Environmental 5. Composite reliability

responsibility (CR)

6. Environmental
concern

7. Behavioural
intention towards
EV

Ng and Phung 873 residents who Bus Rapid Transit 1. Environmental 1. Partial Least Squares
(2020) have used public (BRT) concern (PLS) Structural
transport/ Hanoi Equation Modeling
2. Attitude
city, Vietnam
2. Questionnaire
3. Perceived
Behavioural 3. Reliability testing
Control (Cronbach's alpha)

4. Subjective 4. Validity testing

Norm
5. Path analysis using
5. Personal Norm PLS bootstrapping

6. Descriptive 6. One-way ANOVA

Norm
7. Post-hoc tests
7. Service
8. Chi-squares test
Satisfaction

9. Extended Theory of
8. Behavioral
Planned Behavior model
Intention

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 10

Li et al. (2015) 393 residents Buses, Subway 1. Attitude 1. Theory of Planned
Shanghai, China Behavior (TPB)
2. Injunctive
norm

3. Descriptive
norm

4. Perceived
behavioral
control

5. Dependent
Public
transportation use
behavior

6. Intention

Nguyen et al. 618 Vietnamese Tramway, Buses 1. Attitude 1. Exploratory factor

(2023) motorcyclists/ Instrumental analysis (EFA)
Vietnam
2. 2. Confirmatory factor
Symbolic/affectiv analysis (CFA)
e
3. Structural Equation
3. Social Modeling (SEM)
orderliness
4. Theory of Planned
4. Social norms Behavior (TPB)
(injunctive norm,
descriptive norm)
and personal
norm

5. Perceived
behavioral
control

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 11

 6. Intention

Although there have been many studies focusing on public transport use and user behavior, existing studies
still have some limitations that need to be addressed. Ardi et al. (2024) used a combined model of TPB and
TAM and applied Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the behavior of Generation X and
Generation Y in using public transport, but this study only focused on the Indonesian context and lacked the
integration of more complex social and environmental factors, such as perceived safety and environmental
sustainability. Nguyen and Pojani (2023) used survey data and SEM analysis to emphasize the importance of
technology and safety in promoting the use of electric buses, but did not study in depth the social influences
such as subjective norms and descriptive norms, especially in specific target groups such as students in
Hanoi. The difference in lifestyle and culture between students in Hanoi and students in Ho Chi Minh City is
completely different.

Although many studies have extended the TPB to consider environmental perceptions and personal norms,
these studies have not focused sufficiently on behavioral differences between different user groups (e.g.,
motorcycle and bus users (Shanmugavel and Balakrishnan, 2023; Ng and Phung, 2020). Ng and Phung
(2020) also extended the TPB to include environmental factors, but they ignored the role of personal
innovativeness in accepting new technologies when using MRT. Li et al. (2015) emphasized the role of
descriptive norms in public transport research in China, but did not clarify how different cultural and social
factors may influence user behavior in different regions. Finally, Nguyen et al. (2023) mentioned risk factors
such as theft and harassment in traditional public transport, but did not clarify how these factors are weighed
when compared to the benefits of green transportation.

In conclusion, prior research has not provided a theoretical framework that completely combines
psychological, social, environmental, and technological elements to explain why people would choose to
utilize electric buses, particularly in a densely populated urban setting like Ho Chi Minh City. In addition to
addressing the theoretical gaps, this study offers practical advice to urban policy makers on how to create
sustainable public transportation systems that are suited to the behavioral preferences of college students in
crowded cities like Ho Chi Minh City.

1.2. Theoretical frameworks

Figure 4: Framework - Extended TAM-TPB Framework for Behavioral Intention to Use Electric
Buses in Ho Chi Minh City

The framework in this study is built on the combination of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), along with the extended factors of environmental and safety perceptions,
shown in Figure 4. As can be seen, its 8 constructs are connected by 10 paths or hypotheses (H1-H10). The

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 12

main result, shown in the middle of the diagram, is the behavioral intention to use electric buses. Details
about the constructs influencing behavioral intention as well as the research hypotheses are provided below.

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used as a theoretical foundation to explain the behavioral
intention to use electric buses of students. It is also used as the main theoretical basis to explain the
behavioral intention to use public transportation of two generations X and Y in Jakarta, Indonesia (Ardi et
al., 2024). The two main constructs from TAM are Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) and Perceived Usefulness
(PU). PEU measures the extent to which users believe that using electric buses will not require great mental
or physical effort, while PU reflects the belief that this new technology will improve users' travel efficiency
and performance. According to the assumptions of TAM, Behavioral Intention (BI) is directly influenced by
PU and PEU, with this relationship having been confirmed in previous studies (Venkatesh et al., 2003; Chau
and Hu, 2002; Nguyen and Armoogum, 2020; Nguyen and Pojani, 2023; Ardi et al., 2024). In Ho Chi Minh
City, electric buses will start rolling out in 2022, the appearance of electric buses and technology is still new
in the Vietnamese market (Vinfast, 2022). Therefore, the extension of TAM with the construct of Personal
Innovativeness (PI), reflecting the willingness of users to experiment with new technologies, was included in
the study. PI has been shown to influence BI in the context of public transport and new transport services
(Cheng and Huang, 2013; Wang et al., 2020; Nguyen and Pojani, 2023).

Factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) include Subjective Norms (SN) and Perceived
Behavioral Control (PBC). The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is used as the main theoretical foundation
to explain the behavioral intention to use electric buses of students in Ho Chi Minh City. TPB assumes that
human behavior is guided by Subjective Norms (SN), and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) (Ajzen,
1991). SN measures the social pressure an individual feels from those around them. (Li et al., 2015; Ng and
Phung, 2020). Subjective norms are the causes of people's intentions and actions (Rouibah et al,, 2009;
Shanmugavel and Balakrishnan, 2023). Furthermore, Ajzen (2002) hypothesized that the subjective norm
confirms the high explanatory power of TPB. Meanwhile, PBC is a non-voluntary factor, measuring the
individual's ability to perform the behavior of using public buses. While PBC measures the individual's
self-confidence in controlling the behavior (Shanmugavel and Balakrishnan, 2023; Li et al., 2015). This
perception is based on an individual's experience or perception of possible obstacles in performing that
behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Nguyen et al., 2023). In travel behavior research, many studies have found a
statistically significant impact of PBC on the intention to use public transport (Chen and Chao, 2011;
Bamberg, 2003; Haustein, 2007; Chen and Lai, 2011; Nguyen et al., 2023). These factors have a direct
impact on behavioral intention and have been confirmed by many previous studies (Donald, Cooper and
Conchie, 2014; Harland, Staats and Wilke, 1999; Ng and Phung, 2021).

In addition, the framework integrates extended factors such as Environmental Awareness (EA) and Security
Measures (SM). EA measures the extent to which individuals perceive the importance of environmental
protection. SM represents safety measures when using electric buses (Nguyen and Pojani, 2023).

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 13

Based on the gaps identified in previous studies, this research adopts an integrated TAM-TPB model with
extended factors such as Environmental Awareness and Security Measures to address the unique
sociocultural and behavioral characteristics of university students in Ho Chi Minh City. According to Ishtiaq
(2024), visual representations such as conceptual frameworks or literature maps help to clarify the
relationships between key constructs and prior studies, providing a foundation for the research. Figure 5
illustrates the integration of TAM, TPB, and extended constructs such as environmental awareness and
security measures, highlighting connections to relevant studies.

Figure 5: Literature Map of TAM, TPB, and Extended Constructs in Public Transport Research

xxx

2.​Variable definitions

2.1. Dependent variable

Behavioral intention is a core concept derived from two theories including the Technology Acceptance
Model (Marikyan and Papagiannidis, 1989) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991). “Behavioral
intention refers to a person's subjective probability that he or she will perform a specified behavior”
(Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). In the adopted electric bus context, behavioural intention to use electric bus
variable represents an individual's planned or anticipated future behavior regarding the use of electric buses.
There are several studies that apply behavioural intention in the context of using electric buses. Lai et al
(2015) examined the factors that influence individual intentions toward the adoption of electric vehicles in

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 14

Macau. Moreover, Shanmugavel and Balakrishnan (2023) specifically focused on the adoption of electric
vehicles in India to maintain environmentally friendly behavior in the community. In this study, behavioural
intention to use electric buses is a dependent variable to evaluate the willingness of students in Ho Chi Minh
City to use electric buses. By focusing on the intention to use electric buses, this study aims to provide
insights into the psychology of students to drive sustainable transport transitions.

