m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-3

MwYZ (Aa¨vq 1)
1 bs|ms‡ÿ‡c DËi
1 AhyZ = 10 nvRvi | 1 jÿ = 10 AhyZ| 1 wbhyZ = 1 wgwjqb = 10 jÿ | 1
†KvwU = 10 wbhyZ
covi mgq 1 Ahy‡Zi cwie‡Z© 10 nvRvi ejv nq|
covi mgq 1 wbhy‡Zi cwie‡Z© 10 jÿ ev 1 wgwjqb ejv nq|
msL¨v‡iLv : msL¨v‡iLvi gva¨‡g msL¨vi mwVK Ae¯’vb Rvbv hvq| msL¨v
µg I msL¨vi ga¨Kvi †QvU eo Zzjbv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ msL¨v‡iLv cÖ‡qvRb|
msL¨v‡iLvi Wvb w`‡K †M‡j msL¨vi gvb ev‡o Ges evgw`‡K msL¨vi gvb
K‡g| msL¨v‡iLvq msL¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU `v‡Mi `~iZ¡ m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e|
†hgb:

GB †ÿ‡Î msL¨v‡iLvi cÖwZwU `v‡Mi `~iZ¡ 10| ÒKÓ 50 †_‡K 3 `vM `~‡i
A_©vr 50 + 30 = 80 Avevi ÒKÓ 100 †_‡K 2 `vM Av‡M A_©vr 10020 =
80 | ÒLÓ 150 ‡_‡K 1 `vM `~‡i A_©vr 150+10 = 160|
cÖ‡kœvËi: GK AhyZ KZ nvRv‡ii mgvb KZ? DËi : 10 nvRvi|
1. 10 jÿ mgvb KZ wgwjqb? DËi : 1 wgwjqb
2. 1 wbhyZ mgvb KZ wgwjqb? DËi : 1 wgwjqb
3. 10906502 msL¨vwU‡K K_vq wjL| DËi : GK †KvwU bq jÿ Qq nvRvi
cuvPkZ `yB|
4. 1 †KvwU KZ wbhyZ? DËi : 10 wbhyZ|
5. Wvb w`K †_‡K 1g KZ A¼ ci Kgv emv‡bv nq? DËi : Wvb w`K †_‡K 1g 3
A¼ ci Kgv emv‡bv nq|
6. 1g Kgv emv‡bvi KZ A¼ ci Kgv emv‡bv nq? DËi : 1g Kgv emv‡bvi 2
A¼ ci Kgv emv‡bv nq|
7. ¯’vbxq gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z †M‡j msL¨vi †Kvb w`K †_‡K 1g ïiæ Kiv nq?
DËi : ¯’vbxq gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z †M‡j msL¨vi Wvb w`K †_‡K 1g ïiæ Kiv
nq|
8. GKwU e‡· 1000 Gi 10 c¨v‡KU wU‡KU Av‡Q| wU‡K‡Ui cwigvY K_vq ‡jL|
DËi : `k nvRvi|
9. cuvPwU GKk UvKvi †bvU, `yBwU cÂvk UvKvi †bvU, cuvPwU wek
UvKvi †bvU Ges `kwU `k UvKvi †bv‡U †gvU KZ UvKv n‡e?
DËi : (1005 + 502 + 205 + 1010) UvKv
= (500 + 100 + 100 + 100) UvKv
= 800 UvKv|
10. wekwU wek UvKvi †bvU, wekwU `k UvKvi †bv‡U †gvU KZ UvKv?
DËi : (20  20 + 20  10) UvKv
= (400 + 200) = 600 UvKv|
11. 99999 msL¨vwU K_vq †jL| DËi : wbivbeŸB nvRvi bqk wbivbeŸB|
12. 870513 msL¨vwU K_vq †jL| DËi : AvU jÿ mËi nvRvi cuvPk †Z‡iv|
13. Kgv e¨envi K‡i wb‡Pi msL¨vwU A‡¼ †jL| ÒPvi †KvwU
Pzqvwjøk jÿ Pvi nvRvi PvikZ PviÓ
DËi : 4,44,04,404
14. 8 3 2 1 msL¨vwU‡Z 3 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb KZ? DËi : 3 kZK ev 300|
15. 7 8 3 8 msL¨vwU‡Z 7 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb KZ? DËi : 7 nvRvi ev 7000|

m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-4

MwYZ (Aa¨vq 1)
mvaviY cÖkœ:
1. eo ev †QvU wb‡`©k Kivi cÖZxK `ywU †jL|
DËi : eo cÖZxK †QvU cÖZxK
 
2. eo cÖZxK wjL| DËi : eo cÖZxK ÔÕ|
3. †QvU cÖZxK wjL| DËi : †QvU cÖZxK ÔÕ|
`yBwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ †h msL¨vi A¼ msL¨v †ewk †mwU Kx DËi :
e„nËi|
4. hw` `yBwU msL¨vi me¸‡jv A¼ mgvb nq Z‡e msL¨v `yB Kxiƒc
n‡e? DËi : mgvb|
5. †Kv‡bv msL¨vB cÖ_‡g Kx w`‡q ïiæ nq bv? DËi : Ò0Ó (k~b¨)|
6. MvwYwZKfv‡e GKwU we‡kl msL¨v ‡jL| DËi : Ò0Ó (k~b¨)|
7. Qq A¼wewkó e„nËg msL¨vi c‡ii msL¨vwU †jL| DËi : 1000000|
8. 7205, 6137, 7329, 5238, 8324 msL¨v¸‡jv‡K eo †_‡K †QvU µ‡g
cÖZxK e¨envi K‡i mvwR‡q †jL|
DËi : 8324  7329  7205  6137  5238
9. 8, 6, 0, 5 Øviv MwVZ e„nËg I ¶z`ªZg msL¨vwU †jL|
DËi : e„nËg msL¨v 8650 I ¶z`ªZg msL¨v 5068|
10. 7 3 5 6, 7 2 0 6, 6 2 5 6 , 5 0 2 8 msL¨v¸‡jv‡K cÖZxK e¨envi K‡i
†QvU †_‡K eo µ‡g mvwR‡q †jL|
DËi : 5028  6256  7206  7356|
Aa¨vq 2 (†hvM I we‡qvM)
1| we‡qvM-msµvšÍ wKQy Z_¨ :
we‡qvRb  we‡qvR¨ = we‡qvMdj |
we‡qvMdj + we‡qvR¨ = we‡qvRb
we‡qvRb  we‡qvMdj = we‡qvR¨
D`vniY 865  we‡qvRb
312  we‡qvR¨
553  we‡qvMdj
1.MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g Kx Ki‡Z n‡e? DËi :
MvwYwZK evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| †hv‡Mi mswÿß iƒc †KvbwU? DËi : ¸Y|
3| wZb A‡¼i ¶z`ªZg Ges `yB A‡¼i e„nËg msL¨vi †hvM dj KZ?
DËi : 199|
4| 3200, 1500 Ges 199 msL¨v¸‡jvi †hvMdj KZ? DËi : 4899
5| 11403 + 46 = KZ? DËi : 11449|
6| wZbwU msL¨vi †hvMdj 8535 Ges cÖ_g `yBwU msL¨vi †hvMdj
6727 n‡j Z…Zxq msL¨vwU KZ?DËi : 1808|
7| 87365 †_‡K KZ we‡qvM Ki‡j we‡qvMdj 56237 n‡e? mgm¨vwUi
MvwYwZK evK¨ wjL|
DËi : 87365 + = 56237
8| Pvi A‡¼i e„nËg msL¨vi c‡ii msL¨v †_‡K wZb A‡¼i ¶z`ªZg msL¨v
we‡qvM Ki‡j we‡qvMdj KZ n‡e?
DËi : 9900|
9| `yBwU msL¨vi we‡qvMdj 1035 Ges we‡qvRb 3306 n‡j we‡qvR¨
KZ? DËi : 2271|
10| Avãyj nvwjg mv‡n‡ei gvwmK †eZb 24370 UvKv| msmv‡ii Rb¨
15220 UvKv LiP Kivi ci evwK UvKv Rgv Ki‡j KZ UvKv Rgv n‡e?
DËi : 9150 UvKv|

m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-5

Aa¨vq 3 (¸Y)

