PC HARDWARE

TASK 1:
Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions.
Draw the block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral
and submit to your instructor
AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT: No Software Required.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: Desired Configuration for the above task is

 System unit
 CPU
 Mother Board
 FDD
 CD ROM Drive
 HDD
 Ethernet Card
 Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse & Speakers

Safety Precautions:

1. Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)

2. Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
3. Wear shoes and the short sleeved cotton wear.
4. Use Phillips, head screw driver.
5. Keep the components away from moisture.
6. Avoid using pressure while installing.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CPU

CPU is the brain of the computer. All types of data processing operations and all the important functions
of a computer are performed by the CPU. It helps input and output devices to communicate with each
other and perform their respective operations. It also stores data which is input, intermediate results in
between processing, and instructions.
Now, the CPU consists of 3 major units, which are:
1. Memory or Storage Unit
2. Control Unit
3. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Peripherals of a computer:
Receives data and commands from the user, processes the data according to the given commands, presents
the processed data to the user, and stores or prints the processed data if the user gives a command to save or
print.

Peripheral devices include the following:

 Mouse.
 Keyboard.
 Printer.
 Monitor.
 Webcam.
 Scanner.
 Speakers.
 Hard disk
 USB drive

1) Mouse:
A mouse is another important input device. It uses point-and-click technology to interact with the
system. Most mice have two buttons and a scroll wheel between them. To track motion, a ball was used in
older mice. Modern mice use laser light to track motion.

2) Keyboard:
 A keyboard is the most common and important input device. It allows the user to enter letters,
numbers, and symbols. When a user presses a key on a keyboard, the keyboard sends a unique signal
to the computer. The processing unit of the computer receives the signal and translates the signal to
know which key is pressed.
 Keyboards areavailableintwomodules.Theseare
 standardkeyboardwith83-88keys
 enhancedkeyboardwith 104 keys or above
3) Printer:
The results of your work from the computer screen are printed on a piece of paper by a printer.There
are mainly three types of printers: dot-matrix, inkjet, and laser. A dot printer uses pins and an ink-coated
ribbon for printing. An inkjet printer uses liquid ink for printing while a laser printer uses a laser toner for
printing.

4) Monitor:
Monitor receives output from the processing unit and displays that output. A monitor resembles a
television screen. It displays everything you type or draw with the mouse. In the monitor the screen will be
displayed in pixels format.
 800by600pixels
1024by768pixels

5) Webcam:
Webcam captures live videos and photos. Usually, it is inbuilt on laptops and tablets. Mostly, it is
used for video calls and live presentations.

6) Scanner:
 A scanner is a device that copies photographs and pages and converts them into images that may be
saved on a computer.

7) Speakers:
Speaker plays the audio output signals. Laptops and tablets have inbuilt speakers. On desktop
computers, they can be attached via ports.

8) Hard disk:
A hard disk is the most important input/output device. It provides both input and output
functionalities. When a computer reads data from the hard disk, the hard disk provides input functionality.
When the computer stores data on the hard disk, the hard disk provides output functionality.

9) USB drive:
USB drives are compact and small. They are mostly used to transfer data between computers that are
not connected. When you transfer data from a computer to the USB drive, the USB drive provides output
functionality. When you transfer data from a USB drive to the computer, the USB drive provides input
functionality.

CPU components and their functions:

1) Motherboard:
 A motherboard is a circuit board through which all the different components of a computer
communicate and it keeps everything together. The input and output devices are plugged into the
motherboard for function.
 It is rectangle shape.
2) Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU can be regarded as a computer’s brain. On a computational
level, it processes all of the data. It reads data from the RAM and processes it in order for the computer to do
the tasks it is programmed to do.

3) Random Access Memory (RAM):The RAM is also known as the volatile memory since it gets erased
every time the computer restarts. It stores the data regarding the programs which are frequently accessed
programs and processed. It helps programs to start up and close quickly. It being slower has made it more
obsolete these days.

4) RAM slots:
SD RAM (synchronous dynamic random access memory)- two gaps
DDR RAM (Double data rate SDRAM)- one gap
5) CMOS battery:
The CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) battery in the computer is used to store the
hardware configuration settings. It also keeps a record of the date and time when the computer is switched
off.

6) Primary & Secondary (IDE-1 & IDE-2):

 Itisalsocalledas IDE-1, IDE-2.(Integrated Drive Electronics)
 Itusedto connectingHard DiskDrive,CDROM,DVDROM.

7) Input& Outputports:
IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor, printer,
scanner, speakers etc...
  PCI (Peripheral component Interconnect): Point of connection between PC’s pe
ripheral components and the motherboard. Ethernet card, sound card, dish pin card.

 AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port): It is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics
card to a computer’s motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
 CNR (Communications & network riser): serves as an extension of the motherboard.

9. BIOSChip: (Basic Input Output System)

l BIOScontrolshowtheoperatingsystemandhardwarewoktogether
l BIOSidentification isBIOS nameis availableonchipormotherboard

10. ATXPowerconnecter: (Advanced Technology Extended

l ATXpower connecteris usedtoconnectATXpowerplug(ThisisfromSMPS)

l Itiswhitecolor andithasATXNameisavailableonMotherBoard
l ATXPowerconnecterhas20/24pinsavailable.
11. SMPS (Switched mode power supply):

 SMPS is used to supply the power to Mother Board HDD,CD ROM, FDD
 SMPS holds a transformer, voltage control and fan

12. Floppy Disk Drive:

 The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in floppy disks.
 Floppy disks also called as a diskette.

13. Floppy connecter:

 Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive.

 This is beside of ATX power connecter and Name FDD is available on the mother board.

CD-ROM Drive:
CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only Memory) Drive is a device that reads the information from
Compact Disks (CD).
CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt about the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its
functions.

TASK 2:
Every student should disassemble and assemble the PC back to working condition. Lab
instructors should verify the work and follow it up with a Viva. Also students need to
go through the video which shows the process of assembling a PC. A video would be
given as part of the course content.

AIM: Disassemble & Assemble the PC

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:No Software Required.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: Cabinet and its components

PROCEDURE:
1. Setting the Cabinet ready:-
 Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
 Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.
2. Fitting the Mother board.
 Line up the patch on the motherboard (ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate
holes in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
 Check the points where you and to install
 Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required.

3. Installing the CPU

 Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.

 Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to fit in
the processor.
 You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide
smoothly into the socket.
 Lock the lever back down.

4. Installing CPU fan

 Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink
/CPU fan.

5. Fitting the RAM:

 The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.

 There are currently 3 types of RAM available.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR SD RAM.
c) RD RAM.
 The mother board‘s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.

6. Installing SMPS
7. Installing the ATX Power Connector
ATX Connectors:
 PS, Mouse.
 Key board.
 USB.
 Parallel ( Prints )
  Serial COM1.
 Serial COM 2.
 Joystick.
 Sound.

8. Installing the HDD and Floppy disk:

 Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.

 Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
 Check the jumper configuration.
 Fix the screws.

9. CD ROM Drive :
 CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
 1st check that the jumper configuration is correct.
 Fix the screw.

10. LAN Card

11. Connecting the ribbon Cables and Front panel connections

 Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard
first. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.

12. Final Check:

 Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.
 Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
 Is the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in their sockets?
 Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
 Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?

Powering up for the first time:

1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
 All systems, fans should start spinning
 U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec
 Amber light on monitor should go green
 You will see computer start to boot with a memory check
 Now check front LED‘S to see if u plugged them in correctly
  Check all other buttons
 Power afford change any wrong settings

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to disassemble and assemble the PC

TASK 3:
Every student should individually install MS windows on the personal computer. Lab
instructor should verify the installation and follow it up with a Viva.
AIM: To install Windows XP
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT: Windows XP Compact Disc
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: Personal computer
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep on press the delete button and go to advanced BIOS feature [ BIOS- Basic
Input Output System ]
2. And go to boot sequence. Select first boot drivers. CD ROM and press F10 to
save the bios feature. Yes and then enter. Press any key to boot from
CD. Press enter to setup windows XP.
F8 = To agree the license.
 3. Press ESC to don‘t repair the windows XP setup.
4. Press ‗p‘to delete the previous partitions. Then press enter.
5. Press ‗L‘to delete the partition.
6. Press ‗C‘to create the partition in the UN partition space.
7. Press enter to setup windows XP on the selected items.
Basic file systems:
 FAT: File Allocation Table.
 NTFS: New Technology File System.
 Format using NTFS partition.

