{}} ee Eee Ry Chapter Simple Harmonic Motion 4} us. ae y ‘motion, time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions, simple harmonic “SHM) and its equation, phase, oscillations of a spring, restoring force and force constant, energy in SHM, tod potential enersie, simple pendulum and derivation of expression for its time period, ES se si! 0 : oem per periodic Motion 6 bot dy repeats its motion continuously on a definite path in a definite interval of time, then its motion seed periodic motion’ and the interval of time is called ‘ime period, The earth completes one teveluaon ied the sum in 1 year. This motion of the earth is periodic motion whose time period is 1 year. Halley Comet soit round the sun and is sighted on earth after every 76 years, This also is an example of periodic motion of a ea jod 76 years. Moon completes one revolution around the earth in 27.3 days. The motion of the moon is 1 radi whose time period i 27.3 day, Similarly the motions ofthe hands ofa clock oe ales periodic. The riod of the minute hand is 1 hour and that of the hour hand is 12 hours. ok Periodic Functions of periodic motion, displacement is always a periodic function of tim: sn. The simplest periodic function may be represented as given by bs FO = a.c0s ot the argument of this function at is increased by 2x radian or an integral multiple of it, the value of the function: vremans the same, The function f(®) is then period and its time period is given by T=2n/a. Ifwe consider a Morus) = sin ot, even then the same result is obtained. Further if we take linens ot sine “tj cosine functions like f(®) =a sin wt +b cos wt is also a periodic function with the same time period T. 2 id b = r'sin @, then puing a= cos 0 an , , AO = rsin (ot +0) fa? +b? and = tan (b/a) fe. Such a function is called periodic were ‘he great importance of sine and cosine functions was given by French mathematician soy periodic func ‘ourier. According to him of different time periods, nn can be expressed as a superposition of sine and cosine functions in «ot + Cos «ot is a periodic function. We can write this as i x x = s2(sin oc cos + cos at sin®) * ( 4 4) a = Vasin(ot +5) «= sin{or +2 +28) snl of +28) +2] =Dae e 900 | NOOTAN ISC Physics-X! et ‘The periodic time of this funetion is asy 2sin of +608 20 + sin 4 ap ‘We can take another example of periodic movie Tea ” eriod. in represents a periodic function of different time peri be exe 7 i , a Since period isthe least interval of time ter which 2 fameton repeat 5 value. sn ng “| Ti an _T 5 hey has a period 2% = and sin 4ot has @ PEON Gy 4” —— Sy 2» 2 “tiple gy Of the last two terms te | El oscillatory Motion 7 2 and fro about a definite point (called mean | soclic motion moves Fa body in periodic marion eke body is @ vibratory motion’ oF ‘oscillatory moyen gy, So on tim position, comes back to that position, goes to the other sin: 8 the ou ose side ae ae sald to complete ‘one vibration’ of one osilation’ In such a aoe! cea the same posi dened limits (called extreme positions) on ithe’ fide ofits mean posi bt 1 the pendulum of a wall clock, the motion of the bob of a simple pens lulum, the motion of gp Then the pendulum ned ba cube, the modion ofthe prongs Of tuning fork and the mg mation ears magnet Feld are the examples of oseilatory modo nah that all oscillatory motions are periodic motions but al periodic Te folows fom the above examples le maton bu ta tvottion of earth around the sun isa periodic motion but nat an osclatory one 8a ‘example, the te, Harmonic Oscillations that oscillation which can be expressed in terms of simple hay (chat is, sine or cosine functions). In such oscillations, when a body is slightly displac monic pa) position and left, it begins to oscillate to and fro about the mean position in such a wa from inn {or acceleration) acting upon itis always directed towards the mean position and is direcuy that te Giplacement from the mean position. In complete absence of frictional forces, the amplitude of gn! oar tions would remain constant(The harmonic oscillation ofa copstant amplitude and ofa sing p= is called ‘simple harmonic oscillation’ or ‘simple harmonic motion’ y elegy A simple harmonic motion can be mathematically expressed as sin 2n vT acos2xtT Harmonic oscillation is 4 or where y is the displacement of the body from its mean position at any instant ¢, a is amplitude of the h : motion, o is angular frequency (= 2n/T ) and T is time period. uray TH => ee @ as) (Fig. 1)Lo . - - Simple Harmonic Motion | 901 between y and ¢ a8 given in eq, (i), we get a sine curve, as shown in Fig. 1 (a). Similarly, a graph Cot at, a given in eq. (ii), 18 a cosine curve, as shown in Fig. 1 (b). : sous Cnt en toring Force p* ycts upon a vibrating particle in its equilibrium position. Hence, the particle can remain at rest in rif {yen the ape is displaced from its equilibrium position, then a periodic forse-gcts upon it XS, satt jways directed towards the equilibrium position. This is called the ‘restoring force’) is due to once that an acceleration is produced in the particle and it vibrates. If the restoring force be proportional to i ent of the particle from the equilibrium position, then the acceleration is also proportional to the . strand the particle vibrates in simple harmonic motion, . ; 008 for Linear ‘SHM : The following three conditions should be fulfilled for the linear SHM of a Particle = notion OF the particle should be in a straight line to and fro about a fixed point. AP esxaring force (OF acceleration) acting on the particle should always be proportional to the displacement 1m moaticle from that point. force (oF acceleration) should always be directed towards that point. These conditions are characteristics 4 AM ‘and the SHM is defined on the basis of these conditions : paparite moves in astraighe ine co and fro about its equilibrium postion in such a way that the force fet eration) acting upon itis always directly proportional to its displacement and directed towards the rium position, then the motion of the particle is called ‘simple harmonic motion’. oles of Simple Harmonic Motion : Vibrations of a body attached to a spring in the horizontal plane, aians of body attached t0 a spring inthe vertical plane, oscillations ofa simple pendulum, motion ofa ws gooed in an imaginary tunnel across earth and simple harmonic motion ofa body floating ona liquid aft simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) as a Projection of Uniform Circular Motion ie harmonic motion is the simplest form of vibratory or oscillatory motion. Suppose a particle P (Fig. 2) is Se, with uniform speed along the circumference of a circle of radius a and sor. When the particle is at the point P then the foot of the perpendicular am ftom the particle on the diameter AA’ ofthe circle or the ‘projection’ of| sare P, is at the point N. When the particle was at B, the projection ttt the point O. When the particle moving along the circumference reaches te point A; the projection moving along the diameter also reaches A. When te particle moving along the circumference reaches the point B' the projection roving along the diameter reaches from A to O . When the particle goes along the dreumference from B' to A’, the projection moves along the diameter from ‘dtoA’ and when the particle moves from A’ to B, the projection moves from A’ ‘00. Thus, the projection N moves in a straight line to and fro about the point| € This straight line motion of the projection N is simple harmonic motion. The sotim of N from O to.A,, from A to A’ and from A’ to O is called 1 oscillation. Thus ifa particle is moving with uniform speed along the circumference of a circle, then the straight line motion cite projection of the particle on the diameter of the circle is called ‘simple harmonic motion’. The circle is called the reference circle’ of the simple harmonic motion, This is the kinematical definition of simple harmonic motion. (9.2) The motion of the projection of the particle on any other diameter of the circle of reference will also be simple humonic motion, Thus, simple harmonic motion may be defined as the motion of the projection of a particle many diameter of the circle of reference. wetrts from the point B ang ary of the particle Be, then « = 6¢ g Displacement Equation of SHM : Suppose" r velocity ON (=y, $49) isthe displace, Of @ radian in t seconds (Fig. 2) ae 7 i ig. 2). Ifthe angular YO then, ‘ Projection ofthe particle P om the diameter OM’ at. Ment oft Sea, in time ¢. In triangle OPN, we have ent m8 “| But OP = a and 2 NPO = ZPOB a nic motion. This is the displacement-equation of the simple MAIMON” "Gy she maximum value of 4 Amplitude : The m: i 1. Hence, bY & n. It is equal tothe ed : ‘aximum value of sin otis 1 HEMT Ce» of motion. It is equal to the rag ®Pla be & This maximum displacement is called the ‘ampli © Fadl of fen, le. = oon n cijlation is called the ‘periodic. ee Periodic-time : The time taken by N to complete OF oscpletes one round of the cine To : during which N completes one oscillation, the PAT ce of one revolution Of P is 2 wa of teen Thy Tee through an angle of 2x radian. Thus, he anelelangy ss ay 1 ‘odict bi refore, the periodic-time of Nisgive PY yao, neat one second is called the Frequency :The numberof osciaions completed PY N' “frequency (yo N frequency is reciprocal of the periodic-time, oo netee: T on sion of motion vary with time. The phase Phase : When a particle oscillates its position and dit rey eee % Particle at any eee expresses the position vand direction of motio Particle afc ng reo or in terms of the periodicctime 7: Fo 3 The phase is expressed either in terms of the angie vie e zor 1/4. in when the particle P reaches the point A, then ts Phase > 7 i sly through their equili If at any instant two oscillating particles are pass S simultaneously through their equilibrium in the ‘ hase’, and if i the same direction, then at that instant they are in the ‘Same phase’, and if they are passing PM directions then they are in ‘opposite phase’ . Pon when the particle moving on the the instant from tbe (Fig. 3), where 2 Po0B = > ferent from B, say at Po (Fi8: 3) rom the equilibrium position O after a time ¢ imple, ‘Suppose the time is measured reference circle was at point di ‘Then the displacement y (= ON) of N will be given by y= ON=OP sin NPO = OP sin POB y=asin(ot +). ovis the angle through which the particle Phas revolved in moving from Po to P in time. tThus, at the instant t, the phase of N will be measured by the total angle (ct + 6). 4 is called the ‘initial phase’ or ‘epoch’ of the SHM of N. The above (Fig. 3) equation is the general equation of simple harmonic motion. 