30  7 = 210
¸Y¨ ¸YK ¸Ydj
1| †h msL¨v‡K ¸Y Kiv nq, Zv‡K ¸Y¨ e‡j|
2| †h msL¨v Øviv ¸Y Kiv nq, Zv‡K ¸YK e‡j|
3| ¸Y¨‡K ¸YK Øviv ¸Y Kivi ci hv cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ¸Ydj e‡j|
4| ¸Y¨ Ges ¸YK ¯’vb wewbgq Ki‡j ¸Yd‡ji †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| ZvB
¸Y Kivi mgq †QvU msL¨vwU‡K ¸YK aiv nq| G‡Z ¸‡Yi KvR mnR nq|
(K) (L)
¸Y¨
19 267
 267 ¸YK  19
133 2403
1140 2670
3800 ¸Ydj 5073
5073

mvaviY cÖkœ:
1. ¸Ydj wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU †jL| DËi : ¸Y¨  ¸YK
2. ¸Y¨ Kv‡K e‡j? DËi : hv‡K ¸Y Kiv nq Zv‡K ¸Y¨ e‡j|
3. ¸YK Kv‡K e‡j? DËi : hvi Øviv ¸Y Kiv nq Zv‡K ¸YK e‡j|
4. ¸Y¨ I ¸YK ¯’vb wewbgq Ki‡j ¸Ydj wKiƒc nq? DËi : ¸Yd‡ji †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b nq bv|
5. `yBwU msL¨vi ¸‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb msL¨vwU‡K ¸YK aiv nq? DËi : †QvU
msL¨v‡K ¸YK aiv nq|
6. 9  7 = 63, GLv‡b ¸YK †KvbwU? DËi : 7
7. GKwU eB‡qi `vg GKwU †cbwm‡ji `v‡gi wظY| GKwU †cbwm‡ji `vg 5
UvKv n‡j GKwU eB‡qi `vg KZ?
DËi : 5  2 = 10 UvKv|
8. 10  100 = KZ? DËi : 1000|
9. 20  = 100; LvwjN‡i KZ n‡e? DËi : 5|
10. 14  2 = 7  ; LvwjN‡i KZ n‡e? DËi : 4|

Aa¨vq 4 (fvM)

mbvZb c×wZ :

AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ :

m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-6

Aa¨vq 4 (fvM)
1| fvRK : †h msL¨v w`‡q Ab¨ msL¨v‡K fvM Kiv nq Zv‡K fvRK e‡j|
2| fvR¨ : †h msL¨v‡K fvRK w`‡q fvM Kiv nq Zv‡K fvR¨ e‡j|
3| fvMdj : fvR¨‡K fvRK w`‡q fvM K‡i †h msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡K fvMdj e‡j|
4| fvM‡kl : fvR¨‡K fvRK w`‡q fvM Kivi ci †h msL¨v Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K
fvM‡kl e‡j|
5| wbt‡k‡l fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î,
fvR¨  fvRK = fvMdj
fvR¨  fvMdj = fvRK
fvRK  fvMdj = fvR¨
6| wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨ bv n‡j,
fvR¨ = fvRK  fvMdj + fvM‡kl
fvRK = (fvR¨  fvM‡kl)  fvMdj
fvMdj = (fvR¨  fvM‡kl)  fvRK
mvaviY
16. fvR¨ Kv‡K e‡j? DËi : †h msL¨v‡K fvM Kiv nq Zv fvR¨|
17. fvRK Kv‡K e‡j? DËi : †h msL¨v w`‡q fvM Kiv nq Zv‡K fvRK e‡j|
18. fvMdj Kx? DËi : fvR¨‡K fvRK w`‡q fvM K‡i †h msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv fvMdj|
19. fvM‡kl Kx? DËi : fv‡Mi †k‡l †h msL¨v Aewkó _v‡K Zv fvM‡kl|
20. fvR¨ k~b¨ n‡j fvMdj KZ? DËi : k~b¨|
21. wbt‡k‡l wefv‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î fvR¨ Kx? DËi : fvR¨ = fvRK  fvMdj
22. wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨ bv n‡j fvR¨ wbY©‡qi m~Î Kx? DËi : fvR¨ = fvRK
 fvMdj + fvM‡kl|
23. AwefvR¨ fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î fvMdj wbY©‡qi m~Î †jL| DËi : (fvR¨  fvM‡kl) 
fvRK|
24. fvM I ¸‡Yi m¤úK© Kx? DËi : wbt‡k‡l fvM n‡”Q ¸‡Yi wecixZ cÖwµqv|
25. ¸‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸Y¨ wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU †jL| DËi : ¸Ydj  ¸YK = ¸Y¨|
26. fvRK 6 I fvMdj 8 Ges fvM‡kl 1 n‡j fvR¨ KZ n‡e? DËi : fvR¨ 49|
27. fvR¨ 65, fvRK 9 I fvM‡kl 2 n‡j fvMdj KZ? DËi : fvMdj 7|
28. 4500  100 = KZ? DËi : 45|

29. GLv‡b LvwjN‡i KZ n‡e?

DËi : 5|

Aa¨vq 11 (mgq)
mgq cwigv‡ci GKK
60 †m‡KÛ =
wgwbU 1 30 w`b = 1 gvm
60 wgwbU NÈv= 1 12 gvm = 1 eQi
24 NÈv w`b= 1 12 eQi = 1 hyM
7 w`b =
mßvn 1 100 eQi = 1 kZvãx
365 w`b = 1 eQi
1. 1 wgwb‡U KZ †m‡KÊ? DËi : 60 †m‡KÊ|
2. 1 NÈvq KZ wgwbU? DËi : 60 wgwbU|
3. 24 NÈvq KZ w`b? DËi : 1 w`b|
4. 1 mßvn = KZ w`b? DËi : 7 w`b|

m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-7

5. 1 eQ‡i KZ gvm? DËi : 12 gvm|
6. 1 N›Uvq KZ †m‡KÛ? DËi : 3600 †m‡KÛ|
7. 3 wgwb‡U KZ †m‡KÛ? DËi : 180 †m‡KÛ|
8. 360 †m‡K‡Û KZ wgwbU? DËi : 6 wgwbU|
9. 48 NÈvq KZ w`b? DËi : 2 w`b|
10.240 wgwb‡U KZ NÈv? DËi : 240 wgwbU
11.49 w`‡b KZ mßvn? DËi : 7 mßvn|
12.210 w`‡b KZ gvm? DËi : 7 gvm|
13.8 w`b 13 NÈvi mv‡_ 2 w`b 5 NÈv †hvM Ki‡j KZ n‡e? DËi : 10
w`b 18 NÈv|
14.3 NÈv 15 wgwb‡U KZ wgwbU? DËi : 195 wgwbU|

Aa¨vq 12 (DcvË msMÖn I web¨¯ÍKiY)

( | ) wPýwU U¨vwj wPý| †Kv‡bv GKwU Z_¨ ev WvUvi Rb¨ GKwU U¨vwj wPý
e¨envi Kiv nq| PviwU U¨vwj wPý †`Iqvi ci cÂg U¨vwj wPýwU Avjv`vfv‡e bv
w`‡q Av‡Mi PviwU wPý Ry‡o AvovAvwofv‡e †`Iqv nq| Gici GKwU duvK
w`‡q AveviI GKB fv‡e U¨vwj wPý †`Iqv nq|
1| ( | ) wPýwUi bvg Kx? DËi : U¨vwj wPý|
2| KqwU U¨vwj wPý Lvovfv‡o †`Iqvi ci GKwU wPý AvovAvwofv‡e †`Iqv
nq?
DËi : PviwU U¨vwj wPý Lvovfv‡e †`Iqvi ci GKwU wPý AvovAvwofv‡e †`Iqv nq|
3| cuvP †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ U¨vwj wPý Kxfv‡e †jLv nq? DËi : |
4| wZb †jLvi Rb¨ U¨vwj wPý Kxfv‡e wjL‡Z nq? DËi : ||||
5| †Kv‡bv †kªwY‡Z Qv·`i g‡a¨ QqR‡bi cÖ‡Z¨‡K MwY‡Z 60 b¤^i †c‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b U¨vwj wP‡ýi mvnv‡h¨ †KvbwU cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e? DËi : QqRb
Qv·K| †hgb- |