Basic steps in installation:-

 Collecting information.
 Dynamic update
 Preparing installation
 Installing windows.
 Tracking installation

Screen shots of Windows XP Installation:

1. Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer and restart your computer. If prompted to start from the
CD, press SPACEBAR. If you miss the prompt (it only appears for a few seconds), restart your computer
to try again.

2. Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so you must use
the keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.
3. On the Windows XP Licensing Agreement page, read the licensing agreement. Press the PAGE-
DOWN key to scroll to the bottom of the agreement. Then press F8.

4. This page enables you to select the hard disk drive on which Windows XP will be installed. Once you
complete this step, all data on your hard disk drive will be removed and cannot be recovered. It is ex-
tremely important that you have a recent backup copy of your files before continuing. When you have a
backup copy, press D, and then press L when prompted. This deletes your existing data. Press ENTER
to select unpartitioned space, which appears by default.
5. Press ENTER again to select Format the partition using the NTFS file system, which appears by de-
fault.

6. Windows XP erases your hard disk drive using a process called formatting and then copies the setup
files. You can leave your computer and return in 20 to 30 minutes.
7. Windows XP restarts and then continues with the installation process. From this point forward, you can

use your mouse. Eventually, the Regional and Language Options page appears. Click next to accept the
default settings. If you are multilingual or prefer a language other than English, you can change language
settings after setup is complete

8. On the Personalize Your Software page, type your name and your organization name. Some programs
use this information to automatically fill in your name when required. Then, click Next.

9. On the Your Product Key page, type your product key as it appears on your Windows XP CD case.
The product key is unique for every Windows XP installation. Then, click Next.

10. On the Computer Name and Administrator Password page, in the Computer name box, type a name
that uniquely identifies your computer in your house, such as FAMILYROOM or TOMS. You cannot use
spaces or punctuation. If you connect your computer to a network, you will use this computer name to find
shared files and printers. Type a strong password that you can remember in the Administrator password
box, and then retype it in the Confirm password box. Write the password down and store it in a secure
place. Click Next.

11. On the Date and Time Settings page, set your computer‘s clock. Then, click the Time Zone down ar-
row, and select your time zone. Click Next.

12. Windows XP will spend about a minute configuring your computer. On the Networking Settings
page, click Next.
13. On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page, click Next.

14. Windows XP will spend 20 or 30 minutes configuring your computer and will automatically restart
when finished. When the Display Settings dialog appears, click OK

15. When the Monitor Settings dialog box appears, click OK.

16. The final stage of setup begins. On the Welcome to Microsoft Windows page, click Next.

17. On the Help protect your PC page, click Help protect my PC by turning on Automatic Up-
dates now. Then, click
18. Windows XP will then check if you are connected to the Internet: If you are connected to the Internet,
select the choice that describes your network connection on the Will this computer connect to the Inter-
net directly, or through a network? Page. If you‘re not sure, accept the default selection, and click Next

19. If you use dial-up Internet access, or if Windows XP cannot connect to the Internet, you can connect
to the Internet after setup is complete. On the How will this computer connect to the Internet? Page,
click Skip.
20. Windows XP Setup displays the Ready to activate Windows? Page. If you are connected to the Inter-
net, click Yes, and then click Next. If you are not yet connected to the Internet, click No, click Next, and
then skip to step 24. After setup is complete, Windows XP will automatically remind you to activate and
register your copy of Windows XP

21. On the Ready to register with Microsoft? Page, click Yes, and then click Next.

22. On the collecting registration information page, complete the form.

23. On the Who will use this computer? page, type the name of each person who will use the computer.
You can use first names only, nicknames, or full names. Then click Next. To add users after setup is com-
plete or to specify a password to keep your account private, read Create and customize user accounts.

24. On the Thank you! Page, click Finish.

Congratulations! Windows XP setup is complete.

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to install Windows XP
TASK 4:
Every student should install Linux on the computer. This computer should have
windows installed. The system should be configured as dual boot with both Windows
and Linux. Lab instructors should verify the installation and follow it up with a Viva

AIM: To install Linux on the computer

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT: No Software required

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Make a backup of your Windows system

Step 2: Download Ubuntu (or whichever Linux distribution you are using)

Step 3: Create a live USB/disk of Ubuntu

 Plug in your USB. This device will be formatted so make sure you don’t have any important data on
this USB disk.
 Run the Rufus tool you just downloaded. It automatically identifies the plugged-in USB but double-
check it anyway. Now, browse to the location of the downloaded ISO image and ensure that it uses
GPT partitioning scheme and UEFI target system.

 Hit the start button and wait for the process to complete. Your live Linux USB is ready.
  Installing Ubuntu and creating the live Ubuntu USB process can be done on any computer. But the
rest of the process takes on the system on which you are dual booting.

Step 4: Make some free space on your disk for Ubuntu installation

 In the Windows menu, search for ‘disk partitions’ and go to ‘Create and format hard disk partitions.’

 In the Disk Management tool, right-click on the drive which you want to partition and select shrink
volume.
 If you have just one partition like this, you need to make some free space out of it for Linux. Use any
of them except C drive if you have several partitions of considerable size because it may erase the
data.

Step 5: Boot from live Ubuntu USB

 Go to the Advanced startup option and click on Restart now button.

 On the next screen, click on ‘Use a device’:

 Recognize the USB disk with its name and size. It may also be displayed as EFI USB Device.

 Now it will power off your system and reboot into the disk you chose which should be the live USB
disk. You should see a screen like this after a few seconds:
  The ‘Try Ubuntu without installing’ option allows you to experience Ubuntu from the live disk. The
option to install Ubuntu can be found on the desktop.
 The “Install Ubuntu” option will start the Ubuntu installation immediately .

Step 6: Installing Ubuntu along with Windows 10

 Start the installation procedure. The first few steps are simple. You choose the language and
keyboard layout.

 On the next screen, choose Normal installation. No need to download updates or install third-party
software just yet. You may do it after the installation completes.
 Hit continue. It may take some time to go to the next step.

 “Install Ubuntu alongside Windows Boot Manager” on the Installation type screen
  The next screen will give you the option to create a partition for Ubuntu by dragging the divider.
You can allocate appropriate disk space to Linux here. Ubuntu will create one partition of the
allocated disk space and it will have root with home and a swapfile of 2 GB in size under root itself.

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt the installation of Linux on the computer.

INTERNET & WORLD WIDE WEB

TASK1:
Orientation & Connectivity Boot Camp: Students should get connected to their Local Area
Network and access the Internet. In the process they configure the TCP/IP setting. Finally
students should demonstrate, to the instructor, how to access the websites and email. If there
is no internet connectivity preparations need to be made by the instructors to simulate the
WWW on the LAN.

AIM: To configure the TCP/IP setting and to access the internet, websites and email.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT: wired/wireless network
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

THEORY:
Network:
 Network means linking two or more computers, and various peripheral devices for resource sharing
such as files, internet sharing, etc.
 The best example is the internet which connects millions of people all over the world.

Computer Network:
 Computer Network links two or more computing devices and the computing hardware through
various communication channels (i.e. cables, telephone lines, radio waves, wifi, etc.) for data and
resource sharing.
 For example, Bluetooth connection to transfer files, a hotspot for sharing the internet, etc.
Local Area Network (LAN):
 LAN can be defined as a cluster of computers connected at a single physical location such as an
office, building, etc. It is the most common type of network used. A LAN can also be formed with
two computers connected over a network. Hub, Switches, Cables, and Optical fibers are used to
connect various computers and devices to a network.
 Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, college, office, etc.
Wide Area Network (WAN):
 A WAN is a type of computer network that covers a large geographical area. WAN is also defined as
the connection of several LANs linked together to cover an entire city or country.
 The WAN network is provided via several methods such as telephone lines, fiber optics cable, and
also through satellite links.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
 This type of network is created by linking existing LAN networks to cover a large geographical area.
MAN is smaller than LAN but larger than WAN.
 Examples of MAN are networking in government agencies, airports, libraries, etc.
IP address (Internet Protocol):
 An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique numerical identifier for every device or network that
connects to the internet. Typically assigned by an internet service provider (ISP), an IP address is an
online device address used for communicating across the internet.
 There are two versions of IP addresses that are commonly used on the internet: IPv4 and IPv6.
 An IPv4 address is expressed as a set of four dotted decimal numbers, where each octet is separated
by a period, such as 192.168.35.4. The three digits in the first octet represent a particular
network on the internet while the rest of the digits represent the actual host address
within the local network, such as a workstation or a server.
  An IPv6 address represents eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, such as
2620:cc:8000:1c82:544c:cc2e:f2fa:5a9b.
 Each internet protocol address can send information to other IP addresses through discrete chunks
known as packets.