4), where “PoOB = 6; then the O after time ¢ will be given or If thé starting position of the particle is Py’ (Fig. displacement y (= ON) of N from equilibrium position by, y= ON = OP sin NPO = OP sin POB or y=asin (ot ~ 6). Here, ~¢ is the initial phase or epoch of the SHM of N. Velocity in SHM :The velocity ofthe projection N executing SHM at any instant is defined as the rate of change of its displacement with time at that instant.of N at any instant is given by en “a a Y= asin ot g locity of se va Xe egg, oe Ge 7g Asin) = awcos ot oY — sin? ot = ai - (7/0) Nisa i) ‘ Fol of parce in SHM changes withthe displacement yf the parte. When the dsplacement i er (y= 0), that i, when a ig se a ia porn sition then the velocity is maximum (Umax =a), and when the displacement is maximum ren ; i : The acceleration of the parti is ir is jon in SHM : Th i article executing SHM at any instant is defined as the rate of rot jocity with time at that instant. Thus, the instantaneous acceleration of the projection N executing een bY goer wo dy eae : F = 4 (aacos ox) = -eFasin at | a =-oty, i) © persion Between the acceleration andthe displacement. ince, constant, we have anny. ee ecleration oF Nis proportional the displacement y and it direction i opposite to the direction tenet cs jg signifi thatthe aceleraton is alway dete towards the equim poston. Thus, a SHM, the acceleration i ‘erm troughout the mation is minimum (zero) tthe equlbrum poston (y= 0) and maximum (=a a) a the extreme sro cela seiadctime of SHM : We have sen that the perioditime ofthe SHM of the projection i given by T=2n/0. yo? = = celeration from eg. (HD, @ = 5) © Gisplacement acceleration secon use this formula to determine the periodic-time of SHM. siplacement Equation of SHM in Terms of cos : If in Fig. 2, we take the projection of the particle P on te horizontal diameter BB’ of the circle, then the displacement equation of the projection N is, x = acest. Therefore, the velocity of Nis Aeacost) = -awsinot it oo v = aay! — cos? wt = ~aun/t = (x7/a?)RN _ 904 | NOOTAN ISC Physics-X! G ee ame ‘The acceleration of N is dv , Aeausinet) =~ 072 cosine ana de or ork. ae-o% is ; je motion In this situation the general equation of simple harmon x= acos (ot +4) where ¢ is the initial phase. following three characteristics ofthe linea, ‘There are th Characteristics of Linear SHI Bred pot bout a fixed point, call OF, {The movon ofthe paren sah ie ways proprtonal in (i) The restoring force (or acceleration) acting om he P ° Particle from the equilibrium position. r cs th i) The force (or acceleration) is always directed OWN ‘The SHM is defined on the bass ofthese characterst prium position in When @ particle moves in a straight line t0 Fs proportional to its displacement aa way, that, ‘or acceleration) acti n it is always jel is called ‘simple harmoni nd equilibrium postion, then the motion ofthe pti os of abody suspended by 2 nn Examples: Vibrations ofthe prongs of8 ung Or oe pendulum are examples of spn il body partly immersed in a liquid and oscillation Me Rarmon WA Ditterential Equation of SHM Teis a matter of fact that the oscillation of any me® elastci a prime cause of a restoring free 30 2 moving across the mean position, in the in Pea eer Now; ifa body of mass m which intially at restin itsmean position’ {ssl disturbed by app force. A restoring force will be developed immediately, which tends to bring the body back to its ‘According to Hooke’s law this restoring force F should be some function of distance of the par position. Let this distance be y Mathematically, the gig Pos displacan th .e equilibrium position, Mn, chanical system is governed by its two ve inertia, the cause due to Which an o, basic propery cil es fa restoring force. ating body 2 lyin, Ban Mean po cle fom ig, Fay oi vez lates force from displ i : lates force from displacement thus it “al where, k is a constant of proportionality and since it relates. " P is cal constant, Further, for an oscillating body attached with a spring or with a wire, the constant k i asp aes spring constant and depends upon the length, thickness and material of the spring/wire. | Now under the influence of restoring force F the body acquires a velocity v and an acceleration a sui, 2. 5 & and a= oo in the language of calculus, , , t ic ‘Owing to Newton's second law of motion, or maa Hky [From eqs. (i) and @) 7 The restoring force may be electrical magnel, gravitational, elastic ete In tis way depending on the nature of restoring forces, we nay aw ‘several types of SHIM 2F The positon in which esutant of al forces ating on a sytem is zro.Ik rer . Simple Harmonic Motion | 905 il) k jg a constant therefore, the a £ 1¢ acceleration a| = | is directly proportional to displacement y. vo sine? k - ?, from e4. (ii), we have ae iS in dy ae @y at wy=0 (iv) ‘ i ji ial yy isa differential equation of SM and the solution ofthe same wil be; i ¥ = asin (wt +4) pols have their usual meanings oe eck the actual nature of the motion wo 7 ation fory 382 fancdag oy ereseted by ev) on mathemadcal round, we need to solve di z ution = ¥ 5 Nee iv) by 2% wy od a a ee wehaves ae ar? ar * pateg.(*) is a differential equation of second order and first degree. Therefore, one way to find the solution ‘method of integration. ° W) ee de es soe aig ewe Rave ba w dy aya «LF ae 208[ Hyde «0 ca sereinea. (vi ¢ isa constant of integration, the value of which can be obtained by applying boundary conditions. Fis known that in an SHM when the displacement, y = a (amplitude of the oscillation), the 0 cay thai, using these conditions in eq. (vi), we have 1 0407 a? =e " , geod (wid) Sow rom eqs. (vi) and (vi), we have YY 252 oa? (BY wot? - ote 2 a, (2) = o2(a? - y?)