weÁvb
(Aa¨vq 11: Rxe‡bi wbivcËv Ges cÖv_wgK
wPwKrmv)
3. mswÿß DËi cÖkœ :
1) evwo‡Z Kx Kx `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i?
DËi : evwo‡Z mPivPi †h mKj `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q c‡o
hvIqv, †K‡U hvIqv, Av¸b jvMv, cy‡o hvIqv, we`y¨r¯ú„ó nIqv, welwµqv
NUv BZ¨vw`|
2) Avgiv we`y¨r¯ú„ó e¨w³‡K Kxfv‡e we`y¨‡Zi Drm †_‡K Avjv`v
Kie?
DËi : we`y¨r¯ú„ó e¨w³‡K we`y¨‡Zi Drm †_‡K Avjv`v Kivi Dcvq wb‡P
†`Iqv n‡jvÑ
K. †gBb myBP eÜ K‡i ev ˆe`y¨wZK cøvM Ly‡j †d‡j ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM
wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j ïK‡bv KvV ev euvk
w`‡q we`y¨r¯ú„ó e¨w³‡K we`y¨‡Zi Drm †_‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e| G
mgq cøvw÷‡Ki gv`yi, P‡Ui e¯Ív ev †gvUv KvM‡Ri Dci `uvwo‡q
KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) Kxfv‡e Av¸‡b †cvov e¨w³i cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †`Iqv nq?
DËi : Av¸‡b †cvov e¨w³i cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †`Iqvi Dcvq n‡jvÑ
K. †cvov ¯’v‡b Kgc‡ÿ 10 wgwbU VvÊv cvwb Xvj‡Z n‡e|
L. †cvov ¯’v‡b eid e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv Ges †dv¯‹v Mjv‡bv hv‡e bv|
M. mvgvb¨ †cvovq evb©j ev cvwb bvwi‡Kj †Z‡ji m‡½ wgwk‡q jvMv‡Z
n‡e|
N. cÖ‡qvR‡b hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e Wv³v‡ii civgk© wb‡Z n‡e|
m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-8
1. `yN©Ubvi d‡j Kx nq? DËi : `yN©Ubvi d‡j Avgv‡`i kixi I m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ
nq|
2. Avgiv Kxfv‡e cvwb‡Z †Wvev cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cvwi? DËi : muvZvi
wk‡L Avgiv cvwb‡Z †Wvev cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cvwi|
3. †Kvb A‡ji gvbyl †ewk mv‡c KvUvi wkKvi nq?
 DËi : mvaviYZ MÖvgv‡ji gvbyl †ewk mv‡c KvUvi wkKvi nq|
4. AwMœKvÐ NU‡Z cv‡i Kxfv‡e?
DËi : ivbœvi mgq AmveavbZv, †gvgevwZ ev KzwcevwZ e¨env‡i
AmZK©Zv, ˆe`y¨wZK kU©mvwK©U, R¡jšÍ wewo, w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV
BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g AwMœKvÊ NU‡Z cv‡i|
5. AwMœKvÐ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai GKwU Dcvq †jL|
DËi : mn‡R Av¸b a‡i Ggb me e¯‘ †hgbÑ KvMR, Kvco, ïK‡bv KvV
BZ¨vw` Zvc I Av¸‡bi wkLv †_‡K h_vm¤¢e `~‡i ivLv AwMœKvÊ
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai GKwU Dcvq|
6. cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv Kx?
DËi : Wv³vi Avmv ev nvmcvZv‡j †bIqvi c~‡e© Amy¯’ ev AvnZ †Kv‡bv
e¨w³‡K `ªæZ mvgwqK †mev †`Iqv ev wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v KivB n‡jv
cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv|
7. †Kv‡bv †cvov ¯’v‡b KZÿY cvwb Xvj‡Z nq?
DËi : †Kv‡bv †cvov ¯’v‡b Kgc‡ÿ 10 wgwbU VvÐv cvwb Xvj‡Z n‡e|
8. mvgvb¨ Av¸‡b †cvov ¯’v‡b Kx jvMv‡Z nq?
DËi : mvgvb¨ Av¸‡b †cvov ¯’v‡b evb©j ev cvwb bvwi‡Kj †Z‡ji m‡½
wgwk‡q jvMv‡Z n‡e|
9. cvwb‡Z †Wvev †ivMxi ey‡K KZevi nvZ w`‡q Pvc w`‡Z n‡e?
DËi : cvwb‡Z †Wvev †ivMxi ey‡K cÖvq 30 evi nvZ w`‡q Pvc w`‡Z n‡e|
10. we`y¨r¯ú„ó nIqv Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : kix‡ii †Kv‡bv A½ we`y¨r Dr‡mi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j Avgiv `yN©Ubvi
m¤§yLxb n‡Z cvwi| †hgbÑ cy‡o †h‡Z cvwi A_ev ü`¯ú›`b eÜ n‡q gviv
†h‡Z cvwi| GB ai‡bi `yN©Ubv‡K we`y¨r¯ú„ó nIqv e‡j|
11. we`y¨r¯ú„ó e¨w³‡K aiv hv‡e bv †Kb?
DËi : we`y¨r¯ú„ó e¨w³‡K ai‡j D×viKvix wb‡RI we`y¨r¯ú„ó n‡q co‡e| ZvB
we`y¨r¯ú„ó e¨w³‡K aiv hv‡e bv|
12. Wv³vi bv Avmv ch©šÍ mv‡c KvUvi ¯’v‡b Kx Ki‡Z n‡e?
DËi : Wv³vi bv Avmv ch©šÍ mv‡c KvUvi ¯’v‡bi GKUz Dc‡i `wo ev Kvco
w`‡q k³ K‡i euva‡Z n‡e|
13. we`y¨r¯ú„ó e¨w³ k¦vm bv wb‡j Kx Ki‡Z n‡e?
DËi : we`y¨r¯ú„ó e¨w³ k¦vm bv wb‡j Zvi bvK †P‡c a‡i gy‡L gyL
jvwM‡q K‡qKevi dzu w`‡Z n‡e, hZÿY bv †ivMxi eyK dz‡j D‡V| Z‡e gv‡S
gv‡S k¦vm Qvovi Rb¨ mgq w`‡Z n‡e Ges ey‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
14. KvD‡K cvwb‡Z Wye‡Z †`L‡j Kx Kiv DwPZ?
DËi : KvD‡K cvwb‡Z Wye‡Z †`L‡j mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ eo‡`i WvKv Ges Riæwi
†mevi Rb¨ KvD‡K cvVv‡bv DwPZ|
15. cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi wbqg¸‡jv †jL|
DËi : cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi wbqg¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
1) mvnvh¨ PvIqv, 2) wb‡R‡K wbivc` ivLv, 3) AvnZ e¨w³‡K w¯’i ivLv
Ges 4) AvnZ e¨w³‡K kvšÍ ivLv|

1. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki|

 1) nVvr N‡U hvIqv †Kv‡bv NUbv hv Avgv‡`i kix‡ii ev m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ mvab
K‡i ZvB |
2) mvc ebR½j QvovI  Av‡kcv‡k _v‡K|
3) Avgiv  wk‡L cvwb‡Z †Wvev cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cvwi|
4) kix‡ii †Kv‡bv A½  Dr‡mi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j gvbyl we`y¨r¯ú„ó nq|
DËi: 1) `yN©Ubv, 2) evwoN‡ii, 3) muvZvi, 4) we`y¨r|