2.2. Independent variable

2.2.1. Key Constructs of the Technology Acceptance Model

2.2.1.1. Perceived ease of use:

Perceived ease of use is an important variable in the Technology Acceptance Model (Marikyan and
Papagiannidis, 1989). Perceived ease of use is defined as “ the degree to which a person believes that using a
particular system would be free of effort ” (Davis, 1989). This means if all the conditions are the same people
will prefer and be more likely to accept the technology perceived to be easier to use. Herrenkind et al. (2019)
examined the perceived ease of use variable that has a positive influence on the attitudes toward using
electric buses leading to the acceptance of autonomous electric buses in Germany. According to Choi and Ji
(2015), autonomous vehicle systems are easy to understand and operate and are crucial for user acceptance,
suggesting that interface design and user interaction should be straightforward and intuitive to encourage
adoption. The factor like ease of learning, ease of achieving desired results, and low mental effort are used to
evaluate the perceived ease of use variable (Choi and Ji, 2015). In this study, perceived ease of use is a
mediating variable to determine how students' perceptions of the simplicity and user-friendliness of electric
bus services in Ho Chi Minh City affect their intention to use the electric bus.

2.2.1.2. Perceived usefulness:

Perceived usefulness is one of the main variables that has an important role in the Technology Acceptance
Model (Davis, 1989). According to Davis, perceived usefulness is defined as “the degree to which a person
believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance” (Davis, 1989). It illustrates
that people are more willing to use new technology when they think it will be beneficial to them. Wang, Pei
and Fu (2022) mention that perceived usefulness has a significant impact on the behaviour intention of
people about the acceptance of last-mile shuttle bus service with automation and electrification. Moreover,
According to Golbabaei et al. (2022), Perceived usefulness evaluates the extent to which individuals believe
that using ASBs can enhance their mobility and daily activities. It can be evaluated through three factors:
reduced driving stress, reduced driving time, and the solution for people who cannot drive like disabled
persons or the elderly (Golbabaei et al., 2022). In this study, perceived usefulness serves as a mediating

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 15

variable to examine how students' perceptions of the benefits and advantages of electric bus services in Ho
Chi Minh City influence their intention to use electric buses.

2.2.2. Key Constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

2.2.2.1. Subjective norms

Subjective norms is one of the fundamental variables in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991).
Subjective norms are defined as “the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior”
(Ajzen, 1991). This means that people are willing to have a behaviour intention when they perceive support
and approval from their social circle. According to Moons and Pelsmacker (2015), Subjective norms can be
decomposed into two groups including mass media and peers, which have a direct influence on the behavior
intention of people when the important people in their lives or the influential groups use electric buses.
Moreover, in the context of public transportation, subjective norms have a significant influence on a group of
universities' intentions to use public buses (Ng and Phung, 2020). In this study, subjective norms is an
independent variable used to determine how social influences from peers, family, and academic institutions
in Ho Chi Minh City affect students' intention to use electric buses.

2.2.2.2. Perceived behavioural control

Perceived behavioural control is one of the core variables in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991).
According to Ajzen, Perceived Behavioural Control refers to “people’s perception of the ease or difficulty of
performing the behaviour of interest” (Ajzen, 1991). It reflects people's beliefs about the requirements
resources, opportunities, and capabilities to perform specific behaviour. Nguyen et al. (2023) mention that
perceived behavioral control has a significant impact on intention toward public transport use. Li et al.
(2020) mention that perceived behavioural control has a significant role in predicting the behaviour intention
of using public transport toward bike sharing. Furthermore, Li et al. measured perceived behavioral control
by two main factors: control beliefs and self-efficacy. Control beliefs mean that people believe in their
control over their behavior. Self-efficacy refers to the subjective judgment of the behaviour that they can
successfully implement an achievement or not Li et al. (2020). In this study, Perceived Behavioral Control
serves as an independent variable to examine how students' perceptions of their ability to use electric bus
services in Ho Chi Minh City, along with their access to necessary resources and opportunities, influence
their intention to use electric buses.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 16

 2.2.3. Extended Variables Influencing Behaviour Intention use electric bus

2.2.3.1. Personal innovativeness

Personal innovativeness is an important variable used to determine an individual’s willingness to try out and
adopt technology earlier than others (Agarwal and Prasad, 1998). According to Wang et al. (2018),
combining personal innovativeness and environmental awareness with Technology Acceptance Model can
create a comprehensive framework to explore consumers’ intention to use sharing vehicles. Moreover,
according to Tan et al. (2014) personal innovativeness has a significant impact on Perceived Ease of Use and
Perceived Usefulness in the Technology Acceptance Model. In the transportation context, Nguyen and
Pojani (2023) use Personal innovativeness as an extended variable with the Technology Acceptance Model
to predict the behavior intention of students to use electric buses. In this study, the Personal innovativeness
variable is an independent variable to determine the willingness of students to use electric buses in Ho Chi
Minh City, particularly through its influences on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and behavioral
intentions.

2.2.3.2. Environmental awareness

Environmental awareness is defined as “ knowing of the impact of human behavior on the environment ”. It
represents an individual’s level of consciousness, knowledge, and concern about environmental issues and
the ecological consequences of their actions (Kollmuss and Agyeman, 2002). Environment awareness is an
important variable in determining the behavior intention in using public vehicles when combined with
personal innovativeness and Technology Acceptance Model Wang et al. (2018). Moreover, Bai et al. (2020)
mention that environmental awareness of vehicles can affect individuals' decisions when choosing
transportation. Similarly, Mohiuddin et al. (2018) mention environmental awareness has a positive effect the
behaviour intention of people when buying sustainable vehicles. In this study, environmental awareness is
incorporated as an independent variable to examine how students' awareness about the environment affects
their behavioral intention to use electric buses in Ho Chi Minh City, considering the potential environmental
benefits of this sustainable transportation mode.

2.2.3.3. Security measures

Security measures are very important in public transportation systems, implemented in the electric bus to
ensure passenger safety and reduce potential risks during travel (Nguyen and Pojani, 2023). According to
Nguyen and Pojani, (2023), security measures is derived from perceived risk of theft and another on the
perceived risk of sexual harassment, which have the most impact on passengers when using public transport.
Similarly, the study of Morse and Benjamin, (1996) mentions that the rising crime rate causes a significant

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 17

impact on the feeling of insecurity on public transport in North Carolina. Security measures are evaluated by
factors such as ticket conductors, video cameras monitoring buses, video cameras at bus stops, and adequate
lighting inside buses and at bus stations (Smith, 2008; Nguyen and Pojani, 2023). In the context of Ho Chi
Minh City's electric bus services, security measures serve as an independent variable to examine how
safety-related infrastructure and protocols influence students' intention to use electric buses, with particular
attention to their role in building user confidence and trust in this emerging transportation mode.

3.​Hypothesis development

H1(+): Perceived ease of use is positively associated with behaviour intention in using electric buses.

Rationale: Perceived ease of use can be used to evaluate the level people believe that they spend little or free
of effort in using electric buses. Chen and Chao (2011) show that when individuals believe an electric bus
system requires a small amount of effort to use, they will have a stronger intention to use it. If users believe
electric buses are easy to use with ease of learning, ease of achieving desired results, and low mental effort
they will be more inclined to intend using electric buses.

H2(+): Perceived ease of use is positively associated with perceived usefulness.

Rationale: Perceived ease of use reflects how effortless a system is to use, while perceived usefulness
captures its practical benefits and value (Davis, 1989). According to Chen and Chao (2011), when passengers
believe electric systems are easy to understand and navigate, they are better able to recognize and appreciate
its advantages. When the electric buses are easy to use people can be more focused on value benefits such as
environmental sustainability, comfort, and service reliability.