—E _— 906 | NOOTAN ISC Physics-XI or or Eq. (ix) represents the velocity of @ Now, eq. (viii) can be written as, i ich variables are separable, the It is again a differential equation of a Pe he ides, we have s by integrating once again. Therefore, intesr= ° i ay fod es . - «(2 or olution of 8 My th, If initial phi then at¢=0 phase is 6, then a : sind or a= From eq. (3) a8» sin(0+e2) 24 Then eq. (x) becomes y=asin(ot +4) ‘This gives instantaneous displacement of the particle performing SHM. ‘An Important Note : Hl is (@) a, @ and are the characteristic: ene ofan sot re ee distinguish one g) ‘The parameter a, called the amplitude o the motion, ve constant whose eh ay, the motion was started. The constant © IS angular frequency and is initial phase, wh depends a ane teh respect co mean psiion a, €=05 Ie depends on the displacement particle at this instant (that is, at c= 0 9). Yeo, HM from, () The functions lke sin ot and oos tare periodic functions having a period of 7 = 28 4. Bes o does not depend upon time and hence does not effect the periodicity a However, argument of sine function, that is, ‘at + 4 which is a time varying quantity is cay the motion, enables us to kno about the time which elapsed since the, scillaying pera thee mean position. cl tp f 0? [Graphical Representation of Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration inshy The instantaneous displacement y, velocity v and acceleration a of a particle executing SHM are given Ont y =asinat = asin, = acosot = aosin( 2 4 T 2| ET dv ae®_ & ~~20* sina « a? sin( 2 x) culate the values of y, v ang T ww , @ for diffe : fs? me fom the above etuaciocs ferent values of t : foe Y= asin0=0, = a0'sinn=0, j yeasin( 28.2 - y T 4)” % T 3) =aosinn = -ae*. a= a0tsin( 27 ~ ae? sin Ft |= a0? sin we can calculate the values of, vand afor ¢ = 1,37 and 7. These values are written in the following L 2 : Fone complere oscillation. fot —— pe LN LT EE a TA f 10 a ° -a 0: oe ES ° =a6 ° ao ° o He ae a iit hada 0 ? ajaplacement (ty), time-velocity(t~v) and time-acceleration (¢~ a) graphs} for one complete oscillation sed ch Fig. 5. We draw the following conclusions from these ef cA yee three quantities, displacement, velocity and acceleration en varmonically with time, having the same period. va foity amplitude is aoe, otimesaand o> 1, therefore go> a. Similarly, acceleration-amplitude is aw”, ie., @” times a mitude and generally o > 1. ‘ao? > a and also ao” > a. | the velocity is maximum when the displacement is zero and Fie. 8) Ga) Toro when the displacement is maximum jj fae aeoleratin cuve is amir image ofthe displacement curve Itmeans that the acceleration is always 1 Morional to the displacement but directed opposites: cop otal Energy of @ Particle In Simple Harmonic Motion) de executing SHM possesses both potential energy and kinetic energy. Te possesses potential energy on Cig dsplacergent from the equilibsium positian and Kinetic energy an account of its velocity. These SSH vary during the oscillatory motion but thelr Sum remains constant, if no dissipative forces are present. swfal Energy # Let_m be the mass of a particle in SHM and y its displacement from the equilibrium ition at any instant. Tf a be the acceleration of the particle at that instant, then by the characteristic of sa, we have a 2 a=-0y siete o? is constant. Therefore, the magnitude of the restoring force acting on the particle at this instant is given y = mass x acceleration = m = —m 0,NN 908 | NOOTAN ISC Physics-XI 4 | lacement dy, the ae If the particle undergoes a further infinicesimallY smal dplcemens Me work dong is given by awecrrayem ayy ‘can be obtained ty The total work done for displacing the parce sroush Y a Eraing ‘y equation between the limits y = 010 = a" af[yy a Seg Y maty dy =| we [imoryaroma) >| = mat ya (W) of th a cena eneray (0) oF te Pace atthe le appears as Pot eae stan, y= hmor ys This work done on the parte Thy, a particle in SHM 8 it Velocity i given Kinetic Energy :[When the displacement of eF so. Hence, de instantaneous KPeC eDETEY ofthe where a is the amplitude of moti Ricle sumeanh J uu? = Am ota? — 2.7] is 2 v - the particle is Total Energy :On adding es () and i) the roa! eM of the particle is given by 1 1 park =5mer yt mara? - y mee Itis evident from this that the total energy of the particle is i fom the displacement, during the motion ofthe body: In the positon of maximum displacement (when y=) yet gg form of potential energy: while in the equilibrium position (when y = 0) the total energy ig ie, aan , form of pont en putingy=a-andy =01n eas. (D and In other Postion, oy thee ergy. boone exist. te We know that w = 2”, where n isthe frequency. Hence ‘Thus, in SHM, the total energy of a square of the frequency (")- Graphical Representation : When the particle is at its equilibrium p eqs. (i) and (ii), we have particle is directly proportional to the square of the ampli cea le ai] potential energy, U pmoror = and kinetic energy, K 5m (a? - y?) i mora? (maximum), ‘Thus, at equilibrium position, the potential energy of the particle is zero while the kinetic and equal to the total energy. ee When the particle is at one of its extreme positions (y =a or y = ~ a), then, from eqs. (i) and (i, vetsr potential energy, U pmota (maximum)wim ) 0 pe poten and the ie on oF ON are parabolic. The total oe energy of the parle rem: cs ya straight line parallel to the displacement ins const ef aph Lt Sle amon otion fi eh yoednee oe * ( velocity u = $= awcosat 0 Ana? a2. on 2 vp fom ead tet potential exergy (0) and ned 82% Gage meio with ime whe x enerey ( remsins 2 gts wih ete shown in 7.1 aro hse 6 atin one Me period of SHM two oscillations of potential energy netic enersy (0 are completed. Hence, the frequency of changing peng) 204 kinetic eneay (with mes tc te fequency eam oto imple Pendulum ay points suspended bya weg inestnsible and perfetiy shee rom a rigid suppor, then this arrangement s called a ‘simple ing practice, however, no such arrangement is possible. Therefore, ef dfnton oa eal simple pend. repro asall metals phere is suspended by coon dead a suppor. Ths sche praca simple pendulum which snarest fo ‘eipeadulum. The sphere is ale the bob’ andthe distance from che ieee pension to the centre of gravity ofthe bob is elled the fective reife pend. When the bob s iplaced slightly oone side from ts ‘nn son and released, then it osclates nearly in astright line to and fo hatte mean postion, niedictime of Simple Pendulum : Suppose, [isthe effective length of @ ripe pendulum and m the mass of its bob. The bob i suspended from a point ‘ise 8) and its mean position is 0. Suppose, at any instant during oscillation, sete isin he postion A wen its displacement is OA, and the thread makes ‘atl 0 withthe vertical. In this postion ofthe bob, two forces act upon it wea) 2tis, it remy total energy energy is masinan (i), we have nergies with displacement is shown i) wh910 | NOOTAN ISC Physics-X () gravitational force mg, which i) tension T' in the thread, which ries the cOmPONER ME £08 Bin lng The force mg can be resolved into cor pendiculat to the thread. The resultant ® the opposite to 7’ and the component mg Si0 Tar, w centre of gravity and is directed y, acts atthe Oehe direction AS. "erica ‘acts along centripetal force tothe bob ang y. the and the tension 7" in the thread gives (he "So". restoring force F (say) on the yay to bring the bob back tits mean position: TiS bob, mg sin. rce F is opposite to th e displacement, that jg ‘The negative sign indicates that the fo red in radian, then Position. .d measut b be small an Ith lar displacement 0 of the bo! e angular displacer ee @ = 04sA=2 pa (mex force = mass x acceleration. Therefore, ifthe 4 rai ni ; ion, But according to Newton's law of move «, then p= ma =-(mgx ty a=-@D oy for or . “ven place. Therefore, (@/) is constant fora given pendulum at a N° T' ane bob is directly proportional 10 is displacement x and ig col rect Thus, the acceleration a ofthe Be? oer gob is simple harmonic. Its periodic-time jg. on displacement. Therefore, the Ce emen T= 2V acceleration aisplacement(x) _ sisplacemene te = From eq. (@, acceleration(a) — & rome. g ‘This is the formula forthe periodictime of a simple pendulum. It does not contain m. So, the endulum does not depend upon the mass of the bob. Ifa girl is swinging on a ‘swing and aaa her on the swing, then the periodic-time of the swing would a change. + Ifthe periodictime of a pendulum is 2 seconds, then itis called a ‘secon ee a he Periodic-time of a Pendulum on the Amplitude : Ic is evident font Formula thar its periodictime does not depend upon the amplitude. But this is true only for smal amy the angular amplitude, starting from S*, be increased to 10°, 15°, .. up to 60° and the periodic-ime be pra ‘each case, then we shall see that up to 10°, ..., 15° the periodic-time remains unchanged but after thstin Dependence of the Periodic-time of a Pendulum on the Effective Length : Its evident rom ty formula that the periodic time T of a pendulum is directly proportional to the square-root ofits eee If the length of the pendulum be increased to four times, the periodic-time will become twice, When agi ‘ona swing stands up, then her centre of gravity rises up and so the effective length of the swing desea: periodic-time also correspondingly decreases. | Dependence of Periodic-time of a Pendulum on Acceleration Due to Gravity : The periodictined pendulum is inversely proportional to the square-root of the acceleration due to gravity g. When pa clock is taken up to a hill or down in a mine, then due to a decrease in the value of g, its periodic ‘mtn that is, the clock is slowed down. Suppose, a simple pendulum is suspended in a lft (elevator). If the lift is going up with accelerated mi for the pendulum the effective value of g is increased and the time period of the pendulum is deeas! _ Period, ey another st,rn ~“ Tp coming down with acelen ye pendula teases the ted motion then the effective value of & decreases od ¢ of tne fue of g Becomes 2er0 and so the 7 falling lik te yet ciate a all. (F the it 10 the eriodexime ofthe pendulum becomes infin thatthe i de osietime) iP or comes down with ‘uniform’ speed, then there ne Pees satellite remains in a st ee ie a aatelite wil na elthilessess, that i, he effective valve off remains 2er0- 10 gal ‘ot oscillate. Therefore, the pendulum-clock cannot work inside space Fi ee d of a Simple i ne perio ple Pendulum of Infinite Length (Optional) jomula T= 2501/8 fOr the time period of simple pendulum, i appears re the simple pendulu simple pendulum, it app ro, engi OF he im becomes infinite, its time period will also infinite Bat ie the Tray Petiod of a pendulum of infinite length is E t oe Yum Ii s tuts (prove this as follows mum limit of the time period of a simple hes oe. ate sent ah of the pendulum is finite, its bob will oscillate alo ‘ hi ng a straight line. po ye ‘equilibrium position of the bob (Fig. 9) and 0” its instantaneous position 11 gion. Lt 00" fo avity acting on the bob is F = mg, whe ‘s ‘ eg AB img, where mg is the weight of the bob ing towards the centre C of the earth. The component of this force along sn of motion of the bob is Fy ave sign shows that the force F, is directed opposite to the displacement, that 75 he mean position . This is the restoring force on the bob. From the figure ro) mg cos 8, ate geek ithe distance of the bob from the centre of the earth, that is, the radius of the earth. Ee “B() ‘g/Re is constant at a given place. Hence, boa GX. te 1¢ bob is directly proportional to its displacement x and the direction of acceleration x —mg~iy, peseeration of the bob is = Pn nis equation, rus the acceleration a. of th Tope to that ofthe displacement. Hence, the motion of the bob is simple harmonic, whose me period