DIALux 2.

0 - Guidelines for Illumination

In this chapter you can check which values for rated illuminance, light colour, colour rendering and the
level of glare limitation are recommended for the most diverse lighting situations and visual tasks. [A-J]
[K-R] [S-U] [V-Z]

Please, look on the left in the content for a fitting or similar word description.

Standard Values for Agriculture

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Loading and operating machines and
200 ww, nw 2,3 2
conveyors Stables and sheds
Poultry and small animals 50 ww, nw 2,3 2
Cows, horses 100 ww, nw 2,3 2
Sick animals and calving stalls 200 ww, nw 2,3 3
Feed preparation, milk parlours, wash points 100 ww, nw 2 2

Standard Values for Automotive Engineering

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Bodyshop-assembly 500 ww, nw, tw 3 2
Bodyshop-surface treatment 500 ww, nw, tw 3 2
Paintshop-spray booth 1000 ww, nw, tw 3 -
Paintshop-rubbing down 750 ww, nw, tw 3 1
Paintshop-touching up 1000 ww, nw, tw 3 1
Upholstery shop 500 ww, nw, tw 3 2
Final assembly 500 ww, nw, tw 3 2
Final inspection 750 ww, nw, tw 3 1

Standard Values for the Cement, Ceramics and Glass Industries

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Workstations and areas at furnaces, mixers, or
200 ww, nw 3 3
grinders in brickworks
Enamelling, rolling, pressing, moulding simple
300 ww, nw 3 2
parts, glazing, glass-blowing
Glass grinding, etching, polishing, moulding
500 ww, nw 3 1
precision parts, glass instrument manufacture
Art work 500 ww, nw 2A 1
Cutting lenses, cut glass 750 ww, nw 2A 1
Hand cutting and engraving, medium accuracy
1000 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
work, precision working

Standard Values for Warehouses and Stores

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Store room aisles and passages 50 ww, nw 3 3
Warehouses with uniform or bulky items 50 ww, nw 3 3
Warehouses with various items and search
100 ww, nw 3 3
requirements
Warehouses with reading requirements 200 ww, nw 3 2

Standard Values for Dairies

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Heating area, refrigeration plant 200 ww, nw 2 2
Pasteurisation, bottle sorting, weighing room 300 ww, nw 2 2
Inspection zone, washer, filling inspection
750 ww, nw 1 1
point, laboratory

Standard Values for Electrical Engineering

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Cable and wire manufacture, coil coating and
impregnation, plant assembly, simple assembly
300 ww, nw 3 1
work, winding armatures and coils with thick
wire
Assembling telephones and small machines,
500¹ ww, nw, tw 3 1
winding armatures and coils with medium wire
 Assembling precision equipment, radios and
TV sets, winding fine wire coils, fuse
1000 ww, nw, tw 3 1
manufacture, adjustment, checking and
calibration
Precision assembly work, electronic
1500 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
components

Standard Values for Exhibitions, Museums, Libraries

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

General exhibition areas 300 ww, nw 1 1
Collections 300 ww, nw 1 1
Book department 300 ww, nw 1 1
Reading room 300 ww, nw 1 1
Reading desks 500 ww, nw 1 1

Standard Values for the Food and Tobacco Industry

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Workstations and areas in breweries, at the
oast, for washing, barelling, cleaning, sifting,
pealing, processing in canneries and chocolate 200 ww, nw 2A 3
plants, sugar refineries, for drying and
fermenting raw tobacco, in fermenting cellars
Sorting and washing, grinding, mixing, packing 300 nw 2A 2
Workstations and areas in abattoirs, butchers,
300 nw 2A 2
dairies, mills, at flour bottoms
Cutting and sorting fruit and vegetables 300 nw 2A 1
Production plants for delicatessen, kitchens,
500 nw 2A 2
cigar and cigarette manufacture
Checking jars and quality controls, garnishing,
500 nw 2A 1
decorating, sorting
Color controls, laboratories 1000 ww, nw, tw 1A 1

Standard Values for Foundries

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.
 Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Accessible underground conduits, conveyors,
50 ww, nw 3 3
cellars, etc.
Platforms 100 ww, nw 3 2
Sand moulding 200 ww, nw 3 3
Dressing room 300 ww, nw 3 2
Furnace and mixer workstations 200 ww, nw 3 2
Casting bays 300 ww, nw 3 2
Knocking out 200 ww, nw 3 2
Machine moulding 200 ww, nw 3 2
Hand moulding 300 ww, nw 3 2
Core moulding 300 ww, nw 3 2
Model workshop 500 ww, nw 3 1
Diecasting plants 300 ww, nw 3 2

Standard Values for Hairdressing and Cosmetics

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Hairdressing 500 ww, nw, tw 1A 1
Cosmetics 750 ww, nw, tw 1A 1