k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki|

1) †ewki fvM `yN©UbvB  Kiv m¤¢e|
2) mvaviYZ  gvbyl †ewk mv‡c KvUvi wkKvi nq|
m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-9
3) ivbœvi mgq  †cvkvK civ hv‡e bv|
4) `yN©Ubvq mevi Av‡M wb‡Ri  K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e|
5) Av¸‡b †cvov ¯’v‡b Kg‡cÿ  VvÐv cvwb Xvj‡Z n‡e|
6) Av¸‡b †cvov ¯’v‡b  e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
7) gvbe‡`‡ni ga¨ w`‡q  cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i|
8) hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e we`y¨‡Zi Drm †_‡K  e¨w³‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e|
9) mv‡c KvU‡j hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e  civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
10) mv‡c KvU‡j wPwKrmvi Rb¨  Kv‡Q hvIqv hv‡e bv|
DËi : 1) cÖwZ‡iva, 2) MÖvgv‡ji, 3) j¤^v nvZvIqvjv ev wX‡jXvjv, 4)
wbivcËvi, 5) 10 wgwbU, 6) eid
7) we`y¨r, 8) we`y¨r¯ú„ó, 9) Wv³v‡ii, 10) ISv ev mvcy‡oi|
evg cv‡ki k‡ãi mv‡_ Wvb cv‡ki k‡ãi wgj Ki|
nVvr we`y¨r¯ú„ó
`yN©Ubv
MÖvgvÂj g¨vP
kixi I m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ
AwMœwbe
©vcK hš¿
ïK‡bv jvwV †ewk mv‡c KvUv
AwMœKvÊ Av¸b †bfv‡bv
DËi : nVvr `yN©Ubv  kixi I m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ|
MÖvgvÂj  †ewk mv‡c KvUv|
AwMœwbe©vcK hš¿  Av¸b †bfv‡bv|
ïK‡bv jvwV  we`y¨r¯ú„ó|
AwMœKvÊ  g¨vP|
4. eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ :
1) cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi mvaviY wbqg¸‡jv Kx Kx?
DËi : cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi wKQz mvaviY wbqg i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ
K. mvnvh¨ PvIqv : me©cÖ_g Avgv‡`i‡K eo KvD‡K WvK‡Z n‡e ev
Riæwi †mevi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ PvB‡Z n‡e|
L. wb‡R‡K wbivc` ivLv : AvnZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K mvnv‡h¨i c~‡e©
Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j Avgiv
wb‡RivB `yN©Ubvq co‡Z cvwi|
M. AvnZ e¨w³‡K w¯’i ivLv : cÖ‡qvRb Qvov AvnZ e¨w³‡K bvovPvov
bv Kiv|
N. AvnZ e¨w³‡K kvšÍ ivLv : AvnZ e¨w³‡K Drmvng~jK K_v e‡j kvšÍ
ivLv|
2) Avgiv cvwb‡Z Wze‡Z _vKv †Kv‡bv gvbyl‡K Kxfv‡e D×vi Kie?
 DËi : cvwb‡Z Wze‡Z _vKv e¨w³‡K D×v‡ii Rb¨ Avgiv Zvi nv‡Zi bvMv‡j
j¤^v `wo ev jvwV aie| Zv bv n‡j †f‡m _vK‡Z cv‡i Ggb e¯‘ †hgbÑ eo
Kv‡Vi UzKiv, KjvMvQ BZ¨vw` cvwb‡Z fvwm‡q †`e, Wze‡Z _vKv e¨w³
†hb †mwU a‡i fvm‡Z cv‡i I D‡V Avm‡Z cv‡i| GKv GKv muvZvi †K‡U
D×v‡ii †Póv Kie bv| G‡Z K‡i wb‡Ri Wy‡e hvIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K|
3) mv‡c KvUv Kxfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq?
DËi : Avgiv wewfbœ Dcv‡q mv‡c KvUv cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgbÑ
K. mvc wb‡q bvovPvov ev †Ljvayjv Kie bv|
L. mvc _vK‡Z cv‡i Ggb RvqMv †hgbÑ Nb Nvm ev †SvcSvo, BU ev
cv_‡ii duvK, MZ© BZ¨vw` Gwo‡q Pj‡Z n‡e|
M. R½j ev †SvcSv‡o †h‡Z n‡j Aek¨B j¤^v jvwV e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
N. iv‡Z Pjv‡divi mgq UP© jvBU ev Ab¨ evwZ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
O. evwoi Pvicvk cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z mvc jywK‡q _vK‡Z
bv cv‡i|
4) `yN©Ubvq cov †Kv‡bv gvbyl k¦vm bv wb‡j Avgiv Kx Kie?
DËi : `yN©Ubvq cov †Kv‡bv gvbyl k¦vm bv wb‡j Avgiv hv Kie Zv
n‡jvÑ
K. †ivMx‡K wPZ K‡i ïB‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ges _yZwb Avj‡Zv K‡i Dc‡i Zz‡j
ai‡Z n‡e|
L. †ivMxi bvK †P‡c a‡i gy‡L gyL jvwM‡q K‡qKevi duy w`‡Z n‡e, hZÿY
bv †ivMxi eyK dz‡j D‡V| Z‡e gv‡S gv‡S †ivMx‡K k¦vm Qvovi Rb¨
mgq w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †ivMxi eyK dz‡j bv DV‡j Zvi gv_vi Ae¯’vb
cwieZ©b K‡i cybivq dzu w`‡Z n‡e| GKUz Dc‡i `wo ev Kvco w`‡q k³
K‡i euva‡Z nq|
m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-10

weÁvb
Aa¨vq 12( Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b Z_¨)
1. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq? Kx Kx?
DËi : Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- K) †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³ L) Z_¨ I msiÿY cÖhyw³|
2. †Uwj‡dvb †K Ges KZ mv‡j Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
DËi : Av‡jKRvÛvi MÖvnvg †ej 1876 mv‡j †Uwj‡dvb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
3. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wZbwU AvBwmwU h‡š¿i bvg †jL|
DËi : †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wZbwU AvBwmwU hš¿ n‡jv K) Kw¤úDUvi L)
†gvevBj †dvb Ges M) B›Uvi‡bU|
4. Z‡_¨i h_vh_ e¨envi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
DËi : Z‡_¨i h_vh_ e¨envi ej‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn, msiÿY I wewbgq †evSvq |
5. Z‡_¨i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii PviwU avc Kx Kx?
DËi : Z‡_¨i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii PviwU avc n‡jv- K) †Kvb wel‡qi Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zv
wbw`©ó Kiv L) Z‡_¨i Drm I msMÖ‡ni Dcvq wbY©q M) Z_¨ msMÖn N) Z_¨
wewbgq|
6. Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y e¨eüZ wZbwU cÖhyw³i bvg †jL|
DËi : Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y e¨eüZ wZbwU cÖhyw³ n‡jv -
K) K¨v‡giv L) wmwW M) wWwfwW|
7. AvenvIqv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ †Kv_v †_‡K Rvbv hvq?
DËi : AvenvIqv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wewfbœ gva¨g †hgb- †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb,
msev`cÎ, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
8. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ wZbwU AvBwmwU h‡š¿i bvg †jL|
DËi : †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ wZbwU AvBwmwU hš¿ n‡jv- K) Kw¤úDUvi L)
†gvevBj †dvb M) B›Uvi‡bU|
1. Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b Z‡_¨i ¸iæZ¡ D‡jøL Ki|
DËi : Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i Avgiv Rxebavivq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cvwi e‡j Avgv‡`i
Rxe‡b Z‡_¨i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K mnR K‡i| KviY G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g
cÖvß Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i Avgiv wewfbœ e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvwi| e¨emv,
wkÿv, wPwKrmv, K…wl BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i Avgiv jvfevb