is 7 = 2n,{tisblacement ; ‘acceleration met. displacement(x) _ Re ‘ acceleration(a) | netin T=2 &912 | NOOTAN ISC Physics-XI Substituting R, = 6.4 x 10°m and g =9.8™§ -#, we get x 10° 8 = 5076 seconds = 84.6 minutes erating Reference Frame : pa 2x3.l4x Time Period of a Simple Pendulum in pa a 1. Moving upward with constant acceler gg = 8 L eceleration a 6-9 t Tem 2. Moving downward with constant beg" So, 3. Accelerating horizontally : ye romans ations of a Mass Attached to @ Spring + Let us consider a light spring of force- ‘gid support, while the Horizontal Osclll: Method 1 : Force Method constant k, one end of which is fixed toa ri Gther end is attached to a body of mass m, which is free to move on a frictionless horizontal surface. In Fig. 13(a, the body isin the position of equilibrium, the spring being relaxed with no force acting upon it. When the body is displaced to the right through a small distance x [Fig. 13(b)], the spring get stretched and due to elasticity, exerts a restoring force F on the body directed towards left. By Hooke's law, the force F is given by Fe-kx. aD ‘The negative sign indicates that the force F on the body acts opposite to the displacement. Ifthe body is displaced to the left (Fig. 13(c)], the spring is compressed and now the restoring force F acting on the body is directed towards right. On releasing the body in the displaced position, it oscillates to and fro about its equilibrium position under the restoring force F. (Fg. 13) Let « be the instantaneous acceleration of the body whi is i . (foece = mas « acceleration) wohave ly when its displacement is x. By Newton’ lwa= Fim aneous restoring force. Putting d 7 ' the value of F from eq. (D, wu wehave amo) ascant for the given spring-body system roportional to the displacemayy ‘e motion of the 0 8 Pe me peney i PSEMENx anda dteted opposite to it Hen, the mo Ts 2, elacement 5 : acceleration displacement (x) acceleration(a) ~ a y! ’ nis equation w: jai ye 1 mae " 2 independent of te amplitude of osclation, ne Motion of a Mass Attached to Two Horizontal Springs two springs of force-constants k and ky are attached to nose Ws shown in Fig. 14, and the mass is free to move on al hy nls, horizontal surface. When the mass is displaced from left, it begins to execute horizontal elton poston nd ef begs exe orton a sion. ; i. ; ceilaion™ jen the oscillating mass is at a distance x towards right from its equilibrium position, the sermeous extensions in the springs offrce-constans ky and kz are x and 2 respectively. Then, X= x +. sac the springs are in series, the restoring force exerted by each spring on the mass m is the same. Thus, : kai and o914’ | NOOTAN ISC Physics-X! ¥ a» foree-constant of the combina, where X(- os) is the ‘effective’ force-con ION, Hen tke oscillations is fi on (ED T = mye = 28, 7 ka are attached stants ky and ka are attached to the formance x cowards right from its equilib adistiile the spring kz is the _ Gi) Now, suppose the two springs of When the oscillating a is a “ 2 is. stretch. yugh a distance *+ ye restoring compreseed eroeah te same aitance x Hence, 2 20 force exerted by each spring on the TAN TT ition, Let Fh direction, tending to bring it in its equilil the springs of force- and F, be the restoring forces produced in constants ky and ka respectively: one cigx and Fp = hx Mass my, ium posigt 2 Fem ssis ‘Total restoring force acting on he MISTS | ky xk = ~ (ky + xe ant ofthe combination. Hence, the time, ** where k (=k; +a) is the ‘effective force-cons e is fm _ m 7 anf = 25 atk; lations of a Mass Suspended by a Spring : light spring, whose normal length is L, is hang; f Method : Suppose @ lig! sing Method ‘ oe Mere ota) When abody of mass issuspended from islover en, then due to the weightof the body, the length of the spring s extended, ay; by [Fig. 6° ‘The spring, due to its elasticity, exerts a restoring force F on the body. By Hooke's law ° =-kl nt of the spring. The negative sign indicates that the force F ig the weight of the body. The other force acting on the body instant the body has no acceleration, the resultant force "odor, HE vertical Oscill where k is the force-consta directed opposite (upwards) to is its weight mg. Since, at this acting on it must be zero. That is, F +mg=0 or -kl+mg=0 or mg=kl. oo (i) 1F we pull the body slightly downwards and release i, then it oscillates up and down, Suppose, during oscillation, the body is ata distance y below the equilibrium position (Fig. 16 (]. atthe extension in the length ofthe sprig is (+-y). Hence, at this instant, the force exerted on the bay Fi=-k(l+ y) = -kl~ ky. 7 The weight of the body is still mg. Hence, the resultant force acting on the body is P'=P + mg = (Ckl- ky) + mg. But from eq, (i), k= mg. Fl =—ky. ‘According to Newton's law of motion, the resultant force acting on a body is equal to the produc ofthe ms the acceleration of the body. Hence, if the acceleration of the body be o,, then Prema =~-ky or a=-(k/m)y.! (era sion], 995. D i constant as me Simple Hermon ened, ome stm ofthe body i constant and kis also constant for the SPHNE ia of a body suspended from asp isplace- (oi ri, the aceeraton ais direct peoporsiona ote displ ane "the depacemen Hence the mauon of te body # SP 1 Hence, the time per ey, reste ret dn ny a Taar ft co) ula forthe periodic-time ofa body suspended by a spring. tis evident from this that for 9 Eve seodietme of a hard (klrge) spring is less compare eo that ofa soft spring and @ heavier boa aeons oss wy than gery on fq. Ov K= ME/L Substhtng this value of kin eg ii), we get io ren eof 460) a. this formula Bi liste crease in nah fhe spring eta the