Netmask:

 A Netmask is a 32-bit "mask" used to divide an IP address into subnets and specify the network's
available hosts.
 Subnet mask number helps to define the relationship between the host (computers, routers, switches,
etc.) and the rest of the network.
 The location of the IP address and mask can be found by typing ifconfig at the terminal

Gateway IP:

 A gateway IP refers to a device on a network which sends local network traffic to other networks.
 The location of the gateway address can be found by typing netstat -rn at the terminal

Domain Name System:

 DNS, or the Domain Name System, translates human readable domain names (for example,
www.amazon.com) to machine readable IP addresses (for example, 192.0.2.44).
 The location of the gateway address can be found by typing cat /etc/resolv.conf at the terminal.

PROCEDURE:

Manually set network settings:

If your network doesn’t automatically assign network settings to your computer, you may have to manually
enter the settings yourself.
Steps:
1. Click on Settings.
2. If you plug in to the network with a cable, click Network. Otherwise click Wi-Fi.
3. Make sure that your wireless card is turned on or a network cable is plugged in.
4. Click the above mentioned button.

5. Select the IPv4 or IPv6 tab and change the Method to Manual.
6. Type in the IP Address and Gateway, as well as the appropriate Netmask.
7. In the DNS section, switch the Automatic switch to off. Enter the IP address of a DNS server you
want to use. Enter additional DNS server addresses using the + button.
 8. In the Routes section, switch the Automatic switch to off. Enter the Address, Netmask, Gate-
way and Metric for a route you want to use. Enter additional routes using the + button.
9. Click Apply.

Connect to a wired (Ethernet) network:

To set up most wired network connections, all you need to do is plug in a network cable. The wired network
iconis displayed on the top bar with three dots while the connection is being established. The dots disappear
when you are connected.

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to configure the TCP/IP setting and to access the internet, websites
and email.
TASK 2: WEB BROWSERS, SURFING THE WEB: Students customize their web browsers

with the LAN proxy settings, bookmarks, search toolbars and pop up blockers. Also, plug-ins
like Macromedia Flash and JRE for applets should be configured
AIM: To customize web browser with the LAN proxy settings

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT: Web Browser

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC
THEORY:

1. Web browser:
 A software application used to access information on the World Wide Web is called a Web
Browser. When a user requests some information, the web browser fetches the data from a web
server and then displays the webpage on the user’s screen.
 Web browsers support most of the famous Internet Protocols like HTTP, FTP.
 Common file formats a browser accepts are HTML

 Different web browsers available in the market are:

 Mosaic
 Netscape Navigator
 Internet Explorer
 Firefox
 Google Chrome

2. Bookmarks:
A bookmark is a web browser feature used to save a web site's URL address for future reference.
Bookmarks save user and browser time, which is especially useful for Web pages with long URLs or
accessing a specific part of the site that might not be the homepage for the site.

3. Pop-up blockers:
 Pop-ups are frequently used by websites to advertise products or features. They are therefore
meant to be as eye-catching as possible. This is achieved by making the pop-up open in a
small secondary window, which becomes the active window.
 Pop-up blocker is software that prevents pop-up windows from appearing on a website. Some
pop-up blockers work by immediately closing the pop-up window, while others disable the
command that calls the pop-up window. Most browser software allows the user to turn the
blocker on or off.
 Change your default pop-ups & redirects settings

 On your computer, open Chrome.

 At the top right, click More -> Settings.
 Click Privacy and security -> Site Settings -> Pop-ups and redirects.
 Choose the option that you want as your default setting.
 4. Plug-ins:
 Plugins are software extensions that can be loaded on a program to improve its functionality.
For instance, you may require a plugin if you want to watch videos. Your browser will be
unable to grasp how to play the video without plugins.
 Graphics in .gif or .jpg-format are usually automatically displayed by the browser. For other
file types you may need a special plug-in (also known as add-ons or extensions).

 Most common plugins are:

 Adobe Acrobat Reader for displaying *.pdf files
 Adobe Flash Video for streaming videos in flv format
 Apple QuickTime Player for streaming videos in qt-format
 Winamp for streaming MPEG3 sound files
 Windows Media Player - Firefox Plug-in, Chrome Plug-in, Opera Plug-in, Safari
Plug-in for streaming WMV and WMA files
 Microsoft Silverlight

PROCEDURE:

LAN Proxy Settings:

A proxy server acts as a mediator between a protected Local Area Network (LAN) and the Internet, ensuring
that all data transmission is authorized. Proxy servers are used by corporations, ISPs, and home networks to
safeguard their networks from intrusions.

Steps to be followed are:

 Launch your Chrome browser, click the menu button in the top right, and select Settings.
 Select System in the menu on the left.

 Click Open your computer’s proxy settings.

 Untick "Automatically detect settings”. Tick "Use a proxy server for your LAN".
Enabling of Macromedia Flash:
 As of 2021, Adobe has ended support for the Flash Player plugin. Flash content, including audio
and video, will no longer play back in any version of Chrome.

 One of the alternative for Adobe is Lightspark. Lightspark is a free, open-source Flash player and
browser plugin for Windows and Linux.

Enabling of JRE applets:

Javascript be enabled in Chrome. To do so, go to Settings > Advanced > Privacy and security > Site
Settings > Javascript, then make sure Allowed is enabled.

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to configure the LAN Proxy settings, Macromedia Flash and JRE
applets.

TASK 3:
Search Engines & Netiquette: Students should know what search engines are
and how to use the search engines. A few topics would be given to the students
for which they need to search on Google. This should be demonstrated to the
instructors by the student.
AIM: To know what search engines are and how to use the search engines.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT: Web browser
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC
THEORY:

Search Engine:
Search engines allow users to search the internet for content using keywords. Although the market is domi-
nated by a few, there are many search engines that people can use. When a user enters a query into a search
engine, a search engine results page (SERP) is returned, ranking the found pages in order of their relevance.
How this ranking is done differs across search engines.

Search engines often change their algorithms (the programs that rank the results) to improve user experi-
ence. They aim to understand how users search and give them the best answer to their query. This means
giving priority to the highest quality and most relevant pages.

Working of Search Engines:

There are three key steps to how most search engines work:

1. Crawling:
Search engines use programs, called spiders, bots or crawlers, to scour the internet. They may do this every
few days, so it is possible for content to be out-of-date until they crawl your website again.

2. Indexing:
The search engine will try to understand and categorise the content on a web page through 'keywords'.
Following SEO best practice will help the search engine understand your content so you can rank for the
right search queries.

3. Ranking:
Search results are ranked based on a number of factors. These may include keyword density, speed and
links. The search engine's aim is to provide the user with the most relevant result.

Although most search engines will provide tips on how to improve your page ranking, the exact algorithms
used are well guarded and change frequently to avoid misuse. But by following search engine optimisation
(SEO) best practice you can ensure that:

 Search engines can easily crawl your website. You can also prompt them to crawl new content.
 Your content is indexed for the right keywords so it can appear for relevant searches.
 Your content can rank highly on the SERP.

Netiquette:

Netiquette refers to internet guidelines that advise people on how to communicate and treat others when
interacting online. These guidelines can apply to multiple aspects of the internet, such as email, message
forums and video chats. Practicing netiquette is like practicing etiquette because both involve
interacting with others respectfully. However, the rules for netiquette are specific to online
communication.
Rules for practicing netiquette:
 Practice using empathy
 Use a friendly tone
 Use respectful language
 Send messages if appropriate
 Check for grammar mistakes
 Respect other people's privacy
 Ensure messages are clear
 Create posts that are appropriate
 Respond to emails on time
 Read content thoroughly

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt about search engines and skilled to search on Google.