n‡Z cvwi| †hgb- Rwg‡Z †Kvb dm‡ji Rb¨ Kx cwigvY mvi w`‡Z n‡e, KLb †Kvb
dmj djv‡Z n‡e, G ai‡bi Z_¨ h_vh_fv‡e e¨envi K‡i Avgiv dm Drcv`b evov‡Z
cwi| Gfv‡e Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : wewfbœ ai‡bi Avwe®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g ax‡i ax‡i †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
weKvk jvf K‡i|
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i BwZnvm ïiæ n‡q‡Q nvRvi eQi Av‡M| ZLb †auvqvi
ms‡KZ cvwV‡q I †Xvj evwR‡q gvbyl †hvMv‡hvM KiZ| Z_¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
cieZ©x av‡c wPwVcÎ Av`vb-cÖ`vb, msev`c‡Îi cÖPjb, eB I M‡elYv cwÎKv
BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g gvbyl Z_¨ wewbgq KiZ| AvaywbKKv‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨
e¨vib wkwjs Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †UwjMÖvd (1832), m¨vgy‡qj †gvm© Zv‡ii ga¨
w`‡q mdjfv‡e ms‡KZ cvVvb (1837), Av‡jKRvÛvi MÖvnvg †ej Avwe®‹vi K‡ib
†Uwj‡dvb (1876)| Gici Avwe®‹…Z nq †iwWI Ges Zvici †Uwjwfkb| eZ©gvb
hy‡M †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw`|
Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ weKvk jvf K‡i|
Abykxjbx
1. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki|
1) Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K mnR K‡i Z_¨ I  cÖhyw³|
2) ¸nvi †`qv‡j Qwe Gu‡K ev  Gi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Zv|
3) Z‡_¨i e¨envi ej‡Z †evSvq Z_¨ msMÖn, msiÿY I Z‡_¨i |
DËi : 1) †hvMv‡hvM, 2) wj‡_vMÖvd, 3) wewbgq|
3. mswÿß DËi cÖkœ :
1) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq Ggb PviwU †ÿ‡Îi bvg †jL|
DËi : Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- e¨emv, wkÿv,
wPwKrmv I K…wl|
2) Z_¨ wewbg‡qi mgq †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e?
DËi : Z_¨ wewbg‡qi mgq †Kvb Z_¨wU wewbgq Ki‡Z Pvw”Q Ges Zv
mwVKfv‡e wewbgq KiwQ wK bv †m wel‡qi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|
3) Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni PviwU Dr‡mi bvg †jL|
DËi : Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni wewfbœ Drm i‡q‡Q| †hgb- RbmvaviY, msev`cÎ,
†Uwjwfkb, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw`|
m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-11
4. eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ :
1) Z‡_¨i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii PviwU avc e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : Z‡_¨i h_vh_ e¨envi ej‡Z †evSvq Z_¨ msMÖn, msiÿY I wewbgq| wb‡Pi
avc¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Z‡_¨i h_vh_ c×wZ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
avc 1 : †Kvb wel‡qi Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zv wbw`©ó Kiv- Avgv‡`i wewfbœ
mgq wewfbœ wel‡q cÖPzi Z‡_¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q msev`,
AvenvIqv, †Ljvayjv, wewfbœ NUbv, DbœZ wPšÍvaviv ev gvby‡li Rxe‡bi
AwfÁZv BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z Z_¨|
avc 2 : Z‡_¨i Drm I msMÖ‡ni Dcvq wbY©q- Avgv‡`i Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z‡_¨i Drm I Zv msMÖ‡ni Dcvq wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g, mivmwi
gvbyl‡K wRÁvmv K‡i Avgiv Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvwi| Z‡_¨i wewfbœ Drm
i‡q‡Q| †hgb- RbmvaviY, msev`cÎ, eB, †iwWI, wUwf, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw`|
 avc 3 : Z_¨ msMÖn- cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨wU wbf©i‡hvM¨ Drm †_‡K I m‡e©vËg
Dcv‡q msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| Z_¨wU msMÖ‡ni mgq Aek¨B Zv msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv †bvUeB ev KvM‡R wj‡L Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z cvwi| Avevi wewfbœ Z_¨
msiÿY cÖhyw³ †hgb- K¨v‡giv, wmwW, wWwfwW BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡iI Z_¨
msiÿY Kiv hvq|
avc 4 : Z_¨ wewbgq- Z_¨ wewbg‡qi c~‡e© msiwÿZ Z_¨ my›`ifv‡e
mvRv‡Z n‡e| Z_¨ wewbg‡qi mgq †Kvb Z_¨wU wewbgq Ki‡Z Pvw”Q Ges Zv
mwVKfv‡e wewbgq KiwQ wK bv †m wel‡qi AwaK g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|
2) Kxfv‡e Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv hvq e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : KvM‡R wj‡L Ges wewfbœ Z_¨ msiÿY cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv
hvq|
cÖwZw`b Avgiv cÖPzi Z_¨ cvB| GB Z‡_¨i cwigvY Lye `ªæZ evo‡Q| Z‡_¨i
h_vh_ e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc n‡jv Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i `ywU fvM n‡jv- †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ I Z_¨ msiÿY
cÖhyw³| Avgiv †bvU eB ev KvM‡R wj‡L Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z cvwi| Avevi wewfbœ
Z_¨ msiÿY cÖhyw³ †hgb- K¨v‡giv, wmwW, wWwfwW BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡iI Z_¨
msiÿY Kiv hvq|
5. evgcv‡ki k‡ãi mv‡_ Wvbcv‡ki k‡ãi wgj Kwi|
†hvMv‡hvM †Uwjwfkb
cÖhyw³ ch©‡eÿY
Z_¨ msiÿY K¨v‡giv
Z‡_¨i Drm †Uwj‡dvb
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
GKwU Dcvq
DËi : †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³  †Uwj‡dvb| Z_¨ msiÿY  K¨v‡giv| Z‡_¨i
Drm  †Uwjwfkb|
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni GKwU Dcvq  ch©‡eÿY|
AwZwiw³
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki|
1) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K ms‡ÿ‡c  ejv nq|
2) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K  K‡i|
3) AvBwmwU‡K cÖavbZ  fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
4) †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i BwZnvm ïiæ n‡q‡Q  eQi Av‡M|
5) cÖvPxbKv‡j gvbyl  ms‡KZ cvwV‡q I  evwR‡q †hvMv‡hvM KiZ|
6)  gva¨‡g, mivmwi gvbyl‡K  K‡i Avgiv Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvwi|
7) cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨wU  Drm I  Dcv‡q msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
8) Z_¨wU msMÖ‡ni mgq Aek¨B Zv  Ki‡Z n‡e|
9) Z_¨  c~‡e© msiwÿZ Z_¨ my›`ifv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e|
10)  Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j gvbyl A‡bK Z_¨ eB‡Z Qvwc‡q msiÿY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
DËi : 1) AvBwmwU, 2) mnR, 3) `yB, 4) nvRvi,
5) †auvqvi †Xvj, 6) ch©‡eÿ‡Yi, wRÁvmv, 7) wbf©i‡hvM¨, m‡ev©Ëg, 8)
msiÿY, 9) wewbg‡qi, 10) QvcvLvbv|