H3(+): Perceived usefulness is positively associated with behaviour intention in using electric buses.

Rationale: Perceived usefulness reflects what people believe about the benefits and value that an electric bus
system can bring to them. According to Wang, Pei and Fu (2022), perceived usefulness has a significant
impact on the behaviour intention of people when using public transportation services. Moreover, research
demonstrates that when people clearly recognize the benefits of public transport, they develop stronger
intentions to use it (Chen and Chao, 2011). When passengers understand the advantages of using electric
buses, they are more likely to form intentions to adopt it.

H4(+): Personal innovativeness is positively associated with perceived ease of use.

Rationale: Personal innovativeness reflects an individual's willingness to explore and adopt new technologies
(Agarwal and Prasad, 1998). According to Nguyen and Pojani (2023), people with high personal
innovativeness are more willing to have behavioral intentions in using electric buses. The relationship

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 18

suggests that individuals who are open to innovation and willing to try new things are more likely to
recognize and appreciate the practical benefits of electric buses.

H5(+): Personal innovativeness is positively associated with perceived usefulness.

Rationale: Personal innovativeness represents an individual's willingness to try new technologies and
openness to innovation (Agarwal and Prasad, 1998). Personal innovativeness also impacts an individual's
perception of how easy it is to use the electric bus system. According to Nguyen and Pojani (2023),
individuals with a high level of personal innovativeness can more easily understand and use electric buses.

H6(+): Personal innovativeness is positively associated with behavioral intention in using electric buses.

Rationale: Personal innovativeness represents an individual's willingness to try new technologies and
openness to innovation (Agarwal and Prasad, 1998). Individuals with higher personal innovativeness are
more likely to form positive intentions toward using new transportation technologies. The relationship
suggests that people who enjoy trying new technologies and embracing innovations will be more inclined to
intend to use electric buses.

H7(+): Environmental awareness is positively associated with behavioral intention in using electric buses.

Rationale: Environmental awareness reflects the degree to which individuals are conscious of and concerned
about environmental issues and their consequences (Kollmuss and Agyeman, 2002). Nguyen and Pojani
(2023) demonstrate that environmentally aware individuals tend to form stronger intentions to use green
transportation options. People’s understanding of environmental problems, recognition of human impact on
nature, and concern for ecological sustainability have a positive impact on using electric buses.

H8(+): Perceived behavioral control is positively associated with behavioral intention in using electric
buses.

Rationale: Perceived behavioral control refers to an individual's perception of their ability to perform a
behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Research by Chen and Chao (2011) shows that when people believe they have the
ability to control over using public transport, their usage intentions strengthen. Individuals who feel they
have the capability and resources to use electric buses are more likely to form intentions to use them.

H9(+): Subjective norm is positively associated with behavioral intention in using electric buses.

Rationale: Subjective norms represent the perceived social pressure and influence from their social circle
(Ajzen, 1991). Chen and Chao (2011) demonstrate that subjective norms have significantly affected public
transport usage intentions. When people perceive positive social support and encouragement for using
electric buses from their social circle, they increase behavior and intentions to use electric buses.

H10(+): Security measures are positively associated with behavioral intention in using electric buses.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 19

Rationale: Security measures ensure passenger safety and reduce potential risks during using electric buses
(Nguyen and Pojani, 2023). According to Nguyen and Pojani (2023), security measures have a significant
influence on the behavioural intention of public transport. When passengers believe security measures are
high enough to protect them during their journey, they form stronger intentions to use electric buses.

4.​Propose research model/conceptual framework

Figure 6: The Extended TAM-TPB Framework for Behavioral Intention to Use Electric Buses in Ho
Chi Minh City

III. METHODOLOGY
1.​Research design
This study uses a quantitative research method with a survey strategy to collect and analyze data. According
to Creswell (2009), the survey is one of the most common investigative strategies associated with the
post-positivist paradigm in quantitative research (p. 29). This method helps to provide a numeric picture of
trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by surveying a representative sample, from which the results
can be generalized to the entire population under study (Groves et al., 1990; Creswell, 2009). With the ability
to collect data from a large sample and use inferential statistical tests, survey research allows for the
objective, accurate, and reliable testing of research hypotheses. With the ability to collect data from a large

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 20

sample and use inferential statistical tests, survey research allows for the objective, accurate, and reliable
testing of research hypotheses (Thomas, 2021).

To study the behavioral intention of using electric buses among students in Ho Chi Minh City, a quantitative
survey method combined with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was selected as the most suitable
method, based on the analysis of previous studies. Ardi et al. (2024) used SEM to examine the relationship
between psychological factors such as TAM and TPB with behavioral intention, but this study did not deeply
explore the differences between user groups. Nguyen and Pojani (2023) applied SEM with a student sample
to study factors such as risk perception, personal innovation, and environmental awareness, but lacked an
examination of the extended factors in the context of public transportation in a large urban area such as Ho
Chi Minh City. Ng and Phung (2020) extended the TPB with factors such as personal norms and descriptive
norms, but the study only used cross-sectional data and lacked a focus on technological innovation factors.

Based on these analyses, the study will apply a quantitative survey method on a sample of university students
in Ho Chi Minh City. Data will be collected through a questionnaire designed based on scales that have been
validated from previous studies. SEM analysis will be used to examine the relationships between
psychological factors (such as TAM, TPB) and extended factors such as environmental awareness, perceived
safety, and personal innovation. This method is not only suitable for students but also provides the ability to
examine complex relationships between variables, thereby helping to build a more comprehensive analytical
framework on behavioral intentions to use electric buses in the specific urban context of Ho Chi Minh City.

2.​Sampling and data collection

2.1. Stratified sampling

Stratified random sampling is an enhanced kind of random sampling in which the population is segmented
into subgroups or strata based on pertinent characteristics. This method involves extracting a random sample,
either simple or systematic, from each stratum, amalgamating the benefits and drawbacks of both sampling
techniques. The primary benefit of stratifying the population is improved sample representativeness, as it
guarantees proportional representation of each stratum in the final sample (Saunder et al., 2007).

The process involves four key steps: 1) selecting the stratification variables, 2) dividing the sampling frame
into discrete strata, 3) numbering cases within each stratum uniquely, and 4) selecting samples using either
simple random or systematic sampling methods. However, this additional complexity in the sampling
procedure typically results in longer implementation times and higher expenses compared to simple random
or systematic sampling (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007).

This study applies stratified sampling as an ideal method for researching students' behavioral intention to use
electric buses in Ho Chi Minh City. This sampling approach ensures proportional representation from diverse
student groups within universities, allowing researchers to capture a broad spectrum of responses across
Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 21
different academic levels and departments. Stratified sampling enables researchers to effectively represent
variations in transportation preferences among students based on their living locations, academic schedules,
and commuting patterns. Furthermore, the method's effectiveness is enhanced by the natural stratification
within the student population based on study programs (undergraduate/graduate), years of study, and
academic disciplines, which helps in obtaining a nuanced understanding of public transportation adoption
patterns in the context of electric buses (Nguyen and Pojani, 2023; Pham and Tong, 2021)​.

This study applies stratified sampling as an ideal method to ensure proportional representation among diverse
student groups in investigating the behavioral intention to use electric buses among university students in Ho
Chi Minh City.

2.2. Population and sample estimation

2.2.1. Research site

Ho Chi Minh City, as Vietnam's largest economic hub, is experiencing rapid urbanization with a high
population density and significant transportation demands. As the educational center of the country, HCMC
hosts numerous universities across different districts, making it an ideal site for studying student mobility
patterns and environmental awareness. The city's large student population demonstrates both a high demand
for public transportation and growing environmental consciousness, making them a key demographic for
studying sustainable transportation adoption.