TASK 4: Cyber Hygiene: Students would be exposed to the various threats

on the internet and would be asked to configure their computer to be safe on the
internet. They need to customize their browsers to block pop ups, block active x
downloads to avoid viruses and/or worms.

AIM: To know various threats in the internet and to customize the browser to avoid viruses.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT: Web browser
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC
THEORY:

Threats on the internet:

Internet-based threats are Malware programs which can be targeted when we use the Internet. These Web-
based threats include a range of malicious software programs which are designed to infect victims'
computers.

Some of the major threats on internet are as follows:

1. Spam:
Generally we received a lot of Emails with' spam ' or Junk folder insinuates that spam emails are
huge issues, with more than Half of the emails being siphoned into these folders. Being an
annoyance, spam emails are not a direct threat but they contain malware.
2. Trojan:
Trojan represents harmless computer programmes. So we don't detect them and that's why hackers
can penetrate our Computer even without being detected. Trojans make our computer completely
unprotected, which means hackers can steal any data from our system.
3. Phishing:
A phishing attack is the most dangerous attack we have because only the URL of the website will be
changed but the URL will be slightly modified. That's it the remaining website will be the same and
if you do any transactions on that phishing website your Bank account will be hacked. So you have
to be very careful and you have to check the URL.
4. Virus:
Virus is one of the most talked about internet threats. It is often attached to files for downloads,
Shared through CD's, DVD's, and USB sticks or downloaded when we open infected email
attachments.
5. Worms:
Worms will enter the computer through a malicious email attachment or USB stick. Once your
computer has been infected by a worm, it will likely send itself to every email address logged in your
system. To the receiver, the email that you send will appear harmless, until they open it and are
infected by the same worm.
6. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks:
A DoS attack is designed to overwhelm a computer system or network with traffic, making it un -
able to function properly. This can be done by sending a large number of requests to a server, or by
flooding a network with traffic.

PROCEDURE:

Block or allow pop-ups in Chrome:

 On your computer, open Chrome.

 At the top right, click More -> Settings
 Click Privacy and security -> Site Settings -> Pop-ups and redirects.
 Choose the option that you want as your default setting.
Block active x downloads to avoid viruses and/or worms:

 On your computer, open Chrome.

 At the top right, click More -> Settings
 Click Privacy and security -> Security -> Standard Protection

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt about various threats on the internet.

LaTeX & Word

TASK 1 – Word Orientation:The mentor needs to give an overview of LaTeX and Microsoft
(MS) office or equivalent (FOSS) tool word: Importance of LaTeX and MS office or quivalent
(FOSS) tool word as word processors, Details of the four tasks and features that would be
covered in each, using LaTeX and word – Accessing, Overview of toolbars, saving files, Using
help and resources, rulers, format painter in word.

AIM: To Access, Overview of toolbars, saving files, help and resources, rulers and format painter
in word.

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:LaTex
Libreoffice Writer

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

PROCEDURE:
LATEX (pronounced lay-tek) is a document preparation system for producing professional-looking
documents, it is not a word processor. It is particularly suited to producing long, structured documents, and
is very good at typesetting equations. It is available as free software for most operating systems. LATEX is
based on TEX, a typesetting system designed by Donald Knuth in 1978 for high quality digital typesetting.

Overview of LaTeX Toolbar:

Saving files:

 Go to the Format menu and select Line Numbers.

Line numbers are not essential, but will make it easier to compare your code with the
screenshots and find errors.

 Go to the Format menu and select Syntax Coloring, then LaTeX.

Syntax colouring will highlight commands in blue and can make it easier to spot mistakes.

 Type the following:

Example 1: \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\begin{document}
Asentenceoftext.
\end{document}

Example 2: \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\begin{document}
$PV = \frac{FV}{(1+\textit{i})^n}$
\end{document}

The \documentclass command must appear at the start of every LaTeX document.
The text in the curly brackets specifies the document class. The article document class is suitable for
shorter documents such as journal articles and short reports. Other document classes include report (for
longer documents with chapters, e.g. PhD theses), proc (conference proceedings), book and
slides. The text in the square brackets specifies options — in this case it sets the paper size
to A4 and the main font size to 12pt.
The \begin{document} and \end{document} commands enclose the text and commands that make
up your document.

 Click on the Save button.

 Create a new folder called LaTeX course in Libraries>Documents.

 Name your document Doc1 and save it as a TeX document in this folder.

 Make sure the typeset menu is set to pdfLaTeX.

 Click on the Typeset button.

There will be a pause while your document is being converted to a PDF file. When the compiling
is complete TeXworks’ PDF viewer will open and display your document. The PDF file is
automatically saved in the same folder as the .tex file.

LibreOffice Writer:
LibreOffice is a freely available, fully-featured office productivity suite. Its native file format is Open
Document Format (ODF), an open standard format that is being adopted by government’s world wide as a
required file format for publishing and accepting documents.
Overview of Writer Toolbars:

 Quick Access Toolbars is a customizable toolbar that comes with a set of independent commands.

 Title Bar displays the title of the currently open document.

 The Ribbon is a user interface element and it comprises seven tabs; Home, Insert, Page layout,
References, Review, View, Section and tools. Each tab has specific groups of related commands. It
gives you quick access to the commonly used commands that you need to complete a task.

Saving Files in LibreOffice Writer:

When you create a document it is important to save the document so that it can be viewed or reused
later. The basic steps to save a document are listed below;
 Click the Save Button
 A list of different commands appears
 Click the 'Save As' command
 it displays 'Save As' Dialogue Box
 Save the document to desired location with a desired name

Rulers:
Ruler is located below the Ribbon around the edge of the document. It is used to change the format
of the document, i.e. it helps you align the text, tables, graphics and other elements of your document. It uses
inches or centimeters as the measurements unit and gives you an idea about the size of the document.

Format Painter in LibreOffice Writer:

Format Painter is a tool that allows you to copy the format you use in a section of your Writer document and
apply it to another area

Use the Clone Formatting tool to copy formatting from a text selection or from an
object and apply the formatting to another text selection or object.
1. Select the text or object whose formatting you want to copy.
2. On the Standard Bar, click the Clone Formatting icon. The mouse cursor will
change to a paint bucket.
3. Select or click the text or object that you want to apply the formatting to.
 4. If you want to apply the formatting to more than one selection, double-click the Clone
Formatting icon

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt about the LaTeX tool, rulers and format painter in Libreoffice Writer

TASK 2 – Using LaTeX and Word to create a project certificate. Features to be covered –
formatting fonts in word, Drop cap in word, applying text effects, using character spacing,
borders and colors, inserting header and footer, using data and time in both LaTeX and
Word.

AIM: To create a project certificate.

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:LaTex
Libreoffice Writer

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

THEORY:

Text Formatting Bar

 Font Name: Allows you to select a font name from the list or enter a font name directly. You can
enter several fonts, separated by semicolons. ...
 Bold: Makes the selected text bold. ...
 Italic: Makes the selected text italic. ...
 Underline: Underlines or removes underlining from the selected text.
 Align Left: Aligns the paragraph to the left page margin.
 Align Left Centered: Centers the contents of the paragraph on the page.
 Align Right Centered: Aligns the paragraph to the right page margin.
 Align Right Justify: Aligns the paragraph to the left and to the right page margins.
 Superscript: Reduces the font size of the selected text and raises the text above the baseline.
 Subscript: Reduces the font size of the selected text and lowers the text below the baseline.

Drop Cap
 Formats the first letter of a paragraph with a large capital letter that can span several lines. The
paragraph must span at least as many lines as you specify in the Lines box.

 Choose Format - Paragraph - Drop Caps tab.

Text Effects:
 Special effects tools that can take text and text shape objects to another level.

 Choose View-> Toolbars-> Fontwork

Character Spacing:

 Select the characters you want to adjust the character spacing for.
 Choose format-> Character-> Spacing

Borders and Colors:

 Sets the border options for the selected objects in Writer
 You can specify the border position, size, and style in Writer.

 Choose Format - Paragraph - Borders tab.