evgcv‡ki k‡ãi mv‡_ Wvbcv‡ki k‡ãi wgj Ki|

†UwjMÖvd m¨vgy‡qj
Zv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q †gvm©
ms‡KZ cvVv‡bv Av‡jKRvÛvi
†Uwj‡dvb MÖvnvg †ej
†`qv‡j Qwe AvuKv e¨vib wkwjs
†cbWªvBf Z_¨ msMÖn
†Uwjwfkb wj‡_vMÖvd
Z_¨ msiÿY
 m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-12
DËi : †UwjMÖvd  e¨vib wkwjs|
Zv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q ms‡KZ cvVv‡bv  m¨vgy‡qj †gvm©|
†Uwj‡dvb  Av‡jKRvÛvi MÖvnvg †ej|
†`qv‡j Qw&e AvuKv  wj‡_vMÖvd|
†cbWªvBf  Z_¨ msiÿY|
†Uwjwfkb  Z_¨ msMÖn|

Aa¨vq 13( RbmsL¨v I cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek)

1. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki|
1) ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ AwaK  I RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb|
2) weÁvb I  e¨vcK AMÖMwZi Rb¨ RbmsL¨v `ªæZ e„w× cv‡”Q|
3) AwaK cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Rb¨ gvbyl cÖvK…wZK  aŸsm I cwieZ©b
Ki‡Q|
DËi : 1) Lv`¨ 2) cÖhyw³i 3) cwi‡ek|
3. mswÿß DËi cÖkœ :
1) ebf‚wg aŸs‡mi d‡j Kx NU‡Z cv‡i?
DËi : ebf‚wg aŸs‡mi d‡j wewfbœ MvQcvjv I cïcvwL wejyß n‡Z cv‡i Ges
f‚wgÿq I f‚wgaŸm n‡Z cv‡i|
2) gvbyl Kxfv‡e ebf‚wg aŸsm Ki‡Q?
DËi : AwZwi³ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY, †hgb- Pv‡li Rwg, †MvLv`¨, evm¯’vb I
iv¯ÍvNvU ˆZwii Rb¨ gvbyl ebf‚wg aŸsm Ki‡Q|
4. eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ :
1) RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi Pvwn`vi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi Pvwn`v e„w× cvq|
Lv`¨ I evm¯’vb gvby‡li AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ywU †gŠwjK AwaKvi| gvby‡li
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Lv`¨ I evm¯’vb cÖ‡qvRb| RbmsL¨v e„w×, Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi
g‡a¨ wbweo m¤úK© we`¨gvb| RbmsL¨ hZ evo‡e, ZZ †ewk Lvev‡ii cÖ‡qvRb
n‡e| evowZ gvby‡li emev‡mi Rb¨ †ewk RvqMv cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| RbmsL¨v hw`
µgvMZ evo‡Z _v‡K, Zvn‡j mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ I RvqMv _vK‡e bv|
2) RbmsL¨vi Dci weÁvb I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi cÖfve Kx?
DËi : weÁvb I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZ RbmsL¨v e„w×i Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY|
eZ©gvb hyM weÁvb I cÖhyw³i hyM| weÁvb I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi d‡j Lv`¨,
e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wPwKrmvi g‡Zv gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v¸‡jv mn‡R c~iY n‡”Q|
DbœZ cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y gvbyl h‡_ó cwigvY Lv`¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| wPwKrmv
cÖhyw³i DbœwZi d‡j gvbyl wewfbœ †ivM I `yN©Ubv †_‡K mn‡RB euvP‡Z
cvi‡Q| d‡j gvbyl `xN©vqy jvf Ki‡Q| Kv‡RB ejv hvq, RbmsL¨v e„w×i Dci
weÁvb I cÖhyw³i cÖfve Acwimxg|
3) evowZ RbmsL¨v cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Dci Kx cÖfve †d‡j‡Q?
DËi : evowZ RbmsL¨v cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ mvab Ki‡Q|
c„w_exi RbmsL¨v µgvMZ evo‡Q| wKš‘ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i cwigvY mxwgZ|
Kv‡RB cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i AwZwi³ e¨env‡ii d‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k
cwieZ©b NU‡Q, KL‡bv KL‡bv cwi‡ek aŸsm n‡”Q| evowZ RbmsL¨vi Rb¨
evowZ Lvevi, evm¯’vb, Rwg, kw³ I Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i cÖ‡qvRb| GB AwZwi³
Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z gvbyl MvQcvjv †K‡U ebf~wg aŸsm Ki‡Q,
cvnvo †K‡U iv¯ÍvNvU ˆZwi Ki‡Q| ebf‚wg aŸs‡mi d‡j MvQcvjv I cïcvwL wejyß
n‡”Q, f‚wgÿq I f‚wgaŸm n‡”Q, e„wócvZ I ZvcgvÎv cÖfvweZ n‡”Q| R¡vjvwb
m¤ú‡`i AwZwi³ e¨env‡i cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡”Q|
5. evgcv‡ki k‡ãi mv‡_ Wvbcv‡ki k‡ãi wgj Kwi|
Avevm¯’j Liv
aŸs‡mi dj Rx‡ei wejywß
cÖvK…wZK gvby‡li
 m¤ú` AvniY `xN©vqy
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki
`y‡h©vM cwieZ©b
wPwKrmv
cÖhyw³i
DbœwZ
DËi :
Avevm¯’j aŸs‡mi dj  Rx‡ei wejywß| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY  cwi‡e‡ki
cwieZ©b|
cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M  Liv| wPwKrmv cÖhyw³i DbœwZ  gvby‡li
`xN©vqy|
AwZwi³
1. RbmsL¨v µgvMZ evo‡Z _vK‡j Kx NU‡e?
DËi : RbmsL¨v µgvMZ evo‡Z _vK‡j mK‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi
Afve NU‡e|
m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-13
2. RbmsL¨v e„w×i Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY Kx?
DËi : RbmsL¨v e„w×i Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY n‡”Q weÁvb I cÖhyw³i e¨vcK
AMÖMwZ|
3. gvbyl †Kb `xN©vqy jvf Ki‡Q?
DËi : weÁvb I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y gvbyl `xN©vqy jvf Ki‡Q|
4. wZbwU cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi bvg †jL|
DËi : wZbwU cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM n‡jv- 1) eb¨v 2) Liv 3) So|
5. f‚wgÿq I f‚wgaŸ‡mi KviY Kx?
DËi : ebf‚wg aŸs‡mi d‡j f‚wgÿq I f‚wgaŸm nq|
6. evowZ RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ Kx cÖ‡qvRb?
DËi : evowZ RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ evowZ Lvevi, evm¯’vb, Rwg, kw³ Ges Ab¨vb¨
m¤ú` cÖ‡qvRb|
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki:
1) †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ gvby‡li  m¤ú` cÖ‡qvRb|
2) c„w_exi  µgvMZ evo‡Q|
3) AwaK RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ AwaK  I  cÖ‡qvRb|
4) weÁvb I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y gvbyl h‡_ó cwigvY  Drcv`b Ki‡Z
cvi‡Q|
5) wPwKrmv cÖhyw³i DbœwZi d‡j gvbyl  I  †_‡K evuP‡Z cvi‡Q|
6) ebf‚wg aŸs‡mi d‡j wewfbœ MvQcvjv I cïcvwLi  bó nq|
7) ebf‚wg aŸs‡mi d‡j  I  n‡”Q|
8) cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b e„wócvZ I  Dci cÖfve †d‡j|
DËi : 1) cÖvK…wZK 2) RbmsL¨v 3) Lv`¨, RvqMv 4) Lv`¨ 5) †ivM,
`yN©Ubv 6) Avevm¯’j 7) f‚wgÿq, f‚wgaŸm 8) ZvcgvÎvi|
evgcv‡ki k‡ãi mv‡_ Wvbcv‡ki k‡ãi wgj Ki|
AwaK RbmsL¨v cÖvK…wZK
gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb m¤ú`
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Rx‡ei wejywß
cÖ‡qvRb f‚wgÿq I
MvQcvjvi Avevm¯’j f‚wgaŸm
aŸsm AwaK Lvevi
ebf‚wg aŸsm Lv`¨ I
evm¯’vb
 DËi : AwaK RbmsL¨v  AwaK Lvevi| gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb 
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`|
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb  Lv`¨ I evm¯’vb| MvQcvjvi Avevm¯’j
aŸsm  Rx‡ei wejywß|
ebf‚wg aŸsm  f‚wgÿq I f‚wgaŸm|

evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq
Aa¨vq 13 (evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v)
Aí K_vq DËi `vI :
1. evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b evwl©K RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi KZ? DËi :
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b evwl©K RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi 1.2%|
2. eZ©gv‡b RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ KZ? DËi : eZ©gv‡b RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ 1015
Rb|
3. RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i wfwˇZ eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb KZ?
DËi : RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i wfwˇZ eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb
GMv‡ivZg|
4. AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi GKwU mvgvwRK KviY D‡jøL Ki|
DËi : AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi GKwU mvgvwRK KviY n‡jv wkÿvi Afve|
1. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi aib Kx? DËi : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi aib K…
wlwfwËK|
2. RbmsL¨v e„w×i mvgvwRK KviY Kx?
DËi : RbmsL¨v e„w×i mvgvwRK KviY n‡jv wkÿvi Afve, evj¨weevn, eû
weevn, Kzms¯‹vi, †Q‡j mšÍvb jv‡fi Avkv BZ¨vw`|

m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-14

3. AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi GKwU Kzdj D‡jøL Ki|
DËi : AwZwiw³ RbmsL¨vi GKwU Kzdj n‡jv- RbmsL¨v e„w× †c‡j cwi‡ek
`~wlZ nq|

4. we‡k¦ RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡ fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb KZ?

DËi: we‡k¦ RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡ fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb †ZwÎkZg|
5. eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i KZRb gvbyl evm K‡i?
DËi : eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i 1015 Rb gvbyl evm K‡i|
6. RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : GKwU †`‡k cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i hZRb †jvK evm K‡i Zv‡K H †`‡ki
RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ e‡j|

iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi:
1. evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i bvbvwea KviY i‡q‡Q| KviY¸‡jv n‡jv :
K) mvgvwRK KviY : wkÿvi Afve, evj¨weevn, eû weevn, Kzms¯‹vi,
†Q‡jmšÍvb jv‡fi Avkv, Kg©nxb bvix BZ¨vw`|
L) A_©‰bwZK KviY : MÖvgv‡j K…wlKv‡R †jvKej †ewk cÖ‡qvRb c‡o e‡j
AwaK mšÍv‡bi Rb¥`vb, e„× eq‡m gv-evev †Q‡jmšÍv‡bi Dci wbf©i Ki‡e
 weavq †Q‡jmšÍvb Kvgbv, †Q‡jiv cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Avq Ki‡e GB Avkvq
Kb¨vmšÍvb _vKv m‡Ë¡I AwaK Rb¥`vb BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y RbmsL¨v evo‡Q||
M) agx©q KviY : agx©q Kvi‡Y A‡bK gvbylB wek¦vm K‡ib †h m„wóKZ©v
†h‡nZz Avgv‡`i m„wó K‡i‡Qb, ZvB mevi Lvevi e¨e¯’vI wZwb Ki‡eb| GB
aviYvI RbmsL¨v e„wׇZ f‚wgKv iv‡L|
N) Ab¨vb¨ : D”P Rb¥nvi, wbgœ g„Zz¨nvi, RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© miKv‡ii
cwiKíbv I bxwZgvjvi evievi cwieZ©b Ges cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K
Rbm‡PZbZvi Afve BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡YI RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|
2. RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j Kx Kx mgm¨v n‡”Q?
DËi : RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j bvbv iKg mgm¨v n‡”Q| †hgb :
K) AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi d‡j wewfbœ fv‡e cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡”Q|
L) A‡b‡KB wkÿvi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q|
M) mevB wPwKrmv †mev cv‡”Q bv|
N) †eKvi‡Z¡i msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|
O) MÖv‡g I kn‡i Aciv‡ai gvÎv e„w× cv‡”Q|
3. RbmsL¨v Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ cvuPwU KiYxq D‡jøL Ki|
DËi : RbmsL¨v Kgv‡bvi cuvPwU KiYxq n‡jv :
K) wkÿvi cÖmvi NUv‡Z n‡e| KviY wkwÿZ RbMY AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Kzdj
†ev‡S| ZvB Zviv cwiev‡i Kg mšÍvb wb‡q mš‘ó _v‡K|
L) RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© miKv‡ii ¯’vqx cwiKíbv I bxwZgvjv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© Rbm‡PZbZv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
N) bvix‡`i hw` Kg©gyLx Kiv hvq Zvn‡j Zviv K‡g©i LvwZ‡i Kg mšÍvb wb‡Z
PvB‡e|
mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I agx©q g~j¨‡eva my`„p Kiv| †hb †Q‡j I †g‡qi
g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †f`v‡f` bv †i‡L Dfq‡KB mgvb †Pv‡L †`Lv nq|

cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

1. cwi‡e‡ki Dci AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi cÖfve Kx Kx?
DËi : Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k hv wKQy Av‡Q me wKQy wb‡q M‡o I‡V cwi‡ek|
AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v memgq cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi| wb‡gœ cwi‡e‡ki Dci AwZwi³
RbmsL¨vi cÖfve D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
K) RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi gvÎvI e„w× cvq|
L) AwZwi³ MvQcvjv KvUvi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡q hvq|
M) AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ AwZwi³ Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ K…wlRwg‡Z
KxUbvkK e¨envi Kiv nq, hv Avgv‡`i Rb¨ ÿwZKi|
N) f‚-M‡f©i cvwb AwZwi³ D‡Ëvj‡bi d‡j f‚wga‡mi Avk¼v †`Lv †`q|
O) NbemwZ GjvKvq wewfbœ cÖKvi eR©¨ gvwU‡Z wg‡k gvwU‡K `~wlZ K‡i|

m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-15

2. cwiev‡i wkïi msL¨v Kg _vK‡j Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
DËi : evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wkïbxwZ Abymv‡i 18 eQ‡ii Kg †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i‡K wkï ejv
nq| cwiev‡i wkïi msL¨v Kg _vK‡j wb‡gœv³ Ae¯’v ˆZwi nq :
K) wkïiv cÖ‡qvRbxq Lvevi †L‡Z cv‡i e‡j Acywó‡Z †fvMvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
L) evev-gv h_vh_fv‡e wkïi wkÿvi AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
M) wkïi †Kv‡bv AmyL n‡j evev-gv `ªæZ I DbœZ wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
 N) wkïi gvbwmK weKv‡k Dchy³ cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e nq|
O)wkïi msL¨v Kg n‡j Zviv wVKfv‡e †Ljvayjv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j wkïi Acivag~jK
Kv‡R Rwo‡q covi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
wkïi Rb¥ cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Avb›``vqK NUbv| GB Kvi‡Y cwiev‡i wkïi msL¨v Kg n‡j
†mB Avb›` mevB Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

evg As‡ki mv‡_ Wvb Ask wgjKiY :

K)AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Z…Zxq|
Kvi‡Y GMv‡ivZ
L) evsjv‡`‡ki Nb‡Z¡i g|
wePv‡i wm½vcyi gvbyl KvR
M) evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v cvq bv|
37 eQ‡i n‡q †M‡Q wkÿvi
N) evsjv‡`‡ki Afve|
RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY cÖvq
O) RbmsL¨v e„w×i wظY|
mvgvwRK KviY n‡jv eû
weevn|
DËi :
K) AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y gvbyl KvR cvq bv|
L) RbmsL¨v Nb‡Z¡i wePv‡i wm½vcyi Z…Zxq|
M) evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v 37 eQ‡i n‡q †M‡Q cÖvq wظY|
N) evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY wkÿvi Afve|
O) RbmsL¨v e„w×i mvgvwRK KviY n‡jv eû weevn|
Dchy³ kã w`‡q k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki :
K. GKwU †`‡k cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i hZRb †jvK evm K‡i Zv‡KB e‡j |
L. evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v 37 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ cÖvq  n‡q †M‡Q|
M. AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi  n‡”Q|
N. evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi cÖvq  bvix|
O. AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi d‡j cwi‡ek  nq|
DËi : K. RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡; L. wظY; M. mgm¨v; N. A‡a©K; O. `~wlZ|

Aa¨vq 14 (Avgv‡`i BwZnvm)

Aí K_vq DËi `vI :
1. evsjvi cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKRb ivRvi bvg †jL| DËi : kkvsK n‡jb evsjvi
cÖvPxb hy‡Mi ivRv|
2. †Kvb kZvãx‡Z evsjvq gymwjg kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq? DËi : †Zik
kZvãx‡Z evsjvq gymwjg kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq|
3. evsjvi ga¨hy‡Mi GKRb kvm‡Ki bvg †jL| DËi : evsjvi ga¨hy‡Mi GKRb
kvmK n‡jb Cmv Luv|
4. †Kvb kZvãx †_‡K evsjvi mvwnZ¨PP©v weKwkZ nq? DËi : c‡b‡iv kZvãx
†_‡K evsjvi mvwnZ¨PP©v weKwkZ nq|
cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
1. ga¨hy‡M evsjvi ag©xq AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi weeiY `vI|
DËi : 1204 wLªóv‡ã eLwZqvi wLjRxi evsjvq gymwjg kvm‡bi gva¨‡g ga¨hy‡Mi
m~Pbv nq| G hy‡M wn›`y I †eŠ× a‡g©i cvkvcvwk Bmjvg a‡g©i e¨vcK we¯Ívi
N‡U| mgv‡R mKj a‡g©i gvbyl wg‡jwg‡k evm KiZ| d‡j evsjvi GKUv wgwjZ
mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewkó¨ M‡o I‡V|

m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-16

2. ga¨hy‡M evsjvi e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i weeiY `vI|
DËi : ga¨hy‡M A_©bxwZ K…wlwfwËK n‡jI G hy‡M e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i we‡kl
DbœwZ N‡U| ißvwb evwYR¨ G mgq †ewk wQj| evsjvi ewY‡Kiv †ikg, wejvm
mvgMÖx, Zzjv I bvbvwea g~j¨evb cv_i Avg`vwb Ki‡Zb| Avi evsjv †_‡K ißvwb
n‡Zv Pvj, wPwb, Av`v, njy`, gmwjb I Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi Kvco| evwY‡R¨i †K›`ª
wn‡m‡e PÆMÖvg G mgq mycwiwPZ wQj|
eLwZqvi wLjRx KLb I Kxfv‡e evsjvi wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib?
DËi : ZzwK© ˆmwbK eLwZqvi wLjRx 1204 wLªóv‡ã ivRv j²Y †mb‡K
civwRZ K‡i evsjvi wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib|
2. cÖvPxb evsjvq cÖPzi dmj Drcv`‡bi KviY Kx?
DËi : De©i gvwU I Rjevqy `ywUB K…wl Dc‡hvMx nIqvi Kvi‡Y cÖvPxb
evsjvq cÖPzi dmj Drcbœ n‡Zv|
3. cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjvi gvby‡li cÖavb †ckv Kx wQj?
DËi : cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjvi gvby‡li cÖavb †ckv wQj K…wlKvR|
4. cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvi gvbyl Kxfv‡e we‡`‡ki mv‡_ evwYR¨ Ki‡Zb?
DËi : cÖPxbKv‡j evsjvi gvbyl mgy`ªc‡_ PÆMÖvg e›`i w`‡q we‡`‡ki mv‡_
evwYR¨ Ki‡Zb|
5. kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn KZ mv‡j evsjvi wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib?
DËi : kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn 1400 wLªóv‡ã evsjvi wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib|

iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi:
1| cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki|
DËi : cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v wQj mv`vgvUv wKš‘ AZ¨šÍ
Zvrch©c~Y©| wb‡P cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi wewfbœ w`K Zz‡jv
aiv n‡jv :
1) †ckv : K…wlKvR wQj gvby‡li cÖavb †ckv|
2) dmj : De©i gvwU I Rjevqy `ywUB K…wl Dc‡hvMx nIqvq cÖPzi dmj
Drcbœ n‡Zv| avb wQj cÖavb dmj| cvkvcvwk AvL, Wvj, he, Zzjv, mwilv,
cvb BZ¨vw` Pvl Kiv n‡Zv|
3) KzwUi wkí : ZLb bvbv iKg KzwUi wk‡íi cÖPjb wQj| Zzjv I †ikg w`‡q
evsjvi KvwiMiiv bvbv iKg Kvco eybZ| Gme Kvco we‡`‡kI ißvwb n‡Zv|
4) e¨emvq-evwYR¨ : wewfbœ †`k †_‡K ewYKiv G‡`‡k evwYR¨ Ki‡Z
AvmZ| d‡j evsjvi bvbv ¯’v‡b e›`i M‡o I‡V| PÆMÖvg e›`i ZLb †_‡KB
weL¨vZ wQj|
2. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb m¤ú‡K© †jL|
DËi : ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb wQj ˆewPΨc~Y©| wb‡P ga¨hy‡Mi
mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi wPÎ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
1) m¤cÖxwZ : ga¨hy‡M wn›`y, gymjgvb, †eŠ×mn Ab¨vb¨ m¤cÖ`v‡qi
gvbyl‡K wg‡jwg‡k m¤cÖxwZi mv‡_ emevm Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
2) †cvkvK : wn›`y cyiæliv aywZ, Pv`i Ges cv‡q Log ci‡Zb| bvixiv ci‡Zb
kvwo| Ab¨w`‡K abx gymjgvb cyiæliv cvqRvgv, cvMwo, RyZv Ges
mvaviY gymjgvb cyiæliv aywZ, jyw½ ci‡Zb|
3) Lv`¨ : fvZ, gvQ, mewR, Wvj BZ¨vw` wQj ZLbKvi evOvwj‡`i cÖavb Lv`¨|
 4) fvlv I mvwnZ¨ : ga¨hy‡M kvmK‡`i Kj¨v‡Y evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i e¨vcK
weKvk N‡U|
5) a‡g©i we¯Ívi : G hy‡M wn›`y I †eŠ×a‡g©i cvkvcvwk Bmjvg a‡g©i
e¨vcK we¯Ívi N‡U| mKj a‡g©i gvby‡li wg‡jwg‡k Pjvi d‡j G hy‡M evsjvq
GKUv wgwjZ mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewkó¨ M‡o I‡V|
3. kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi kvmb †Kb weL¨vZ wQj?
DËi : kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi kvmbvgj mykvm‡bi Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj| Zvui Avg‡j
wRwbmc‡Îi `vg Lye m¯Ív wQj| UvKvq AvU gY Pvj cvIqv †hZ| G Qvov wZwb
Rj`my¨‡`i weZvwoZ K‡ib|

evg As‡ki mv‡_ Wvb Ask wgjKiY :