The city has already taken significant steps toward sustainable public transportation through VinBus's
electric bus operations. Currently, VinBus operates several key routes: Route D4 connecting Vinhomes
Grand Park to Saigon Bus Station, Route D1 linking to Vietnam National University HCMC, Route GRP3
serving the Vinhomes Grand Park urban area, Route D2 running to Mien Dong Bus Station, and Route D3
connecting to Tam Tan Market (Vinbus, 2024). These routes serve major educational institutions and key
urban areas, providing practical examples of sustainable public transportation adoption.

Through stratified sampling, the target population is divided based on university clusters in different districts
that are served by these electric bus routes. These areas include Thu Duc City (Vietnam National University),
District 1, District 5, District 10, and etc. Each district presents unique characteristics in terms of traffic
patterns, accessibility to public transportation, and student commuting needs. This diversity in location and
infrastructure allows the study to capture a comprehensive understanding of students' behavioral intentions
and barriers to adopting sustainable transportation options across different urban contexts.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 22

 2.2.2. Research participation

The study targeted university students in Ho Chi Minh City, representing a diverse student population in
universities. The participant group included students from different faculties, aged 19 - 22, ensuring a
comprehensive understanding of different perspectives on behavioral intentions to use electric buses. This
demographic diversity reflects the diversity of individuals who may have different levels of awareness and
interest in sustainability initiatives.

According to statistics from the Ministry of Education and Training, the total number of students in
2024-2025 is 2,068,522 students (Minh Giang, 2024). Currently, there is no exact data for the number of
students in Ho Chi Minh City for 2024-2025, as the most recent student population data for HCMC was only
updated in 2020. Therefore, based on HCMC's student numbers from the three most recent years
(2018-2020), students in HCMC represented approximately 30-31% of the total national student population,
and this percentage showed an increasing trend over the years from 27.09% (2018) to 35.85% (2020)
(General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 2024). According to the Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee, the
number of students in HCMC increases by 10-13% annually, and there are more than 600,000 students
currently studying at universities, academies, and colleges (Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee, 2023). Thus,
using 35.85% as the representative percentage for HCMC students, we can easily estimate the number of
students in Ho Chi Minh City for 2024-2025 using the following formula:

𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑜 𝐶ℎ𝑖 𝑀𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑚 × 35. 85% ≃ 2, 068, 522 × 35. 85% ≃ 741, 565 (𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠)

Table 2: The number of undergraduate students in 2017 - 2020

Years Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam % of Total Students

2017 - 2018 462,407 (GSO, 2018) 1,707,025 (MOE, 2018) 27.09%

2018 - 2019 520,981 (GSO, 2019) 1,526,111 (MOE, 2019) 34.14%

2019 - 2020 599,782 (GSO, 2020) 1,672,881 (MOE, 2020) 35.85%

The average growth rate 15.04%

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 23

 Table 3: Sample sizes for different sizes of population at a 95 percent level of certainty (assuming
data are collected from all cases in the sample)

Margin of error

Population 5% 3% 2% 1%

50 44 48 49 50

100 79 91 96 99

150 108 132 141 148

200 132 168 185 196

250 151 203 226 244

300 168 234 267 291

400 196 291 343 384

500 217 340 414 475

750 254 440 571 696

1,000 278 516 706 906

2,000 322 696 1091 1655

5,000 357 879 1622 3288

10,000 370 964 1936 4899

100,000 383 1056 2345 8762

1,000,000 384 1066 2395 9513

10,000,000 384 1067 2400 9595

(Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2019)

To determine the appropriate sample size, this study applies the Linear Interpolation Formula:

(𝑦2 − 𝑦1)
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + (𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
× (𝑥 − 𝑥1)

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 24

 Where
●​ (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the two known points
●​ x is the value for which you want to estimate y
●​ y is the estimated value

In this study, x1 = 100,000, and y1 = 383, which is the sample size for a population of 100,000, x2 =
1,000,000, and y2 = 384, which is the sample size for a population of 1,000,000. X represents the estimated
population equal to 741,565.

Substituting value into the formula:

(384 − 383)
𝑦 = 383 + (1,000,000 − 100,000)
× (741, 565 − 100, 000) = 383.71 ≈ 384 (surveys)

To ensure sufficient data for analysis, this study must collect a minimum of 384 valid surveys from students
studying in Ho Chi Minh City. To reach this requirement, the number of actual surveys distributed to students
needs to be calculated, due to the possibility of situations such as invalid responses, incomplete responses, or
students not participating in the survey. The survey response rate from University in Ho Chi Minh City is
approximately 80%, because the previous research shows that the response rate of students in the
University’s Faculty of Business and Management Studies related to the green purchase intentions field is
86.9% (Ansu-Mensah., 2021). Based on the estimated response rate of 80% the actual number of surveys can
be calculated by the Actual Sample Size formulated:

(𝑛 𝑥 100)
𝑛* = 𝑟𝑒%

Where
●​ n* is the actual sample size required
●​ n is the minimum (or adjusted minimum) sample size (384)
●​ re% is the estimated response rate expressed as a percentage (80%)

Substituting value into the formula:

(384 𝑥 100)
𝑛* = 80%
= 479. 64 ≈ 480 (surveys)

Based on the result above, there 480 surveys are required to be distributed to the students studying at
University in Ho Chi Minh City to reach 384 valid responses.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 25

 2.3. Data collection
The target population for this study consists of students in Ho Chi Minh City, who were invited to participate
in an online survey. The questionnaire was distributed via Google Forms, accompanied by a detailed cover
letter explaining the study's objectives (Nguyen and Pojani, 2023). To minimize common method bias,
respondents were explicitly informed that there were no correct or incorrect responses to the survey questions
(Podsakoff, MacKenzie and Podsakoff, 2012).

The study adhered to ethical research principles by emphasizing voluntary participation and guaranteeing
participant anonymity and data confidentiality. Participants were assured that their responses would be
aggregated for analysis and used exclusively for academic research purposes. The survey, consisting of 30
open-ended questions, was designed to be completed in approximately 10-15 minutes using any digital
device such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone (Nguyen and Pojani, 2023).

The questionnaire was structured into three main sections. The first section provided an overview of the
survey objectives, introduced the concept of green practices in package delivery, and some basic
demographic information from student participants to initial classification. The second section focused on six
variables to screen students’ intention toward green practices in package delivery. The third section provided
additional demographic questions, which enabled further segmentation and analysis based on participants’
background information.

The data collection process was conducted through a questionnaire survey with three main parts. The first is
to introduce the topic that the group wanted to investigate is the behavioral intention to use electric buses. To
further assess, the questionnaire was designed to measure eight main constructs: behavioral intention,
subjective norm, security measure, control perceived behavior, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use,
personal innovativeness and environmental awareness regarding electric bus usage among university
students in Ho Chi Minh City. Finally, demographic questions to screen and segment the research subjects
further to make the research more representative. The survey instrument was developed based on validated
scales from previous studies, namely Nguyen and Pojani's article on technology acceptance and the literature
on pro-environmental behavior, with necessary modifications to suit the context. electric bus adoption
scenario. The questionnaire used a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly
agree) for all construct measures. Next, a pretest A pilot will be conducted with a small sample of university
students to verify the clarity and comprehensibility of the questions. Based on the feedback received, we will
make some minor adjustments to improve the effectiveness of the questionnaire. The final questionnaire was
distributed to university students at various educational institutions in Ho Chi Minh City, ensuring a diverse
representation of the target population. Participation was voluntary. volunteers and respondents were assured
of data confidentiality and anonymous treatment of their responses.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 26

 2.3.1. Measurement scale

To measure university students' behavioral intention to use electric buses, the study employs a 5-point Likert
scale. The scale ranged from "Strongly disagree" (1) to "strongly agree" (5) for each part divided by seven
variables including Personal Innovativeness, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use (TAM variables),
Perceived Behavioral Control, Subjective Norms (TPB variables), Environmental Awareness, and Security
Measures, allowing student participants to express their behavioral intentions toward adopting electric buses
within the university context in Ho Chi Minh City. This structured approach enabled comprehensive data
collection about students' perspectives on sustainable delivery options while ensuring consistency in
measurement across all respondents (Ansu-Mensah., 2021). The construct of a 5-point Likert scale captures a
specific aspect of behavioral intention, forming a robust framework for analyzing the multifaceted influences
on students' use of electric buses (Nguyen and Pojani, 2023). This method ensures not only reliable data
collection but also meaningful statistical insights into the behavioral intention to use electric buses among
university students in Ho Chi Minh City.