 Choose Format - Image - Properties - Borders tab.
 Choose Format - Page - Borders tab.
 Choose Format - Character - Borders tab.

 Font color
 Character Highlighting Color
Header and Footer:
Headers and footers are areas in the top and the bottom page margins, where you can add text or
graphics. Headers and footers are added to the current page style. Any page that uses the same style
automatically receives the header or footer that you add.
 To add a header to a page, choose Insert - Header and Footer – Header
 To add a footer to a page, choose Insert - Header and Footer – Footer

Date & Time in Libreoffice Writer:

 Choose Insert->Field->Date
 Choose Insert->Field->Time

Date & Time in LaTeX:

\documentclass[english,a4paper,oneside,12pt]{article}
\begin{document}
Today’s date is \today
\end{document}

PROCEDURE:

1. Firstly insert sidebar for shortcuts.

View->Sidebar
2. Perform Page Format
Orientation -> Landscape
Margin -> Narrow
3. Zoom & View Layout
Double click on Zoom out ->Fit Width and height
4. Insert border
CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to create project certificate using the features.

TASK 3: CREATING PROJECT abstract features to be covered- formatting styles, Inserting table,
Bullets and Numbering, changing Text direction, Cell alignment, Footnote, Hyperlink, Symbols, Spell check
and Track changes.

AIM: To create a document applying the above mentioned techniques.

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:LaTex
Libreoffice Writer

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

THEORY:

Formatting Styles:

 A style is a set of rules to be followed for the effective document.

 These are the different categories of formatting styles.

 Character Styles: Use Character Styles to format single characters,

or entire words and phrases. If you want, you can nest Character
Styles.

 Page Styles: Use Page Styles to organize the structure of the

document, and to add page numbers. You can also specify the page
style to apply to the first page that follows after a page break.

 Paragraph Styles: Use Paragraph Styles to format paragraphs,

including the font type and size. You can also select the paragraph
style to apply to the next paragraph.

Inserting Table:

Create a table in a text document.

Choose Table:
Place the cursor in your document where you want to insert the table.
Choose Table - Insert Table.
In the Size area, enter the number of rows and
columns.
Select the options that you want, click OK.

Bullets and Numerbing:

 Numbered lists work best when the order or sequence is important. Bulleted lists work best when the
order doesn’t matter, but items in the list are related.
 To change format of the bullets or numbers in a list:
 Select first all list items and click the arrow on the Bulleted or Numbered list icon
  In the drop-down panel choose the new format for bullets or numbers

 Bullet & Numbering Dialog Window

 Format -> Borders and numbering

Changing Text Direction:

 Select the cells whose text you want to rotate
 You can choose Format -> Charatcer -> Rotation

Cell Alignment:
 Sets the alignment options for the contents of
the current cell or the selected cells.
 Choose Format -> Align Text

Footnote and Endnote:

 Footnotes reference more information about a topic at the bottom of a page and
endnotes reference information at the end of the document.
 Click in your document where you want to place the anchor of the note.
 Choose Insert - Footnote and Endnote - Footnote or Endnote.
  In the Numbering area, select the format that you want to use. If you se-
lect Character, click the Choose button and select the character that you
want to use for the footnote.
 In the Type area, select Footnote or Endnote.
 Click OK.
 Type the note.

Hyperlinks:
In a document it is needed to insert hyperlinks to any web address or add an email address for
communication purposes to make a point about the content of the document.

 Open the LibreOffice Writer document.

 Select the word or text where you want to make a hyperlink.
 Press Ctrl+K or from the Menu click Insert > Hyperlink.
 In the Hyperlink window, select Internet on the left side and enter the URL under Hyperlink Type >
Web.
 Press Ok.
 Now you can see your selected text is converted to a hyperlinked text.
 To test, you can hold down the CTRL key from the keyboard and click to follow the hyperlink.
Steps to Add Email Link

 Select the text where you want to place the email link.
 Open the hyperlink window by pressing CTRL+K as explained above.
 In the hyperlink window, on the left side select Mail.
 Enter the email address under Recipient by mentioning mail to URL
 Press Ok.
 Now your selected text will have an email to link and upon CTRL+clicking the default Email appli-
cation would open for sending emails.
 Symbols:
 Position the cursor at the point where the Special
character is to be inserted.
 To insert a Special Character, choose the In-
sert ▸ Special Character… menu.
 It appears the "Special Characters" dialog.
 With the Insert button the Character(s) at the
cursor position are taken over.

Spell checking:
 Click in the document, or select the text that you want to check.
 Choose Tools – Spelling

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt about the abstract features.

TASK 4: CREATING A NEWSLETTER Features to be covered:- Table of content, Newspaper columns,
Images from files and clipart, Drawing toolbar and Word Art, Formatting Images, Textboxes, Paragraphs
and Mail Merge in word.

AIM: To create a newsletter using above features

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:Libreoffice Writer

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

THEORY:
Table of contents:
A table of contents or (TOC) is created from the headings of your document. Before you insert the TOC,
make sure that you have applied headings and styled them consistently.
1. Select all text and apply Text Body paragraph style.
2. Apply the headings: Title for the title, Heading 1 for the headings and Heading 2 for the subhead-
ings.
3. To insert a TOC:
 Place the cursor in the position where you want it to appear.
 Select the menu command:
Insert > Table of Contents and Index > Table of Contents, Index or Bibliography

 Next the Insert Index or Table of Contents dialog will appear. On the left side of this window
you can see a preview of the TOC. Press OK to insert the TOC and continue.
  The TOC is automatically created and appears with a gray background color around the text.
This color is there to remind you that the text is generated automatically and does not appear in
print.

Newsletter Columns:
 A page can be formated with multiple columns. The default page layout is the one column layout
which is the layout the majority of the documents use.
 However, some types of documents such as newspapers, leaflets, scientific papers and reports use
two or more columns.

 Format -> Columns

Images from files and clipart:

 Clipart is a type of image file, mostly vector images, which are pre-made to illustrate any
subject/situation.
 Open Impress and from the menu, click Insert -> Media -> Gallery
  This would open up the Gallery window in the right sidebar. There are 12 categories of ClipArt
present today (as of the latest version). Which I feel is sufficient for basic or advanced usage.
 To insert, simply click on a ClipArt and drag it to the presentation slide. And you would have your
ClipArt inside the Impress slide.

 Images are important when you are preparing any documents, and they give the necessary
importance to the purpose of the document.
 Put the cursor at the position where you would like to insert the image on the Writer page.
 From the menu, choose Insert – Image. A dialog would open to choose the image. Select the image
and press open.
 The image would be inserted in the cursor position of the writer’s document.

Drawing toolbar and WordArt:

 Draw provides a wide range of shapes, located in palettes accessed from the Drawing toolbar.
 Drawing toolbar is accessed from the View menu > Toolbars > Drawing tools.

 Aside from basic shapes and lines, the Drawing toolbar provides Symbol, Block Arrow, Star,
Callout, flowchart, Text Box, and Fontwork shapes.
 In order to work with those lines and shapes—change the color of a line or border or the area style or
fill of a shape, or rotate the shape.
 Drawing Object Properties toolbar accessed from the View menu > Toolbars option.

Formatting images:
 a) Moving images
 Click on an image to select it and display the selection handles.
 Move the cursor over the image until it changes shape. The cursor shape depends on the com-
puter operating system, for example a clenched hand.
 Click, hold and drag the picture to the desired position, then release the hold when the image
is in the desired position.

b) Resizing images
 Click on an image to select it and display the selection handles.
 Position the cursor over one of the selection handles. The cursor changes shape giving a
graphical representation of the direction of the resizing.
 Click, hold and drag the selection handle to resize the image, and then release the hold when
the image is at the required size.
Textboxes:
 Creating a text box in Writer allows the user to move text anywhere in their document.
 Choose Insert -> Textbox
 Drag a text box to the size you want in your document.
 Type or paste your text into the text box.
 Double-click the text to edit it or to format text properties, such as font size or font color. Click the
border of the text box to edit the object properties, such as border color or arranging in front or be-
hind other objects.
 For Textbox format properties, choose Format -> Text box and Shape.

Paragraph:
A paragraph is a block of text that ends with a new line character. Every time you type the Enter key a new
line character is inserted, creating this way a paragraph. To display the new line and other hidden characters

click on the button in Standard Toolbar.