K) Aóg kZ‡K evsjvi wmsnvm‡b ivRv j²Y †mb|
e‡mb kv‡q¯Ív Lvb|
L) †mb ivRes‡ki PZz_© ivRv ivRv †Mvcvj|
wQ‡jb kkvsK|
M) mßg kZ‡K evsjvi cÖfvekvjx Cmv Luv |
ivRv wQ‡jb
N) ev‡iv fu~Bqv‡`i †bZv wQ‡jb
O) 1700 wLªóv‡ã evsjvi my‡e`vi
wQ‡jb

m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-17

DËi :
K) Aóg kZ‡K evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb ivRv †Mvcvj|
L) †mb ivRes‡ki PZz_© ivRv wQ‡jb ivRv j²Y †mb|
M) mßg kZ‡K evsjvi cÖfvekvjx ivRv wQ‡jb kkvsK|
N) ev‡iv f‚uBqv‡`i †bZv wQ‡jb Cmv Luv|
O) 1700 wLªóv‡ã evsjvi my‡e`vi wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lvb|
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki :
K) ivRv †Mvcvj  cÖwZôvZv|
L) ivRv j²Y †mb  evsjvi ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
M) K…wlKvRB wQj cÖvPxb  gvby‡li cÖavb †ckv|
N) kv‡q¯Ív Lvb G AÂj †_‡K  weZvwoZ K‡ib|
O) ga¨hy‡M evsjvq M‡o D‡VwQj HwZn¨evnx |
DËi : K) cvj ivRes‡ki; L) Øv`k kZ‡K; M) evsjvi; N) Rj`my¨‡`i; O)
KzwUiwkí|

Aa¨vq 15(Avgv‡`i gyw³hy×)

1. 1947 †_‡K 1971 ch©šÍ AvR‡Ki GB evsjv‡`k †Kvb iv‡óªi Aax‡b wQj?
cvwK¯Ív‡bi
2. 1971-Gi 16B wW‡m¤^‡ii c~‡e© cvwK¯Ívb ivóªwU KqwU As‡k wef³
wQj? 2wU
3. †Kvb Av‡›`vjb‡K †K›`ª K‡i evOvwji ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq? fvlv
Av‡›`vjb
4. 21-G †deªæqvwi‡K Kx w`em wn‡m‡e Avgiv cvjb Kwi? kwn` w`em
5. KZ mv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj?1952 mvj
6. mv‡R©›U wQ‡jb †K? Rûiæj nK
7. 1954 mv‡ji c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cÖv‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vP‡b weRqx nq
†Kvb `j? hy³d«›U
8. 1966 mv‡j †K 6 `dv `vwe †ck K‡ib? e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
9. AvMiZjv gvgjvwU wQj - lohš¿g~jK
10. 1969 mv‡ji MY Afy¨Ìv‡b kwn` nb Ggb Pvi R‡bi bvg †jL| DËi:
Avmv`, mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK , W. kvgmy‡¾vnv, gwZDi|
11. 1970 mv‡ji wbev©P‡b Rqjvf K‡iwQj †Kvb `j? AvIqvgx jxM
12. e½eÜz 7B gv‡P©i fvlY †Kv_vq w`‡qwQ‡jb? †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b
13. Kvi Wv‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY GK‡hv‡M mvov †`q? e½eÜzi
14. evOvwj‡`i cvkvcvwk gyw³hy‡× Kviv AskMÖnY K‡iwQj? ¶z`ª
b„-†Mvôx
Aí K_vq DËi `vI :
1. fvlv Av‡›`vjb KLb n‡qwQj?
DËi : fvlv Av‡›`vjb 1952 mv‡ji 21-G †deªæqvwi‡Z n‡qwQj|
2. Qq-`dv `vwe KLb DÌvcb Kiv n‡qwQj?
DËi : Qq-`dv `vwe 1966 mv‡j DÌvcb Kiv n‡qwQj|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`Iqv nq K‡e?
DËi : evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`Iqv nq 1971 mv‡ji 26-G gv‡P©i cÖ_g
cÖn‡i|
4. evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv hy× Kq gvm ¯’vqx n‡qwQj?
DËi : evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv hy× bq gvm ¯’vqx n‡qwQj|
 cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
1. 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb Avgv‡`i Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb?
DËi : evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi †cQ‡b
1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK| 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ci GwUB wQj
me‡P‡q †ewk Aeva I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb| 1947 mv‡ji ci †_‡K evOvwj RvwZ fvlv,
mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ me©‡ÿ‡Î †h ¯^vZš¿¨ `vwe K‡i AvmwQj, 1970 mv‡ji
wbe©vP‡b evOvwji †m ¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`i weRq N‡U| GQvov c~e©v‡ji RbMY
¯^vqËkvm‡bi †h `vwe K‡i AvmwQj Zv cwðgv‡ji miKvi A‰ea e‡j †NvlYv K‡i| G
wbe©vP‡bi djvd‡j Qq `dvwfwËK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwei ˆeaZv cÖgvwYZ nq|
m‡e©vcwi Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi †NvlYv Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ miKv‡ii nv‡Z ÿgZv
n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii mgq Avm‡j wZwb Zv bv K‡i wbixn evOvwji Dci †mbvevwnbx‡K †jwj‡q
†`b| ïiæ nq evsjvi gvby‡li gyw³i mk¯¿ msMÖvg, hvi cwiYwZ‡Z 1971 mv‡ji 16
wW‡m¤^i c„w_exi ey‡K evsjv‡`k bv‡g GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª Rb¥ †bq|
m-4/2nd sem syllabus/p-18
2. e½eÜz‡K †Kb KvivMv‡i e›`x Kiv n‡qwQj?
DËi : 1966 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evOvwji gyw³i `vwe Qq `dv DÌvcb
K‡ib| Gi gva¨‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe †Zv‡jb e½eÜz| G Kvi‡Y
e½eÜzmn AviI A‡b‡Ki weiæ‡× gvgjv †`Iqv nq| hv AvMiZjv gvgjv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
GB gvgjvi Ab¨Zg Avmvwg nIqvi Kvi‡Y e½eÜy‡K KviMv‡i e›`x Kiv n‡qwQj|
evg As‡ki mv‡_ Wvb Ask wgjKiY :
K) cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vaxbZv
ivRavbx wQj msMÖvg|
L) fvlv kwn`‡`i e½eÜz|
¯§i‡Y XvKvq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b|
M) 21-G AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…
†deªæqvwi n‡jv fvlv w`em|
N) 1966 mv‡j kwn`wgbvi M‡o
 c~e© †Zvjv nq|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi
¯^vqËkvm‡bi
`vwe †Zv‡jb|
O) 26-G gvP© ïiæ
nq Avgv‡`i
DËi : K) cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRavbx wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b|
M) 21-G †deªæqvwi n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em|
N) 1966 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe †Zv‡jb e½eÜz| O)
26-G gvP© ïiæ nq Avgv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg|
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki :
K) 1954 mv‡j cÖv‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vP‡b  weRqx nq|
L) c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi  `vwe †Zv‡jb e½eÜz|
M) cvwK¯Ívb wQj  Aay¨wlZ|
N) 1971 mv‡ji  XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b GK wekvj Rbmfv AbywôZ nq|
O) 1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ †gvU  gvm gyw³hy× wQj|
DËi : K) hy³d«›U; L) ¯^vqËkvm‡bi; M) gymwjg; N) 7B gvP©; O) bq|