Standard Values for High-Bay Warehouses

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Aisles 20 ww, nw 3 3
Operator's stand 200 ww, nw 2A 1
Shipping 200 ww, nw 3 2

Standard Values for Hospitals

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Ward
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 100 ww 1 1
Reading light 200 ww 1 1
 Examination lighting 300 ww 1 1
Night light, night observation lighting approx. 5 ww 1 1

Ward for neonates

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 200 ww 1 1
Night observation lighting 20 ww 1 1
General examination and Treatment rooms 500 ww, nw 1 1

Treatment rooms
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Examination light >1000 ww, nw 1 -

Special examination and treatment rooms, endoscopic examination

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Preparation 500 - 1 1
Urology 50 ww, nw 1 1
Rectoscopy 50 ww, nw 1 1
Gynaecology 50 ww, nw 1 1

Ophthalmic examination
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 500 - 1 1
Refractometry, skiascopy 50 ww, nw 1 1
Ophthalmoscopy, ophthalmometry 50 ww, nw 1 1
Perimety and adaptometry 5 ww, nw 1 1

Radiography
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 500 ww, nw 1 1
Workstation with display terminal 20 ww, nw 1 1

Dental examination
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 500 ww, nw 1 1
Illumination of the oral cavity >8000 ww, nw 1 1
Illumination of the patient zone 1000 ww, nw 1 1

Dermatological examination
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 500 ww, nw 1 1

Intensive care units

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting in the room 100 ww, nw 1 1
Ambient lighting at the bed 300 ww, nw 1 1
Examination lighting at the bed 1000 ww, nw 1 1
Night observation lighting 20 ww, nw 1 1

Operating theaters
 Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 1000 ww, nw 1 1
20.000 bis
Operating field illumination ww, nw 1 1
100.000 W
2000 (min.
Operating zone illumination ww, nw 1 1
1000 lx)

Therapy rooms, medicinal baths, physiotherapy, massage

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 300 ww, nw 1 1

Dialysis rooms
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting in the room 100 ww 1 1
Ambient lighting at the bed 500 ww 1 1

Laboratories and pharmacies

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 500 ww, nw 1 1
Color checks 1000 tw 1 1

Stairs and corridors

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Wards by day 200 ww 2 1
Wards by night 50 ww 2 1
Operating tract by day 300 nw 2 1
Operating tract by night 100 nw 2 1

Toilets and disposal rooms

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Washbasin, on the ward 100 ww 1 -
Toilets 200 ww 2 -
Work rooms 300 ww, nw 2 -

Duty rooms
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 300 ww 1 1
Demanding visual tasks 500 ww 1 1

Post-mortem rooms
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Ambient lighting 1000 nw 1 1
Task lighting >5000 nw 1 -

Standard Values for the Hotel and Catering Trades

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Reception 200 ww, nw 2A 1
Kitchen 500 ww, nw 2A 2
Restaurants 200 nw 1B -
Conference rooms 300 ww, nw 2A 1
Self-service facilities 300 ww, nw 1B 1

Standard Values for In-house Services

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Machine rooms 100 ww, nw 3 3
Energy supplies and distribution 100 ww, nw 3 3
Telex office, mail office 500 ww, nw 2A 1
Telephone exchange 300 ww, nw 2A 1

Standard Values for Interior Circulation Areas

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

For personnel 50 ww, nw 3 3
For personnel and vehicles 100 ww, nw 3 3
Stairs, ramps, escalators 100 ww, nw 3 2
Loading bays 100 ww, nw 3 3
Automatic conveyors and belts in circulation
100 ww, nw 3 3
areas

Plant vehicle entrances

Räume / Tätigkeiten Em[lx] F R G
2 x En¹ (min.
by day ww, nw 3 -
400)
by night 0,5 x En¹ ww, nw 3 -

¹ pursuant to ASA 713, DIN 5035 and ÖNORM 1040

Standard Values for the Jewellery Industry, and Clock and Watch-making

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.
Standard Values for Laundries and Dry-cleaners

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Washing 300 ww, nw 2A 2
Machine ironing 300 ww, nw 2A 1
Hand ironing 300 ww, nw 2A 1
Sorting 300 ww, nw 2A 1
Stain removal, inspection 1000 ww, nw 2A 1

Standard Values for the Leather Industry

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Workstations at vats and pits 200 ww, nw 3 3
Shaving, skiving, smoothing, drumming 300 ww, nw 2A 1
Saddlery, stitching, sewing, polishing, sorting,
500 ww, nw 2A 1
pressing, cutting, shoe production
Dyeing 750 ww, nw 2A 1
Quality controls - medium standard 750 nw 1B 1
Quality controls - high standard 1000 nw, tw 1B 1
Quality controls - very high standard 1500 nw, tw 1B 1
Quality controls - color controls 1000 nw, tw 1A 1