To apply formatting to one ore more paragraphs:

 First select the paragraph. In case of a single paragraph just click anywhere inside a paragraph. For
multiple paragraphs you must make a multiple or continuous selection of all text in the paragraphs.
 Then use the buttons on the Formatting toolbar, Sidebar Paragraph section or the Paragraph Format-
ting dialog window.
Mail Merge:

Mail Merge is LibreOffice tool that allows us to produce multiple documents from a single document using
a data source.

Before using the Mail Merge tool you must

 Have your data source ready

 Create the source document
 Define the dynamic parts of the source document that will be merged from the data source.

Data source
The data source can be any spreadsheet containing data in table format. The first row of the spreadsheet
must contain the field or column names.

Source document
The source document can be any Writer Document. A good practice is to mark the dynamic parts of the
document using generic titles or custom text fields. In our example the dynamic parts where the Title, First,
Last name and email of the employee.

The Mail Merge process involves three main steps

1. Connecting the data source with the source document

2. Inserting the table fields to the document
3. Produce the output (or merge) the documents.

Connecting the data source:

Open the source document and choose Edit > Exchange Database menu item.
The Available Databases panel will contain only the Bibliography database (a pre installed LibreOffice data-
base).

 Click the Browse button and find the mail-merge-sample-data.ods file (or any file you use as a data
source).
 Then select the Sheet1 and
 Click Define.

Now the data source is connected with your document and you have access to the table fields.

Insert the data fields to your document:

 With your source document still open select the View > Data Sources menu command

 Now the top of the Writer Windows displays the Data Sources window. On the left you can browse
the connected data sources and on the right the data are displayed. Make sure the correct data source
is selected. On the right pane you can sort and filter the data if required.
  Now select the Title field from the table and drag it to the [Title] placeholder inside the document.
 This automatically creates a field in the document that is connected with the title field in the data
source. Delete the [Title] placeholder because is no longer required.
 Repeat the above process for other fields.

Producing the output:

 Save as a single document. The merge output produces a single document. If for example the data
source has 10 records and the master document is one page long the output document will contain 10
pages in total.
 Save as individual documents. Creates a separate document for each record of the data source, for 10
records in data source for example 10 documents will be created.
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert a Header and Footer. Header as Project name and Footer as Page number
2. Compose a newsletter article using columns
3. Give Styles for the title and headings.
4. Insert Images for the content.
5. Insert Table of contents.
6. Create a drawing with text using shapes

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to create newsletter using above features.

EXCEL
EXCEL ORIENTATION: The mentor needs to tell the importance of MS office or equivalent
(FOSS) tool Excel as a Spreadsheet tool, give the details of the four tasks and features that
would be covered in each. Using Excel – Accessing, overview of toolbars, saving excel files, Us-
ing help and resources.
AIM: To Access, Overview of toolbars, saving files, help and resources

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:LaTex
 Libreoffice Calc

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

PROCEDURE:

LibreOffice Calc:
Calc is the spreadsheet component of LibreOffice. You can enter data (usually numerical) in a spreadsheet
and then manipulate this data to produce certain results.
Calc works with elements called spreadsheets. Spreadsheets consist of a number of individual sheets, each
sheet containing cells arranged in rows and columns. A particular cell is identified by its row number and
column letter.
Features provided by Calc include:
 Functions which can be used to create formulas to perform complex calculations on data.
 Database functions, to arrange, store, and filter data.
 Dynamic charts; a wide range of 2D and 3D charts.
 Macros, for recording and executing repetitive tasks; scripting languages supported include
LibreOffice Basic, Python, BeanShell, and JavaScript.
 Ability to open, edit, and save Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.
 Import and export of spreadsheets in multiple formats, including HTML, CSV, PDF, and PostScript.

Overview of Writer Toolbars:

Title bar:
The Title bar, located at the top, shows the name of the current spreadsheet. When a spreadsheet is newly
created from a template or a blank document, its name is Untitled X, where X is a number. When you save a
spreadsheet for the first time, you are prompted to enter a name of your choice.

Menu bar:
 When you select an item on the Menu bar, a sub-menu drops down to show commands. You can also
customize the Menu bar
 The Formula Bar is located at the top of the sheet in the Calc workspace. The Formula Bar is perma -
nently docked in this position and cannot be used as a floating toolbar. If the Formula Bar is not visi -
ble, go to View on the Menu bar and select Formula Bar.

Toolbars:
 The default setting when Calc opens is for the Standard and Formatting toolbars to be docked at the
top of the workspace.
 Calc toolbars can be either docked or fixed in place, or floating; you can move a toolbar into a more
convenient position on the workspace. Docked toolbars can be undocked and either moved to differ-
ent docked position on the workspace, or left as a floating toolbar. Toolbars that are floating when
opened can be docked into a fixed position on the workspace.

Status bar:
The Calc status bar provides information about the spreadsheet as well as quick and convenient ways to
change some of its features.

Sidebar:
The Calc Sidebar (View > Sidebar) is located on the right side of the window. It is a mixture of
toolbar and dialog. It is similar to the sidebar in Writer and consists of five decks: Properties, Styles and For-
matting, Gallery, Navigator, and Functions. Each deck has a corresponding icon on the Tab panel to the
right of the sidebar, allowing you to switch between them.

Saving Files in LibreOffice Calc:

When you create a document it is important to save the document so that it can be viewed or reused
later. The basic steps to save a document are listed below;
 Save options are present in File menu.
 Save option saves the file with updated content.
 Save As option can save the file in desired path with a new file name.
 Save a copy saves a copy of the current open workbook in a desired path.
CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt about the Toolbars in the Libreoffice Calc.

TASK 1: Creating a Scheduler - Features to be covered: Gridlines, Format Cells, Summation, auto
fill, Formatting Text
AIM: To create a Scheduler using the features

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:LaTex
Libreoffice Calc

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

THEORY:
Gridlines:
 Gridlines in Excel are those faint gray lines that you see around the cells in the worksheet. These
gridlines make it easier to differentiate between the cells and read the data.
 Gridlines are visible on the entire worksheet while borders can be applied to the entire
worksheet or to a selected region in the worksheet.
  Choose View -> View Grid Lines

 You can choose to have a different gridline color in your Excel worksheets.
 Go ‘Tools’ > ‘Options’ > ‘LibreOffice Calc’ > ‘View’ > ‘Visual Aids’ > ‘Grid lines:’

Format Cells:
 LibreOffice Calc allows you to format cells in any type without changing their value. You can
change the value “0.5” to “50%” or “$0.5”.
 Type any number in any cell of Calc.
 Calc uses the default number format when you type a number in a cell.
 To format the number, right-click on the cell and select “Format Cells”.

 Calc provides common number formats in the toolbar itself for easy access.
  Use Borders, border style, Font Color and alignment from the toolbar to give the cell a different look

 Once it is applied to the cell, it will look like this

Auto Fill:
When you have a lot of data to enter into your LibreOffice Calc spreadsheet and that data consists of same
type of repeatable pattern or sequence, you can save time by using AutoFill. To use AutoFill, you select the
cell or cells that already contain an example of what you want to fill than drag the fill handle. The fill handle
is the little black plus shape in the lower-right corner of the selected cell or range.
You can automatically fill cell with data with the Auto Fill commended or the Series commanded.

Auto Fill automatically generates a data series based on a defined pattern.

 On a worksheet, click in a cell and type a number.

 Click in another cell and then click back in the cell where you typed the number.
 Drag the handle in the bottom right corner of the cell across the cells that you want to be fill, and re-
lease the mouse bottom.
 The cells are filled with ascending numbers.

Formatting Text:
The Text Formatting Bar that is displayed when the cursor is in a text object, such as a text frame or a
drawing object contains formatting and alignment commands.

PROCEDURE:
Weekly Scheduler:

1. Start by entering all data inside the cells. Merge the content accordingly.
2. Format the time column with time format code HH:MM
3. Apply background colors.
4. Change font color, type and size where needed.
5. Vertically center all white text inside the schedule (after the row with the weekdays)
6. Resize column widths and row heights.
7. Apply Cell Borders.
8. Save your file and submit.
CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to create Scheduler using the above features.