2.3.2. Data analysis approach

This study used data analysis methods following Creswell (2014) guidelines for quantitative research and
was conducted based on survey data from students in Ho Chi Minh City (pp. 137-161). Comrey and Lee
(1997) assert that the selection of a survey sampling method is contingent upon the quantity of observed
variables and the requisite reliability for each study. The two main analytical tools used are SPSS and
SmartPLS to ensure the reliability and validity of the results while meeting the research objectives (Ng and
Phung, 2021; Shanmugavel and Balakrishnan, 2023; Ardi et al., 2024; Nguyen and Pojani, 2023).

Firstly, raw data was processed for cleaning and validity checks. Missing values ​(<5%) were replaced using
the mean method, while cases with significant missing data were removed. Next, descriptive analysis was
performed using SPSS to provide an overview of the data. Mean, standard deviation, and frequency
distribution statistics were used to summarize sample characteristics and key variables such as Perceived
Ease of Use (PEU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), and Behavioral Intention (BI).

To ensure the validity and reliability of the scales, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed in
SmartPLS. Internal reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, with a threshold of >0.7, while
convergence was tested using the Average Variance Extracted (AVE), requiring a value of >0.5 (Thorndike,
1995; Fornell and Larcker, 1981). The discriminability of the constructs was confirmed using the
Fornell-Larcker criterion (Nguyen and Pojani, 2023; Ng and Phung, 2021; Li et al., 2015).

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used in SmartPLS to test hypotheses and assess relationships
between variables (Hair et al., 2017). A sample size of 200-400, suitable for 10-15 factors, is deemed
appropriate for structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis (Hair et al., 2017). In this study, BI is the main
Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 27
dependent variable, PEU and PU are considered as mediating variables, while other factors such as Personal
Innovativeness (PI), Environmental Awareness (EA), and Safety Measures (SM) are independent variables.
The model fit is assessed by indices such as CFI (>0.90), RMSEA (≤0.08), and SRMR (≤0.08) (Bentler,
1990; Hu and Bentler, 1999; Browne and Cudeck,1992). In addition, the mediating effects are tested by a
bootstrapping method with 5,000 replications (Shanmugavel and Balakrishnan, 2023).

Finally, statistical tests such as T-test and multiple regression were performed using SPSS to further analyze
the data. Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationship between PEU, PU, ​and BI, while multiple
regression was used to predict BI based on independent variables. The results were interpreted based on
statistical significance (p-value < 0.05) and practical significance (effect size), and compared with previous
studies to clarify the new contributions and practical value of the study (Ardi et al., 2024; Nguyen and
Pojani, 2023).

1.​Develop a questionnaire for quantitative study

This study use some abbreviations for the 7 variables:
(1)​ Perceived ease of use (PEU)
(2)​ Perceived Usefulness (PU)
(3)​ Personal innovativeness (PI)
(4)​ Environmental awareness (EA)
(5)​ Security measures (SM)
(6)​ Perceived behavioral control (PBC)
(7)​ Subjective norms (SN)
(8)​ Behavioral intention (BI)

Perceived ease of use Influences University Students' Behavioral Intention to Use Electric Buses. In this
research, the scale of perceived ease of use is based on research of Nguyen and Pojani (2023) including
observed variables PEU1 to PEU3 (Table 4).

Table 4: Perceived ease of use

Variables Description
PEU1 If I want to use electric buses, this will be easy for me.

PEU2 If I want to use electric buses, this will be simple for me.

PEU3 If I want to use electric buses, I won't face any problems.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 28

The perceived usefulness scale is based on the scale in Nguyen and Pojani (2023) (table 5) study and
consists of three observed variables, PU1 to PU3. This scale refers to the extent to which a person believes
using a particular system will enhance his or her job performance.

Table 5: Perceived usefulness

Variables Description
PU1 Using electric buses will make me more comfortable during the trip.

PU2 Using electric buses will reduce noise.

PU3 Using electric buses will reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Personal innovativeness is used to determine the willingness to experiment and adopt technologies earlier
than others, with a greater positive impact on behavioral intentions when personal innovativeness is higher
(Agarwal and Prasad, 1998), including observed variables PI1 to PI3 (Table 6).

Table 6: Personal innovativeness

Variables Description
PI1 I look for ways to test new technologies.

PI2 I look to pioneer new technologies.

PI3 I look to experience new technologies.

Environmental awareness plays an important role in expressing the level of knowledge, awareness and
concern for the environment (Kollmuss and Agyeman, 2002), which has an impact on behavioral intentions
when considering sustainable factors (Bai et al., 2020), including observed variables EA1 to EA4 (Table 7).

Table 7: Environmental awareness

Variables Description
EA1 I consider the potential environmental impacts of my activities when making decisions.

EA2 I am concerned about climate change.

EA3 I consider myself environmentally responsible.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 29

EA4 I am willing to accept inconvenience because it means being more environmentally
friendly.

The safety measures mentioned are one of the important factors when participating in traffic, they are strictly
implemented on electric buses. to ensure safety and minimize risk Nguyen and Pojani (2023). The scale
comprises three observable variables, denoted as SM1 through SM4 (Table 8).

Table 8: Security measures

Variables Description
SM1 Conductors on electric buses are responsible for passenger protection.

SM2 There are cameras on electric buses recording all positions.

SM3 Video cameras are installed at many electric bus stops.

Perceived Behavioural Control is people’s perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behaviour of
interest (Ajzen, 1991), has a significant role in predicting the behaviour intention of using public transport
toward bike-sharing Li et al. (2020). Perceived Behavioural Control is determined using a scale that
comprises five observable variables, labeled PBC1 through PBC5.

Table 9: Perceived behavioral control

Variables Description
PBC1 For me, there are no barriers to taking the bus to school.

PBC2 For me, using public buses to work/school is much easier than private transport.

PBC3 For me, using public buses to work/school is very simple instead of private vehicles.

PBC4 For me, using public transportation can take me anywhere I want.

PBC5 For me, using public transportation for daily travel from my current residence will be
easy.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 30

Subjective norm refers to the willingness to have behavioral intentions when one perceives support and
approval from one's social circle (Ajzen, 1991). This scale consists of two observable variables, which are
represented by the symbols SN1 through SN2 (Table 9).

Table 10: Subjective norms

Variables Description
SN1 Most people important to me would support me using public electric buses to go to school.

SN2 Most people important to me think I should use public buses to go to school.

Behavioural intention to use electric bus variable represents an individual's planned or anticipated future
behavior regarding the use of electric buses (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). This scale consists of four
observable variables, which are represented by the symbols BI1 through BI3 (Table 9).

Table 11: Behavioral intention

Variables Description
BI1 I plan to use electric buses in the future.

BI2 I am ready to use electric buses in the future.

BI3 I will use electric buses in the future.

IV. REFERENCES

Reference list

Agarwal, R. and Prasad, J. (1998). A Conceptual and Operational Definition of Personal

Innovativeness in the Domain of Information Technology. Information Systems Research, [online]
9(2), pp.204–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/23010927.

Ajanovic, A. and Haas, R. (2016). Dissemination of electric vehicles in urban areas: Major factors
for success. Energy, 115, pp.1451–1458. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.040.

Ajzen , I. and Fishben, M.A. (1975). Theory of Reasoned Action.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 31

Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, [online] 50(2), pp.179–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.

Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of
planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), pp.665–683.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x.

Ansu-Mensah, P. (2021). Green product awareness effect on green purchase intentions of university
students’: an emerging market’s perspective. Future Business Journal, [online] 7(1).
doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00094-5.

Ardi, R., Widjaya, T., Putri, S.A. and Syaifullah, D.H. (2024). Multi-Generational Analysis on
Behavioral Intention to Use Public Transportation using Structural Equation Modeling: Evidence
from Indonesia. International Journal of Technology, 15(2), pp.310–310.
doi:https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v15i2.6704.