body. Te esse of tebe canbe determined i hos wre ke etme period ofthe os, ered ethod : The mechanic energy of eye wll away ema ons vanging & 2: Enoray Meth energy of the syst ys Seat " Amt + Jka + y? — mg constant Toot ty , scum poston s costed as datum) et ili ‘the above equation wrt, time Shh a Lym Lede n-ne 20 Bee amen Ge ghade n-ne a = mu +k(+ you~ at (+ yu ~mg & md skLrky-mge 0 (nid eye esQiora arta oy unk =e Coqulirium postion own. Suppose, at any insta]? a (Oats hee Foorerennnriased i a the product ofthe masa @‘AS wo have seen. tem depends thatthe time pari of spring aS® oe ‘on the mass of the block the tnd onstant of the SPAN, ‘the period of oscillation in the following ‘cases remains: same as Im T eon Here uty ght an tones Sing an vs massless. Qe | competion surface is attached to three LONE horizontal 8 Shown in the figure. Ifthe A particle of mass m placed on smooth identical springs A, Band C each of force constant kas: sly gaint ese A ‘and released, find the particle of mass m is pushed time period of oscillation. Solution. When particle of mass m at O is pushed by distance y in the direction of A, spring A will be compressed by y while B and C will be stretched by |. Y= ycos 45% 50 the ftal restoring force on macs along AO and is given by (Fy + Fy cos 45° + Fos 45°) (ky + hy’ cos 45° +ky’c08 45°) (y+ ky’ cos 45°) hy 2k (y cos 45°) cs 45°) (iy +hy) 2 Hence, (On comparing with which gives) ee, - simple Harmonie Motion] 947 note Mass Suspended by Two Springs jo three dif Pe cant of ie we ae - ak and kg: ‘mine the periodic-time of a mass: suspended Wig each CASE” nd Be, Be BM oe supose a€ ay instant, the body m isi 11 en postion. The increase in length of each ' - mee on eS to one sPring willbe ~ ky y and due to other ~ ka. Both os be in “ion (opposite to displacement). Therefore, the fing force acting On the body mis given by , ? Fe-ky-ky i be (ky + ky =—k Au thy isthe effective forceconstant of both the springs 6 ease ofthe body i T= an ~ a5 Ve Nig + ke” e yr (bd In this case, Suppose at any instant, the displacement of the body m is y in the downward direction. fs ength ofthe spring ky will be extended by y, while that of the spring kz will be compressed by y. Hence, ang force acting on the body due to the spring k, will be — ky y and due to the spring kz will be ~ ka ¥- so see res wil be upwards (opposite to displacement) Therefore, the resultant force acting on the body placed to a distance y from spring will be y. Hence, the ; F = ~ky-hyy=~ (ky +k. Effective force-constant k = ky + ky. periodic-time of the body is im m T= 2n/™ = : eT ia ky |g yh the above cases are equivalent to each other. In each case, the sum of the force-constants of the (wo sith effective force-constant. (Again, Suppose at any instant, the displacement of the body m from the equilibrium position is y - ececonstants of both the springs are different, the extensions in their lengths will also be different. Let the pcsin in the length of the spring ky be y, and that of k be ya. Then, yrNty2 a evened by the spring ky is R=-kin m0) aitat exerted by the spring ky is Py= ~ kay hipying eq. (]) by kp and eq. (ii) by ky and adding ky Fy + ki Fa = ~ky ke (v1 +92) = ~ ky kaye Linh the springs are in series, they will apply same force on the body, that is, F, = Fy = F (say). Then, (ky + ky) =-ki kay 2 F eefectve force-constant be k thenor eT 1 ‘Therefore, the periodic-time of the body is = roe-constant is tectiv fo I the fore-constants fhe sprigs arena =A 2 al (y= “hike yeh 2 in constant of each spring. Hence, ihe lng 7 1 become hy periodic-time will increase a times torce-constant of each piece wi YMting Similarly, ifthe length ofthe spring is made rif, then the ess be doubted Way ‘erage pieces, ton he rc coc oto pce eto # MOET” Cm AN get 7) tional) HA Few Applications of Linear SHM (Opt l) ; (1) Vertical Oscillations of 2 Liquid Column in 2 ee acta LE appael 2 liquid fiteg fn Utube of uniform eoss seein upc Reig there eig held vetal ig 16, In ahe absence of any extemal force, the Hid wil sand athe same level Gt B and te the combs ofthe tube fhe liguid column in nb of the bef Pessed dom slightly and then left, the liquid column 19 each limb begins to oscillate up and down, We can show that this motion ofthe liquid colum ® is simple harmonic. Initially, the liquid level i a che same height 1 ‘both the limbs te B and C)-On pressing down the level C up to D through a distance Js the level B rises up by the same distance up COE. Thus, now in te lef imb ofthe U-tube, there 5 additional liquid column D's of Tength 2y. When the pressed Ive of the liquid is left fee, whole liquid oscillates up and Tove dae to the restoring force ofthe weight of the liquid-column D’E. If the mass of the liquid per unit length ofthe tube bem, then Se acting on the liquid is F = -(m x 2y)8. force acts in the direction opposite to the displacement of the eis m= 2h, where 2h isthe length of the whole liquid colt 8 Heng Negative sign is taken because this of the whole liquid filled in the cu acceleration of the liquid is force __ (mx 2y)g mass mx 2h 8 h ‘As the acceleration «i proportional to the displacement y and is directed opposite to it, the motion oft i column is simple harmonic, whose time period is T 2 anf o g We see from the above relation thatthe time period of the liquid column does not depend upon the are ofc section of the tube and on the density of the liquid. It depends only upon the height of the liquid cosa acceleration due to gravity. 