Standard Values for the Metalworking Industries

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Hammer-forging small part 200 ww, nw 3 2
Welding 300 ww, nw 3 2
Machining centers, automatic and
300 ww, nw 3 3
semiautomatic machine plant
Rough and medium-accuracy machining, max.
300 ww, nw 3 1
tolerance > 0.1 mm
Precision machining ,max. tolerance < 0.1 mm 500 ww, nw 3 1
Robot workstations 300 ww, nw 3 1
Marking, checking, measuring 750 ww, nw 3 1
Toolmaking, construction of jigs and fixtures,
templates, precision engineering, precision 1000 ww, nw, tw 3 3
assembly work
Cold rolling mills 200 ww, nw 3 2
Wire and tube drawing mills, cold strip
300 ww, nw 3 2
production
Sheet metal working 300 ww, nw 3 2
Production of small tools and cutlery 500 ww, nw 3 1
Assembly - rough 200 ww, nw 3 2
Assembly - medium 300 ww, nw 3 1
Assembly - fine 500 ww, nw 3 1
Drop-forging 200 ww, nw 3 2

Standard Values for Mills

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Cleaning 200 ww, nw 2 -
Sifting, grinding, bagging 300 ww, nw 2 3
Inspection 750 ww, nw 1 1

Standard Values for Office Interiors

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Supplementary lighting for workstations near
300 ww, nw 2A 1
windows
Offices 500 ww, nw 2A 1
Open-plan office - with high reflectance 750 ww, nw 2A 1
Open-plan offices - with medium reflectance 1000 ww, nw 2A 1
Technical drawing 750 ww, nw 2A 1
Meeting and conference rooms 300 ww, nw 2A 1
Reception areas 100 ww, nw 2A 1
Customer areas 200 ww, nw 2A 1
Data processing 500 ww, nw 2A 1
Standard Values for Paper Manufacturing and the Graphic Trades

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Workstations at beaters, breaker vats, pulp
200 ww, nw 3 3
mills
Paper-making, corrugating and cardboard
300 ww, nw 3 2
machines
Bookbinding, wallpaper printing 300 ww, nw 2A 1
Cutting, gilding, embossing, machine printing 500 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
Hand printing, paper sorting 750 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
Retouching, lithography, hand and machine
1000 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
setting, overlaying
Color controls for multi-color printing 1500 ww, nw, tw 1A 1
Task lighting for steel and copper engraving 2000 ww, nw, tw 2A 1

Standard Values for the Plastics Processing Industry

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Injection moulding 500 ww, nw 3 2
Blowing 300 ww, nw 3 2
Moulding 300 ww, nw 3 2

Standard Values for Power Plants

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Loading plant 50 ww, nw, tw 3 3
Boiler room 100 ww, nw, tw 3 3
Pressure suppression chamber (atomic power
200 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
plant)
Power house 100 ww, nw, tw 3 2
Ancillary rooms, e.g. pump rooms, condenser
50 ww, nw, tw 3 2
rooms
Indoor switching plant 100 ww, nw, tw 2A 2
Control room 300 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
Turbine and generator maintenance 500 ww, nw, tw 2B 2
Standard Values for Restrooms, Sanitary Areas and First-aid Points

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Canteens 200 ww, nw 2A 1
Staffrooms and restrooms 100 ww, nw 2A 1
Keep-fit rooms 300 ww, nw 2A 1
100 ww, nw 2A 2
Washrooms 100 ww, nw 2A 2
Toilets 100 ww, nw 2A 2
Medical rooms, first-aid points 500 ww, nw 1A 1

Standard Values for Schools

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Classrooms - day classes 300 ww, nw 1 1
Classrooms - evening classes 500 ww, nw 1 1
Lecture halls, laboratories, drawing rooms 500 ww, nw 1 1

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Workshops - Staff rooms 300 ww, nw 2 2
Circulation areas, corridors, stairs 100 ww, nw 2 1
Changing rooms, washrooms, showers 100 ww, nw 2 1
Gymnasia 200 ww, nw 2 1
Indoor swimming pools 200 ww, nw 2 1

Standard Values for Smelting Plants, Steel Works, Rolling Mills and Foundries

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Production plants - with automatic operation 50 ww, nw 3 3
Production plants - requiring some manual
100 ww, nw 3 3
control
Production plant with permanently manned
200 ww, nw 3 2
workstations
Control, metering and monitoring points 300 ww, nw 2A 1
Quality controls and testing 500 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
Standard Values for Sports Premises

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Basketball, handball, volleyball, football, gymnastics, ice hockey, ice skating, roller skating,
cycling
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Training, recreational sport 200 ww, nw 2 2
Competitions, competitive sport 500 ww, nw 2 2