Bai, L., Sze, N.N., Liu, P. and Guo, A. (2020). Effect of environmental awareness on electric
bicycle users’ mode choices. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 82(7),
p.102320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102320.

Bakdur, A., Masui, F. and Ptaszynski, M. (2021). Predicting Increase in Demand for Public Buses in
University Students Daily Life Needs: Case Study Based on a City in Japan. Sustainability, 13(9),
p.5137. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095137.

Bamberg, S., Ajzen, I. and Schmidt, P. (2003). Choice of Travel Mode in the Theory of Planned
Behavior: The Roles of Past Behavior, Habit, and Reasoned Action. Basic and Applied Social
Psychology, 25(3), pp.175–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2503_01.

Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2),
pp.238–246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.

Brauer , M. et al (2017). PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim
Target-1 value (% of total) - Viet Nam. [online] World Bank Group. Available at:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.T1.ZS?end=2017&locations=VN&start=1
990&view=chart [Accessed 2 Jan. 2025].

Browne, M.W. and Cudeck, R. (n.d.). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological
Methods & Research, 21(2), pp.230–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 32

CENTRE for Liveable Cities (2017). URBAN MOBILITY SINGAPORE CITIES LEADING THE
WAY IN ASIA-PACIFIC. [online] Available at:
https://www.clc.gov.sg/docs/default-source/books/mobile-friendly-10-cities.pdf.

Chau, P.Y.K. and Hu, P.J.-H. (2002). Investigating healthcare professionals’ decisions to accept
telemedicine technology: an empirical test of competing theories. Information & Management,
39(4), pp.297–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7206(01)00098-2.

Chen, C.-F. and Chao, W.-H. (2011). Habitual or reasoned? Using the theory of planned behavior,
technology acceptance model, and habit to examine switching intentions toward public transit.
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14(2), pp.128–137.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2010.11.006.

Chen, C.-F. and Lai, W.-T. (2011). The effects of rational and habitual factors on mode choice
behaviors in a motorcycle-dependent region: Evidence from Taiwan. Transport Policy, 18(5),
pp.711–718. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.01.006.

Cheng, Y.-H. and Huang, T.-Y. (2013). High speed rail passengers’ mobile ticketing adoption.
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 30, pp.143–160.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2013.02.001.

Choi, J.K. and Ji, Y.G. (2015). Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous
Vehicle. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 31(10), pp.692–702.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1070549.

Chu, M.C., Nguyen, L.X., Ton, T. and Huynh, N. (2019). Assessment of Motorcycle Ownership,
Use, and Potential Changes due to Transportation Policies in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Journal
of transportation engineering, 145(12). doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/jtepbs.0000273.

Comrey, A.L. and Lee, H.B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis. Psychology Press.
doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315827506.

Creswell, J. (2009). Research Design. 3rd ed. SAGE Publications.

Daisuke, M. (2014). Viet Nam: Sustainable Urban Transport for Ho Chi Minh City Mass Rapid
Transit Line 2 Project. [online] Asian Development Bank. Available at:
https://www.adb.org/documents/viet-nam-sustainable-urban-transport-ho-chi-minh-city-mass-rapid-
transit-line-2-project [Accessed 4 Jan. 2025].

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 33

Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information
technology. MIS Quarterly, [online] 13(3), pp.319–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/249008.

Doanh, D. and Khoa (2023). THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL FACTORS ON GREEN

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: APPLICATION AND EXTENSION OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED
BEHAVIOR. [online] Research Gate. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367390191_ANH_HUONG_CUA_YEU_TO_VAN_HOA
_DEN_HANH_VI_TIEU_DUNG_XANH_UNG_DUNG_VA_MO_RONG_LY_THUYET_HANH
_VI_CO_KE_HOACH.

Donald, I.J., Cooper, S.R. and Conchie, S.M. (2014). An extended theory of planned behaviour
model of the psychological factors affecting commuters’ transport mode use. Journal of
Environmental Psychology, 40, pp.39–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.03.003.

Duc Phu (2024). Ho Chi Minh City proposes Vingroup to maintain electric bus pilot until Q1-2025.
[online] TUOI TRE ONLINE. Available at:
https://tuoitre-vn.translate.goog/tp-hcm-de-nghi-tap-doan-vingroup-duy-tri-thi-diem-buyt-dien-toi-q
uy-1-2025-20240808180745408.htm?_x_tr_sl=vi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc
[Accessed 4 Jan. 2025].

Featherman, M., Jia, S., Califf, C.B. and Hajli, N. (2021). The impact of new technologies on
consumers beliefs: Reducing the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption. Technological
Forecasting and Social Change, 169(6), p.120847.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120847.

General Statistics Office (2023). Press release on population, labor and employment situation in the
fourth quarter and 2023. [online] General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Available at:
https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2023/12/thong-cao-bao-chi-ve-tinh-hinh-dan-s
o-lao-dong-viec-lam-quy-iv-va-nam-2023/.

General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2018). Number of university students by locality. [online]
General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Available at:
https://www.gso.gov.vn/px-web-2/?pxid=V1319&theme=Gi%C3%A1o%20d%E1%BB%A5c.

General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). Number of university students by locality. [online]
General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Available at:
https://www.gso.gov.vn/px-web-2/?pxid=V1319&theme=Gi%C3%A1o%20d%E1%BB%A5c.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 34

General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2020). Number of university students by locality. [online]
General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Available at:
https://www.gso.gov.vn/px-web-2/?pxid=V1319&theme=Gi%C3%A1o%20d%E1%BB%A5c.

General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2024). Area, population and population density by locality.
General Statistics Office of Vietnam.

Giang, M. (2024). Overview of Vietnam’s education in the 2024-2025 school year. [online] TUOI
TRE ONLINE. Available at:
https://tuoitre.vn/toan-canh-giao-duc-viet-nam-nam-hoc-2024-2025-2024090510153954.htm.

Golbabaei, F., Yigitcanlar, T., Paz, A. and Bunker, J. (2022). Understanding Autonomous Shuttle
Adoption Intention: Predictive Power of Pre-Trial Perceptions and Attitudes. Sensors, 22(23),
p.9193. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239193.

Groves, R.M., Fowler Jr., F.J., Couper, M.P., Lepkowski, J.M., Singer , E. and Tourangeau , R.
(1990). Survey Methodology. 2nd ed. [online] Wiley.com. Wiley. Available at:
https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Survey+Methodology%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780470465462.

Hair Jr., J.F., Matthews, L.M., Matthews, R.L. and Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM:
updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis
(IJMDA), [online] 1(2). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624.

Hair, J.F., Hult, T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares
Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). [online] ResearchGate. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354331182_A_Primer_on_Partial_Least_Squares_Structu
ral_Equation_Modeling_PLS-SEM.

Harland, P., Staats, H. and Wilke, H.A.M. (1999). Explaining Proenvironmental Intention and
Behavior by Personal Norms and the Theory of Planned Behavior1. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 29(12), pp.2505–2528. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00123.x.

Haustein, S. and Hunecke, M. (2007). Reduced Use of Environmentally Friendly Modes of

Transportation Caused by Perceived Mobility Necessities: An Extension of the Theory of Planned
Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(8), pp.1856–1883.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00241.x.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 35

Herrenkind, B., Brendel, A.B., Nastjuk, I., Greve, M. and Kolbe, L.M. (2019). Investigating
end-user acceptance of autonomous electric buses to accelerate diffusion. Transportation Research
Part D: Transport and Environment, 74, pp.255–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.08.003.

Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee (2019). From May 1, Ho Chi Minh City adjusts bus fares. Ho
Chi Minh City Party Committee.

Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee (2024). Improving the quality of party development work
among students. [online] Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee. Available at:
https://www.hcmcpv.org.vn/tin-tuc/nang-cao-chat-luong-cong-tac-phat-trien-dang-trong-sinh-vien-1
491909924.

Hou, L., Wang, Y., Zheng, Y. and Zhang, A. (2022). The Impact of Vehicle Ownership on Carbon
Emissions in the Transportation Sector. Sustainability, 14(19), p.12657.
doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912657.

Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:
Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary
Journal, 6(1), pp.1–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.

Hu, P., Bhuiyan, M.A., Rahman, M.K., Hossain, M.M. and Akter, S. (2022). Impact of COVID-19
pandemic on consumer behavioural intention to purchase green products. PLOS ONE, 17(10),
p.e0275541. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275541.

Huu, D.N. and Ngoc, V.N. (2021). Analysis Study of Current Transportation Status in Vietnam’s
Urban Traffic and the Transition to Electric Two-Wheelers Mobility. Sustainability, 13(10), p.5577.
doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105577.

Ishtiaq, M. (2024). Creswell, J. W. (2014). research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed
methods approaches (4th ed.). thousand oaks, CA: Sage. English Language Teaching, 12(5), p.40.

Jomnonkwao, S., Sangphong, O., Khampirat, B., Siridhara, S. and Ratanavaraha, V. (2016). Public
transport promotion policy on campus: evidence from Suranaree University in Thailand. Public
Transport, 8(2), pp.185–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-016-0122-2.

Kollmuss, A. and Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the Gap: Why Do People Act Environmentally and
What Are the Barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, [online]
8(3), pp.239–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 36

Kwilinski, A., Lyulyov, O. and Pimonenko, T. (2024). Reducing transport sector CO2 emissions
patterns: Environmental technologies and renewable energy. Journal of Open Innovation:
Technology, Market, and Complexity, [online] 10(1), p.100217.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100217.

Lai, I., Liu, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, H. and Xu, W. (2015). Factors Influencing the Behavioural Intention
towards Full Electric Vehicles: An Empirical Study in Macau. Sustainability, [online] 7(9),
pp.12564–12585. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su70912564.

Li, L., Xiong, J., Chen, A., Zhao, S. and Dong, Z. (2015). Key Strategies for Improving Public
Transportation Based on Planned Behavior Theory: Case Study in Shanghai, China. Journal of
Urban Planning and Development, 141(2), p.04014019.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000203.

Li, L., Zhu, B., Jiang, M., Cai, X., Lau, A.K.W. and Shin, G.-C. (2020). The role of service quality
and perceived behavioral control in shared electric bicycle in China: Does residual effects of past
behavior matters? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(19), pp.24518–24530.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08690-8.

Marikyan, D. and Papagiannidis, S. (1989). Technology Acceptance Model: A review. TheoryHub

Book . [online] Available at: https://open.ncl.ac.uk.

Ministry of Education and Training (2019). Higher education statistics for the 2017-2018 academic
year. Ministry of Education and Training.

Ministry of Education and Training (2020). Higher education statistics for the 2017-2018 academic
year. Ministry of Education and Training.

Ministry of Education and Training (2021). Higher education statistics for the 2017-2018 academic
year. Ministry of Education and Training.

Ministry of Education and Training (2022). Education and Training in Viet Nam . Ministry of
Education and Training.

Ministry of Transport of Vietnam (2024a). More than 450 thousand vehicles failed vehicle
inspection in 6 months. [online] Ministry of Transport of Vietnam. Available at:
https://mt.gov.vn/vn/tin-tuc/92991/hon-450-nghin-luot-phuong-tien-truot-dang-kiem-trong-6-thang.
aspx [Accessed 2 Jan. 2025].

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 37

Ministry of Transport of Vietnam (2024b). Proposal to convert all buses in Ho Chi Minh City to
electric vehicles from 2026. [online] Ministry of Transport of Vietnam. Available at:
https://mt.gov.vn/vn/tin-tuc/93168/de-xuat-chuyen-doi-toan-bo-xe-buyt-tai-tp-ho-chi-minh-sang-xe-
dien-tu-nam-2026.aspx [Accessed 3 Jan. 2025].

Mohiuddin, M., Al Mamun, A., Syed, F., Mehedi Masud, M. and Su, Z. (2018). Environmental
Knowledge, Awareness, and Business School Students’ Intentions to Purchase Green Vehicles in
Emerging Countries. Sustainability, 10(5), p.1534. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051534.

Moons, I. and Pelsmacker, P.D. (2015). An Extended Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour to
Predict the Usage Intention of the Electric Car: A Multi-Group Comparison. Sustainability, 7(5),
pp.6212–6245. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su7056212.

Morse, L.B. and Benjamin, J.M. (1996). Analysis of Feeling of Security on Public Transit among
Residents of Small Urban Area. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, 1557(1), pp.28–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155700105.

Ng, P.Y. and Phung, P.T. (2020). Public transportation in Hanoi: Applying an integrative model of
behavioral intention. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 9(2).
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.10.012.

Nguyen, M.H. and Armoogum, J. (2020). Hierarchical process of travel mode imputation from GPS
data in a motorcycle-dependent area. Travel Behaviour and Society, 21, pp.109–120.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.06.006.

Nguyen, M.H. and Pojani, D. (2023). Can electric buses entice more public transport use? Empirical
evidence from Vietnam. Case Studies on Transport Policy, [online] 13, p.101040.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.101040.

Nguyen, S.T., Moeinaddini, M., Saadi, I. and Cools, M. (2023). Psychological Factors Affecting
Intention to Use Public Transport among Vietnamese Motorcyclists. Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, 2677(8), pp.207–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981231155900.

Nhu Ngoc (2024). Overview of bus operations in Ho Chi Minh City over the past 5 years. [online]
Ho Chi Minh City Law Newspaper. Available at:
https://plo.vn/toan-canh-hoat-dong-cua-xe-buyt-tai-tphcm-trong-5-nam-qua-post824096.html
[Accessed 3 Jan. 2025].

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 38

Pham , N.T. (2023). Global Regulations on Zero-Emission Vehicles and Lessons for Vietnam. VNU
Journal of Science: Legal Studies, [online] 39(1).
doi:https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1167/vnuls.4487.

Pham , V.T., Nguyen , T.P.T., Le , T.T.L., Tran , T.L. and Nguyen , T.L. (2022). Factors Influencing
Purchasing Intention Toward Electric Vehicle in Vietnam. Journal of Social Commerce, 2(2),
pp.82–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.56209/jommerce.v2i2.30.

Pham, T.X.T., Nguyen, N.T. and Duong, L.B.T. (2020). Hierarchy-attribute decision making
regarding public buses and private motorbikes: a case study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Public
Transport, 13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-020-00256-8.

Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2012). Sources of Method Bias in Social
Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It. Annual Review of Psychology,
63(1), pp.539–569. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452.

Rouibah, K., Thurasamy, R. and May, O.S. (2009). User Acceptance of Internet Banking In
Malaysia. International Journal of E-Adoption, 1(1), pp.1–19.
doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/jea.2009010101.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. 4th ed.
Pearson.

Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods For Business Students.
8th ed. Pearson.

Shanmugavel, N. and Balakrishnan, J. (2023). Influence of pro-environmental behaviour towards

behavioural intention of electric vehicles. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 187(2),
p.122206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122206.

Smith, M.J. (2008). Addressing the Security Needs of Women Passengers on Public Transport.
Security Journal, 21(1-2), pp.117–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8350071.

Soltani, A., Allan, A., Nguyen, H.A. and Berry, S. (2019). Students’ commuting pattern from the
viewpoint of environmentalism: comparing Australia with China. International Journal of
Sustainability in Higher Education, 20(1), pp.91–114.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-08-2018-0146.

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 39

Statista (2024). Public Transportation - Vietnam | Statista Market Forecast. [online] Statista.
Available at: https://www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/shared-mobility/public-transportation/vietnam.

Tan, G.W.-H., Ooi, K.-B., Leong, L.-Y. and Lin, B. (2014). Predicting the drivers of behavioral
intention to use mobile learning: A hybrid SEM-Neural Networks approach. Computers in Human
Behavior, 36, pp.198–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.052.

Thomas, C.G. (2021). Research Methodology and Scientific Writing. Springer International
Publishing. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64865-7.

Throndike, R.M. (1995). Psychometric Theory . Applied Psychological Measurement,

doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/014662169501900308.