2, ae where of of ceeea saa Boy Fling ns Una as oer Cone ‘of mass m and cross-sectional area A floating te liquid. The may slumn. Hence, te tion ofthe ligt the area ofa gui column [> A Mi of density 0. Lt Ibe the lng o the pa : immersed in the liquid (Fig. 19). By the law of Soe ie weight of the laud displaced by the immersed part seal the ttl weight ofthe cylinder, that je ede mg. is pushed down litle into the liquid and let it 92 tate up and down inthe liquid sandatais OO % some instant, the vertical displacement of the 9) oom“ ander from its equilibrium positon isy. Then, the PurtGpinrst) of the liquid displaced by the lengih y of the cylinder will provide the restoring force F to the eo gat iss o* P=-ylog. is taken because the force F acts in the direction opposite to the displacement of the cylinder. fais 1s law of motion, we have i spite SS cous acceleration produced in the motion of the cylinder, then by Newton’ cae ae. Oven a om= (Ade. “mn vos __(8)y 2-02 (Ado wy 1 agit t follows that the acceleration ais proportional to the displacement y and is directed opposite to ee, he mation ofthe liners simple harmoni, where time period i given by ra 2 aft o Ve -petequeny of oscilation ofthe cylinder is 1.5 T 2x VI motion ofa Body Dropped in a Tunnel Across Earth: Let 0 be the centre of the earth and AB the tunnel erst (Fig 20). Suppose, at any instant, a body D (of mass) dropped ‘Zobe tunnel i a a distance y from the centre C of the tunnel and at ‘sane r from the centre O- of the earth. Let us draw a sphere of ‘aio r with centre O. At this instant, a gravity-force mg’ directed tard the centre O of the earth will act on the body D, where g’ is ‘aviation due to gravity inside the earth at the position of the body: Tie component of the force mg’ directed towards the centre C of the ‘anal is mg’ cos 0. Due to the force mg’ cos 0, the velocity of the body nil increase continuously and become maximum at C. In this position te force on the body will be zero but due to inertia, the body will tinue moving towards B. Again, an opposite force (directed towards ‘wil act upon the body and its velocity will go on decreasing and ‘ones zero at B where the force will become maximum. Hence, the toy wil return towards C with increasing velocity, Thus, the body, tnlera variable restoring force, will goon oscillating about the centre ofthe tunnel. Tie restoring force on the body D inthe position shown in the figure is Fe—mg' cos0. @920 | NOOTAN ISC Physics-XI The negative sign shows that the force F is The acceleration due to gravity a the location Of, G. Sean ity ofthe earth, th whvere Mf is the mass ofthe sphere of redius fp be, Caan = o(ter) 4 3 AGarp. ee 4 Garp) cose Substituting this value in eq, (i), we set F = -n(56 ") ‘Therefore, the acceleration in the body is FE _ Agar pcos? m 3 --tenpy 3 20's Since, the acceleration is directly proportional 06 displacementy and is directed opposite to it, the the body is simple harmonic. The period of the bod Motion a = eee loa anlaraae or r= i te a) Let M, be the mass and R the radius of earth (assumed as 2 perfec sphere). Then, a the surface ofthe any = have ‘Substituting this value in eq. (ii), we have re 2. 8 A cillations of a Ball in the Neck of an Air Chamber : Let us consider an air | chamber of volume V with a long neck of uniform cross-sectional area A and having a ig ball of mass m just fitted in its neck without friction (Fig. 21). The air pressure in the chamber below the ball is atmospheric, say P When the bal is pressed down a little in the neck and released, it oscillates up and down ‘Suppose, at some instant, the downward displacement of the oscillating ball from its | equilibrium position isy. Ths will cause a decrease in volume, say AVand a corresponding : increase in pressure, say AP, of the air inside the chamber. The decrease in volume is | AV=Ay. AR | changein volume AV _ Ay — ee ee _———__———__ original volume VV * (ig. 21) (4) Os Volume strain =simple Harmonic Motion | 924 pals oF elasticity B ofthe air wil be given by a ~ St7ess( increase in pressure) __AP_ volume strain ~ =av/V ap = -pAV __BAy v v soi si indicates that the increase in pressure will cause decrease in the volume of the air inside the ss ‘excess pressure inside the chamber, the restoring force acting on the ball is a F = excess of pressure x area of cross-section BAy yee k =B A/V. It follows tha _ 16 aiseetea the constant ws that the force F is proportional to the displacement and is dir wee {0 it. Hence, the motion of the ball is simple harmonic and its time period is given by T= 2n] = 2 = = 2s fev : aw TAB pe bal ‘oscillates in the neck of the chamber under isothermal conditions, then (pressure of air inside the 1). Iron the other hand, the ball oscillates under adiabatic conditions, then B= P, where y = CpCu, tpabe isof Angular SHM : Examples of angular SHM are : Yxilaton of a simple pendulum sical or Compound pendulum ©) torsional pendulum (eactequstion of SHM in angular frm is given by 0 = 09 sin (ot + 40) sex and 0p are angular displacement and angular amplitude, respectively isthe initial phase. 1 scdiferential equation for angular SHM can be written as ee +0 =0 ae ao i tere, Sa = a Angular acceleration) fhysical or Compound Pendulum (Optional) : Any rigid body suspended from a fied support constitutes a physical pendulum. Aboiy of mass m is pivoted at point O through a horizontal axis AA’. The body is barging freely under gravity. Its centre of mass is C, which is ata distance I from point 0 Consider the situation when a body is displaced through a small angle 6. Restoring ‘equ on the body about 0 is given by mgt sin @ ~mgl @ [for small 6 , sin @ = 0] Fig 2 His angular acceleration is «, we have oe Ta=~mgl 0 [is the moment of inertia of the body about the axis AA’.]