1.14, SCREW GAUGE Consider a uniformly threaded screw provided with a closely fitted nut as shown in Fig, 115, In a uniformly. thread sree, distance between any two Gnaecative tveada is same. When the screw head is rotated the sree moves linearly through the nut Principle.ttis based on the principle of the serew. igratucton-A screw gauge consists ofa U-shaped pees metallic frameF having fixed stuP atoneend. A fineand an accurately cut screw having uniform spacing between ace ee its threads passes through the other end of the metallic frame. The flat end Q of the screw forms a movable stud, ‘which exactly faces the stud P [Fig. 1.16]. The studs P and Qserveas the two jaws n screw gauge. On the body of the screw, called the sera line parallel to the axis of the screw is engraved. It is known as the reference line. Along the reference line on the stem, a scale in millimetre isengraved andis called the main scaleor pitch scale-The number of complete rotations given to the screw can be read on the . main scale. A circular cap fits on the serew and carries 100 qual divisions les called the evelar senior len cae [rex In some screw gauges, the circular scale has 50 divisions and the main scale is marked in 0-5 mm. Finally, a screw gauge is provided with a ratchet arrangement R, which on being turned, makes the screw advance. But when the studs come in contact, the ratchet tums on itselflosing the control over the screw. It helps to avoid undue pressure over the object held between the studs. In practice, a screw gauge is used to measure the thickness ofa foil, the diameter of a wire and hence to know the gauge of the wire by using the following Standard Wire Gauge (WG) Table: Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) Tablesour ose gauges may nave pus eyuat wy uy amt, ' Tovdetermin€ least cow. the circular seale carries 100 divisions - it, then, pita total number of the divi 1 ARS =O: mmor 0-001 am used in the laboratory is of least count equal to 0-001 em ie. 19-3 wm east count = ‘isions on circular scale Usually, a screw gauge?™~ PRACTICAL PHYSICS_yq 44 | ES EXPERIMENT 5 OBJECT a cits vol To measure diameter of a given wire using a screw gauge and find its volume, APPARATUS Screw gauge, wire, half metre scale. THEORY . 1. If with the wire between plane faces A and B, the edge of the cap lies ahead of Nth division of linear scale. Then, linear scale reading (L.S.R.) = N. If nth division of circular scale lies over reference line. Then, circular scale reading (C.S.R.) = nx (L.C.) (L.C. is least count of screw gauge) ‘Total reading (TR.) = LSR. + C.SR.= N+ nx (LC). 2. IfD be the mean diameter and J be the mean length of the wire. Then DY, Volume of the wire, V = (2) 1 ‘ DIAGRAM (Fig. 2.21) Fig. 2.21. Screw gauge—measuring diameter (thickness) of the wir1. Determination of least count. Note the value of the linear (pitch) scale divi- sion. Rotate serew to bring zero mark on circular (head) scale on reference line. Note linear seale reading i.c., number of divisions on linear seale uncovered by the cap. Now give the serew a few known number of rotations. (One rotation is completed when zero of circular scale again arrives on the reference line). Again note the linear scale reading. Find difference of two readings on linear scale to find distance moved by the screw. Distance moved by screw No.of fall rotations given Then, pitch of the screw = Now count the total number of divisions on circular (head) scale. re Pitch Snr Teast Coun’ = ‘Total number of divisions on the cireularscale” The least count is generally 0.001 em.PRECAUTIONS (to be taken) 1. To avoid undue pressure ; the screw should always be rotated by ratchet R and not, by cap K. 2. The screw should move freely without friction. 3. The zero correction, with proper sign should be noted very carefully and added algebraically. | 4. For same set of observations, the screw should be moved in the same direction to avoid back-lash error of the screw. t each place, the diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular 5. At directions and then the mean of the two be taken. 6. Readings should be taken atleast for five different places equally spaced along the whole length of the wire. 7, Error due to parallax should be avoided. SQURCES OF ERROR 1. The screw may have friction. — 2. The screw gauge may have back-lash error. 3, Circular scale divisions may not be of equal size. 4, The wire may not be uniform.