TASK 2: Calculating GPA - Features to be covered: Cell Referencing, Formulae in excel- average,
std.deviation, charts, Renaming and Inserting worksheets, Hyper linking, count function,
LOOKUP / VLOOKUP
AIM: To Calculate GPA and to learn the above features

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT: Libreoffice Calc

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

THEORY:
Cell Referencing:
There are two types of cell references: relative and absolute. Relative and absolute references behave dif-
ferently when copied and filled to other cells or when using the auto fill feature of Calc.

 Relative references change when a formula is copied to another cell.

 Absolute references remain constant no matter where they are copied.

Relative references
By default, all cell references are relative references. When copied across multiple cells, they change based
on the relative position of rows and columns. For example, if you copy the formula =A1+B1 from row 1 to
row 2, the formula will become =A2+B2. Relative references are especially convenient whenever you need
to repeat the same calculation across multiple rows or columns.

Absolute references
To create an absolute reference in a formula we add the dollar sign ($) before the column reference, the row
reference, or both.

 $A$2 the column and the row do not change when copied
 A$2 the row does not change
 $A2 the column does not change

Formulae in LibreOffice Calc:

Average:
Enable AVERAGE sheet and do:
 Put cursor in E5.
 Do the formula =AVERAGE(E2:E4)
 Formula calculated.
This formula calculates average of several numeric values. That is, total of all members divided by number
of members.

Std.deviation:

Compute the mean of the data values and then compute the deviations of each data value from the mean.
Then we use the following standard deviation formula by actual mean method:

, where n = total number of observations.

 Put cursor in B7.

 Do the formula =STDEV(E2:E4) or select formula options from x f
 Formula calculated.

Charts:
Charts and graphs can be powerful ways to convey information to the reader. LibreOffice Calc offers a vari-
ety of different chart and graph formats for your data.
 To create a chart, first highlight (select) the data to be included in the chart
 Choose Insert > Chart from the menu bar. Or click the Chart icon on the main toolbar.

 The Chart Wizard includes a sample chart with your data. This sample chart updates to reflect the
changes you make in the Chart Wizard.

 After selecting all required details, click finish and then desired chart will be displayed.

 After you have created a chart, you may find things you would like to change. Calc provides tools for
changing the chart type, chart elements, data ranges, fonts, colors, and many other options, through
the Insert and Format menus, the right-click (context) menu, and the Chart toolbar.
Renaming and Inserting Worksheets:
 A new workbook contains only one Sheet named “Sheet1” in Calc by default.
 Right-click on the Sheet name (e.g. Sheet1, Sheet2 etc.) and choose the option “Insert Sheet”. A new
dialog would be opened, which contains various options for inserting a sheet.

 Right-click on the sheet which you want to rename and choose the option “Rename Sheet”.

Hyperlink:
Hyperlink is a text or graphic in a document that links to a resource such as webpage address or a file.
a) Add Hyperlink to Cell with External Address

 To add Hyperlink to a cell, simply click on the cell and from the Menu click Insert ->
Hyperlink. The keyboard shortcut is CTRL+K.
  In the Hyperlink dialog, on the left side select “Internet“. Enter the Web of FTP URL and then enter
Text. The Text part would be displayed in the cell. Once done, press OK.
 Now you can press CTRL+K to follow the hyperlink.

b) Add a Link to a cell within a Sheet

 To add a link to a cell within a Sheet, follow the same above process. Select a Cell, and open the hy -
perlink dialog from the menu. In the hyperlink dialog, select “Document” on the left side. In the
“Target in the document” section type the cell address e.g. B3 in Target. Click Apply.
 Add any text to it in the further settings section so that it shows in the cell.

c) Add a Link to a cell in another Sheet

 You can also add a link to another sheet or any cell. In the Hyperlink dialog box go to the Document
section. Then in the “Target in the document” section type the cell address with the sheet name like
below.
 Now when you click on the Hyperlink, Calc automatically opens up the target cell.

Count function:

Count function counts the number of cells that contain numbers, and counts numbers within the list of
arguments.
LOOKUP/VLOOKUP:

 VLOOKUP is a kind of search/lookup function in LibreOffice Calc.

 It is “vertical lookup” and searches vertically, i.e. Top to bottom in a table.

 This function searches your key to a list/table and returns a value associated with that matched value.

Syntax of VLOOKUP

=VLOOKUP(search_key, table_array, column number of table array to be returned, search_type)

 Search_key: the value you want to search for

 table_array: where you want to search

 column number: if found which column of value you want to return

 search_type: 0= Exact match; 1=Approximate match; Default is 1

Example:

 For example, if you have two sets of data with a common column, say “ID” of fruits as below. One
table has the name and per kilo price. And another table has a subset of the fruits.

 So, to find out the names and other items in the above example, I will add the below formula to cell
B2 using vlookup.

 Formula: VLOOKUP(A2,F6:G9,2,0)

 The formula search for ID at “A2”, i.e. “200” in table “F6:G9”, and returns the second column (“2”)
of the selected table.

 To calculate further, you can also fetch the price from the target table, put it in column D, and multi-
ply the total quantity to calculate the price.

 Then drag the cell handle down to fill up the rest of the cells with the formula.

 Also, make sure to change the cell reference as global by adding “$” to prevent it from
incrementing, which changes the search table. This is called an absolute reference. You
can achieve it via pressing F4 while keeping the cursor in the target cell.
  So, the final formula becomes this: VLOOKUP(A2,$F$6:$G$9,2,0)

 Formula: VLOOKUP(A2,$F$6:$H$9,3,0)*C2

PROCEDURE:
Calculating GPA
GPA, or Grade Point Average, is a measure of your average performance in a particular academic term.
GPA is a form of weighted average, where the weight of each item is its credits.
Each course is worth a specific number of credits, and a course's credit value equals its grade point multi-
plied by its credits. Once you have the credit values for each course, you need to add them up and then di-
vide the sum by the total number of credits to get your GPA.
SUMPRODUCT and VLOOKUP are two functions that we'll be using to calculate GPA.
=SUMPRODUCT(array1, array2, ...)
SUMPRODUCT is an Excel function that multiplies an array by another array, then sums the results. This
function will be useful for calculating the total credit value.

The goal is to calculate the student's GPA. First, you need to convert the grade letters into grade points:

1. Select a cell where you want to output grade points.

2. In the formula bar, enter the formula below:

=VLOOKUP(B2, $F$2:$G$6, 2)
 3. Press enter
4. Grab the fill handle and drop it into the cells below.

You have the grade points for each course, it's time to calculate the GPA.

1. Select the cell where you want to display the calculated GPA.
2. Go to the formula bar and enter the formula below:

=SUMPRODUCT(C2:C7, D2:D7)/SUM(D2:D7)

3. Press Enter.

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to calculate GPA with the above features.

TASK 3: Split cells, freeze panes, group and outline, Sorting, Boolean and logical operators,
Conditional formatting
AIM: To Perform the above features.
SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT: Libreoffice Calc

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

THEORY:
Spilt Cells:
To merge a group of cells into one cell:

1. Select the cells to merge.

2. Right-click and select merge cells

To split a cell into multiple cells:

1. Position the cursor inside the cell.

2. Right-click and select Unmerge Cells

Freeze panes:
 If you have long rows or columns of data that extend beyond the viewable area of the sheet, you can
freeze some rows or columns, which allows you to see the frozen columns or rows as you scroll
through the rest of the data.
 Choose View - Freeze Rows and Columns.
 To deactivate, choose View - Freeze Rows and Columns again.
 To freeze a row select the row below the one you want to freeze
 To freeze a column select the column on the right

Group and outline:

Grouping and outlining is the process of creating a hierarchy within your worksheet. By grouping various
cells together you can create levels of information that can be hidden or displayed as required. Outlining en-
ables you to view a summary of the data or expand it to see the detail.
a) Select the rows or columns you want to group in your spreadsheet.
b) Go to Data > Group and Outline > Group on the menu bar
 c) Above the grouped columns a control appears to show (+) or hide (-) the group. However, if there
are groups nested within each other, the basic controls have numbered buttons so you can hide the
different levels of nested groups. To hide a group of rows or columns, click the minus sign (-). To
display hidden groups of rows or columns, click the plus sign (+).