Tilly, N., Yigitcanlar, T., Degirmenci, K. and Paz, A. (2024). How Sustainable is Electric Vehicle
Adoption? Insights from a PRISMA Review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 117(34),
pp.105950–105950. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105950.

Tong, H.M., Do, A.D., Nguyen, N.A., Nguyen, T.D., Nguyen, B.M., Mai, T.H. and Nguyen, M.H.
(2021). Adherence to mask wearing on public transport during the COVID-19 pandemic and
influential factors: the case of Hanoi. Transport and Communications Science Journal, 72(4),
pp.486–497. doi:https://doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.72.4.8.

Tran, X.V. and Le , Q.C. (2021). A Review on Current Status of Urban Air Pollution in Ho Chi
Minh city and Ha Noi. DTU Journal of Science and Technology, 4(47), pp.45–53.

U.N. Environment (2024). Cities and Climate Change. [online] UNEP - UN Environment
Programme. Available at:
https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities-and-climate-change.

Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B. and Davis, F.D. (2003). User Acceptance of Information
technology: toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly, [online] 27(3), pp.425–478.
doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540.

VinBus (2024). VinBus. [online] VinBus. Available at: https://maps.vinbus.vn/hcm.

Vinbus (2022). Ho Chi Minh City: The lowest electric bus fare is 3,000 VND/trip. Vinbus.vn.
[online] Available at: https://vinbus.vn/tp-hcm-gia-ve-xe-buyt-dien-thap-nhat-la-3-000-dong-luot
[Accessed 4 Jan. 2025].

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 40

Vinbus (2024). VINBUS OFFICIALLY LAUNCHES THE FEATURE OF BUYING ONE-WAY
TICKETS THROUGH PAYMENT CODES FROM 09/03/2020. [online] Vinbus. Available at:
https://vinbus.vn/vinbus-chinh-thuc-ra-mat-tinh-nang-mua-ve-luot-thong-qua-ma-thanh-toan-ke-tu-
ngay [Accessed 4 Jan. 2025].

Vincent, J.M., Makarewicz, C., Miller, R., Ehrman, J. and McKoy, D.L. (2024). BEYOND THE
YELLOW BUS: PROMISING PRACTICES FOR MAXIMIZING ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITY
THROUGH INNOVATIONS IN STUDENT TRANSPORTATION. [online] Escholarship.org.
Available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fm3x3jw [Accessed 4 Jan. 2025].

Vinfast (2022). VinBus chính thức lăn bánh: Xe buýt điện Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh đầu tiên |
VinFast. VinFast. [online] 8 Apr. Available at:
https://vinfastauto.com/vn_vi/xe-buyt-dien-vinbus-tp-ho-chi-minh [Accessed 4 Jan. 2025].

Vu, H.N.K., Ha, Q.P., Nguyen, D.H., Nguyen, T.T.T., Nguyen, T.T., Nguyen, T.T.H., Tran, N.D. and
Ho, B.Q. (2020). Poor Air Quality and Its Association with Mortality in Ho Chi Minh City: Case
Study. Atmosphere, [online] 11(7), p.750. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070750.

Wang, N., Pei, Y. and Fu, H. (2022). Public Acceptance of Last-Mile Shuttle Bus Services with
Automation and Electrification in Cold-Climate Environments. Sustainability, 14(21), p.14383.
doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114383.

Wang, Y., Wang, S., Wang, J., Wei, J. and Wang, C. (2018). An empirical study of consumers’
intention to use ride-sharing services: using an extended technology acceptance model.
Transportation, 47(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9893-4.

World Bank (2023). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e) - Viet
Nam. [online] World Bank . Available at:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.GHG.CO2.TR.MT.CE.AR5?end=2022&locations=VN&sta
rt=1970&view=chart [Accessed 2 Jan. 2025].

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 41

 V. APPENDIX

1.​Appendix of questionnaire

Table 12: Summary of scale

NO CODE THE SCALE EXPECTED GROUND

THEORY

I.​ PERCEIVED EASE OF USE:​

1 PEU1 If I want to use electric buses, this will be easy for me.
Nguyen and
Pojani
2 PEU2 If I want to use electric buses, this will be simple for me. +
(2023)

3 PEU3 If I want to use electric buses, I won't face any problems.

II.​ PERCEIVED USEFULNESS:

1 PU1 Using electric buses will make me more comfortable

Nguyen and
during the trip.
Pojani
(2023)
2 PU2 Using electric buses will reduce noise.
+

3 PU3 Using electric buses will reduce greenhouse gas

emissions.

III.​ PERSONAL INNOVATIVENESS:

1 PI1 I look for ways to test new technologies.

Nguyen and
Pojani
2 PI2 I look to pioneer new technologies. +
(2023)

3 PI3 I look to experience new technologies.

IV.​ ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS:

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 42

 1 EA1 I consider the potential environmental impacts of my
activities when making decisions.

Nguyen and
2 EA2 I am concerned about climate change. Pojani
+ (2023)
3 EA3 I consider myself environmentally responsible.

4 EA4 I am willing to accept inconvenience because it means

being more environmentally friendly.

V.​ SECURITY MEASURES:

1 SM1 Conductors on electric buses are responsible for

Nguyen and
passenger protection.
Pojani
(2023)
2 SM2 There are cameras on electric buses recording all
positions. +

3 SM3 Video cameras are installed at many electric bus stops.

VI.​ PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL:

1 PBC1 For me, there are no barriers to taking the bus to school.

2 PBC2 For me, using public buses to work/school is much easier

Ng and
than private transport.
+ Phung
(2021);
3 PBC3 For me, using public buses to work/school is very simple Nguyen et al.
instead of private vehicles. (2023)

4 PBC4 For me, using public transportation can take me

anywhere I want.

5 PBC5 For me, using public transportation for daily travel from
my current residence will be easy.

VII.​ SUBJECTIVE NORMS:

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 43

 1 SN1 Most people important to me would support me using
public electric buses to go to school.
+ Ng and
2 SN2 Most people important to me think I should use public Phung,
buses to go to school. (2021)

VIII.​ BEHAVIORAL INTENTION:

1 BI1 I plan to use electric buses in the future.

Nguyen and
Pojani
2 BI2 I am ready to use electric buses in the future. +
(2023);
Wang, Pei
3 BI3 I will use electric buses in the future.
and Fu
(2022)

Table 13: The questionnaire of demographic

1.​ What is your age group?

●​ Under 18

●​ 18 - 20

Nguyen and Pojani (2023), Pham and

●​ 20 - 24
Tong, 2021

●​ Over 24

●​ Other (Please specify: ...............)

2.​ What year are you in?

●​ First year

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 44

●​ Second year
Nguyen and Pojani (2023), Pham and
Tong, 2021
●​ Third year

●​ Fourth year

●​ Other (Please specify: ...............)

3.​ Which area are you in?

●​ Urban- district​ ​
Nguyen and Pojani (2023), Pham and
Tong, 2021
●​ Non urban-district

4.​ Do you own a motorcycle?

●​ Yes
Nguyen and Pojani (2023), Pham and
Tong, 2021

●​ No

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 45

5.​ How far is it from your house to school?

●​ Short (less than 2km)

Nguyen and Pojani (2023), Pham and
Tong, 2021

●​ Medium (2-5 km)

●​ Long (more than 5km)

6.​ What is your current income level?

●​ Below 5 million VND

●​ From 5 million to under 10 million VND

●​ From 10 million to under 20 million VND

●​ 20 million VND and above

7.​ What is your gender?

●​ Male

●​ Female

Table 14: The questionnaire of screening

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 46

1.​ Have you heard about electricity bus?

●​ Yes, I have

●​ No, I haven't

2.​ Have you ever used an electric bus?

●​ Yes, I have

●​ No, I haven't

●​ I have intended to use them but haven't used them yet

3.​ What is your opinion on using an electric bus?

●​ Interesting

●​ Safe

●​ Environmentally friendly

●​ Reasonable price

●​ Unique design

●​ Other (Please specify: ...............)

Graduation Thesis - SP25BIZ06| 47