Sorting:
 Click in a database range.
If you select a range of cells, only these cells will get sorted. If you just
click one cell without selecting, then the whole database range will get
sorted.
 Choose Data – Sort
The range of cells that will get sorted is shown in inverted colors.
 Select the sort options that you want.
 Click OK.

Boolean and logical operators:

Logical Operators are used to comparing two or more relational expressions. These operators also always
give a single value as a result True or False.
Some of the logical operators are,

AND Operator:
Logically combines two expressions. It returns a value TRUE if both or all its operands
are TRUE and FALSE otherwise.

Conditional Formatting:
 Using the menu command Format - Conditional - Condition, the dialog allows you to define con-
ditions per cell, which must be met in order for the selected cells to have a particular format.

 We’re going to set up a color code that reflects test score ranges so we can quickly see which stu-
dents are doing well and which may need extra help. To do this, in that window, leave “Cell value”
as is and select the next dropdown. We’re looking for “is less than”

 We are going to apply a colored background based on these ranges. So, in the dropdown next to “Ap-
ply Style” select “New Style”:
 We have our first condition, but we wanted to assign colors based on ranges. That means we need
additional conditions. In that window, click on “Add.”
 When you click on it, you’ll get “Condition 2.” We’re going to follow what we just did for Condition
1, but we’re going to change a couple of things

 When you have all your conditions in, click “OK.” The background color for respective cell should
now change to match the conditions you created.
 Right-click on first cell and select formatting then select the cells where you want to apply it and
click with the paint bucket. All of those cells should now have the same conditions as the first cell.
CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt the LibreOffice Calc Features.

POWER POINT
TASK 1: Students will be working on basic power point utilities and tools which help
them create basic powerpoint presentations. PPT Orientation, Slide Layouts, Inserting
Text, Word Art, Formatting Text, Bullets and Numbering, Auto Shapes, Lines and Ar-
rows in PowerPoint.
AIM: To create basic powerpoint presentation using above features.

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:LaTex
Libreoffice Impress

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

PROCEDURE:
PPT Orientation:
The default for Libreoffice Impress is landscape. You can quickly change the orientation from the Slide
Orientation pull-down menu, accessible from the Slide tab on the ribbon

Side Layouts:
 In Impress every slide has a predefined layout. Slide layouts contain formatting, positioning, and
placeholders for all of the content that appears on a slide. For example the first slide by default is the
Title Subtitle slide layout. Slide layouts help us quickly create slides and keep consistency in our
presentation.
 You can choose from Slide-> Slide Layouts

Inserting Text:
 Click the Insert menu.
 Click the Text box.
 Move your cursor to the desired location in the document.
 Hold down the left-button on the mouse.
 With the left-button on the mouse (or track pad) held down, drag the mouse to create the
text box. ...
  Type the desired text.

Word Art:

 Choose the menu Insert ->Fontwork

 The Fontwork Gallery dialog is now open

  Select a Fontwork style and click OK.

Formatting Text:
 Just type in the text you want to use, select it, and double-click on the style you want to apply.
 You can choose view->toolbars->text formatting

Bullets and Numbering:

 Numbered lists work best when the order or sequence is important. Bulleted lists work best when the
order doesn’t matter, but items in the list are related.
 To change format of the bullets or numbers in a list:
 Select first all list items and click the arrow on the Bulleted or Numbered list icon
 In the drop-down panel choose the new format for bullets or numbers

Lines and Arrows:

 You can choose from insert->Shape
CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to create basic PowerPoint presentation.

TASK 2: INTERACTIVE PRESENTATIONS- Hyperlinks, Inserting –Images, Clip

Art, Audio, Video, Objects, Tables and Charts
AIM: To create interactive presentations using above features.

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:LaTex
Libreoffice Impress

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

PROCEDURE:

Hyperlinks:

In a document it is needed to insert hyperlinks to any web address or add an email address for
communication purposes to make a point about the content of the document.

 Open the LibreOffice impress document.

 Select the word or text where you want to make a hyperlink.
 Press Ctrl+K or from the Menu click Insert > Hyperlink.
 In the Hyperlink window, select Internet on the left side and enter the URL under Hyperlink Type >
Web.
 Press Ok.
 Now you can see your selected text is converted to a hyperlinked text.
  To test, you can hold down the CTRL key from the keyboard and click to follow the hyperlink.

Inserting- Images:

 Put the cursor at the position where you would like to insert the image on the impress page.
 From the menu, choose Insert – Image. A dialog would open to choose the image. Select the image
and press open.
 The image would be inserted in the cursor position of the impress’s document.

Inserting- Clip Art:

 Clipart is a type of image file, mostly vector images, which are pre-made to illustrate any
subject/situation.
 Open Impress and from the menu, click Insert -> Media -> Gallery

 This would open up the Gallery window in the right sidebar. There are 12 categories of ClipArt
present today (as of the latest version). Which I feel is sufficient for basic or advanced usage.
 To insert, simply click on a ClipArt and drag it to the presentation slide. And you would have your
ClipArt inside the Impress slide.
Inserting- Audio/video:

From the menu, choose Insert –Audio or Video. A dialog would open to choose the audio/video. Select it
and press open.

Inserting- Objects:
 Double-click the attribute where you want to insert the OLE object.
 Click Insert > OLE Object.
 Select the options that you want. Information about the available options is displayed in the Result
panel when you make a selection.
 Click OK.

Inserting- Tables:
  To insert a new table, position the cursor where you want the table to appear.
 Click the Insert -> Table icon on the Standard toolbar.
 Select the number of rows and columns you require.

Inserting- Charts:
In Impress you can use the Insert Chart menu command or toolbar button to create a chart. In
this case you must enter the chart data manually. When you click the Insert Chart button a default chart is
created. Now double click on the chart to enter chart edit mode.

Click now the Data Table button to enter the chart data. Then you can edit chart properties (type,
titles, legend, area colors).

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to create interactive presentations.

TASK 3:
Master Layouts (slide, template, and notes), Types of views (basic, presentation, slide
sorter, notes etc), and Inserting – Background, textures, Design Templates, Hidden
slides.

AIM: To create Master Layouts using above features

SOFTWAREREQUIREMENT:LaTex
Libreoffice Impress

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: PC

PROCEDURE:

Master Layouts (Slide, notes):

In Impress, to change the appearance and layout of a presentation you modify or create Slide Masters
A slide master is a slide that is used as the starting point for other slides. It is similar to a page style in
Writer: it controls the basic formatting of all slides based on it. A slide presentation can have more than one
slide master. Therefore to change the appearance of a presentation you must change or edit the Slide Master.

A slide master has a defined set of characteristics, including

a) the background color, graphic, or gradient

b) objects (such as logos, decorative lines, and other graphics) in the background
c) headers and footers
d) placement and size of text frames
e) and the formatting of text

To choose Master slide, select view->master slide

 The structure of a master slide you can start modifying them to match your design needs. You can
change background colors, font styling for the text, add decorative graphics and footers.

 Choose slide -> slide properties

Types of Views:
There are 4 types of views provided by Impress
a) Normal view
b) Outline view
c) Notes view
 d) Slide Sorter view

 At first, display the views bar.

 Choose view -> views tab bar

 Then accordingly select one of the view from the toolbar

Inserting – Background:
Choose slide-> Set Background image

Inserting – Textures:
Choose slide-> Slide Properties -> Patterns
Inserting – Design Templates:
Creating a Default Template
a) First, open either an existing LibreOffice template and modify it, or open a new document and edit it
as necessary to create the desired template.
b) Save the document by choosing File - Templates - Save as Template, then enter the template name,
click the Set as default template checkbox, and save in the My Templates category.
c) The next time you open a new text document, the new document will be based on this new default
template.

Modifying a Default Template:

a) Choose File - Templates - Manage Templates.
b) Use Filter to select the type of document.
c) The default template is marked with a green check mark. Right-click that template and choose Edit.
d) Make desired changes, choose File - Save, and close the document.
e) When you open a new document, the modified default template will be used.
Hidden Slides:
 Hides the selected slide so that it is not displayed during a slide show.
 Right click on the slide -> hide/show slide option

CONCLUSION: Successfully learnt to create master layouts.