Billiards
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Recreational games 200 ww, nw 2 1
Competition games 500 ww, nw 2 1
Ambient lighting 100 ww, nw 2 1

Bowling, skittles
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Run-up 200 ww, nw 2 1
Alley 100 ww, nw 2 1
Skittle board vertical 300 ww, nw 2 1

Fencing
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Recreational sport 300 ww, nw 2 2
Competitive sport 500 ww, nw 2 2

Wrestling, judo
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Training and amateurs 200 ww, nw 2 2
Professional matches 500 ww, nw, tw 2 2
International meetings 1000 ww, nw, tw 2 2

Shooting
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Aiming point and ambient lighting 100 ww, nw 2 2
Targets vertical 500 ww, nw 2 2

Table-tennis
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Recreational sport 200 ww, nw 2 2
Competitive sport 500 ww, nw 2 2
International meetings 1000 ww, nw 2 2

Tennis
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
 Recreational sport 200 ww, nw, tw 2 2
Competitive sport 500 ww, nw, tw 2 2
International meetings 750 ww, nw, tw 2 2

Indoor riding
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Riding 100 ww, nw 2 2
Jumping, dressage 200 - 500 ww, nw 2 2

Boxing
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Training 300 ww, nw, tw 2 2
Amateur bouts 500 ww, nw, tw 2 2
Professional meetings 1500 ww, nw, tw 2 2

International meetings
Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G
Small arenas 2000 ww, nw, tw 2 2
Big arenas 5000 ww, nw, tw 2 2
Seating areas during the fight 20 ww, nw 2 2
Seating areas before/after the fight 50 ww, nw 2 2

Standard Values for Surface Treatment

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Galvanising 300 ww, nw, tw 3 2
Priming, painting, varnishing 500 ww, nw, tw 3 1
Quality controls 750 ww, nw, tw 2A 1

Standard Values for the Textile Industry

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Workstations and areas at baths baths and
200 ww, nw 3 3
bale openers
Carding, washing, ironing, willowing, drawing,
combing, sizing, card cutting, slubbing, jute and 300 ww, nw 3 2
hemp spinning
 Dyeing 300 ww, nw, tw 2A 2
Warping, dressing, spinning, spooling, winding,
500 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
twisting, braiding, knitting, weaving
Trace combing, mending, sewing, printing 750 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
Millinery 750 ww, nw, tw 2A 1
Trimming, burling 1000 nw, tw 2A 1
Quality controls, color controls 1000 ww, nw, tw 1A 1
Invisible mending 1500 nw, tw 2A 1

Standard Values for Theaters, Concert Halls and Cinemas

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Lobby, foyer, cloakroom 200 ww 1 2
Ticket office 300 ww 1 2
Rehearsal room, changing room 200 ww 2 2
Auditorium during breaks 100 ww 1 2
Music stands 500 ww 1 2

Standard Values for the Timber and Woodworking Industries

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Steaming pit 100 ww, nw 3 3
Saw gate 200 ww, nw 3 2
Planing, gluing, assembly 300 ww, nw 2A 2
Selection and inspection of veneers, marquetry 500 ww, nw 1A 1
Pattern making, polishing, varnishing 500 ww, nw 2A 1
Woodworking machines: turning, shaping,
surfacing, rebating, mortising, cutting, sawing, 500 ww, nw 2A 1
milling
Wood processing 500 ww, nw 2A 1
Quality controls 750 nw, tw 1A 1

Standard Values for the Trades

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

 Derusting and painting steel metals 200 ww, nw 3 2
Preassembly of heating and airconditioning
200 ww, nw 3 2
systems
Locksmithing, plumbing 300 ww, nw 3 2
Automobile repairs and servicing 300 ww, nw 3 2
Carpentry 500 ww, nw 3 2
Repair shops for machinery 500 ww, nw 3 1
Radio and TV repair shops 500 ww, nw 2A 1

Standard Values for Wholesale and Retail

The standard values for service illuminance (Em [Lux]), color appearance (F), color rendering group (R),
and direct glare restriction class (G) are listed in the table for the various types of interior or activity. The
ratings for service illuminance, color rendering group, and direct glare restriction class represent
minimum values to be met by the lighting system.

Interiors / Activities Em[lx] F R G

Sales areas 300 ww, nw 2A 1
POS workstations 500 ww, nw 2A 1

DIALux 2.0 - Professional Lighting Planning under Windows Absorption

DIALux - Lighting Engineering

[A] [B] [D] [E] [G] [H] [I] [L] [M] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W]

Please, look on the left in the content for a fitting or similar word description.

Absorption

Light that falls on a surface can either be absorbed, transmitted or reflected, depending on the properties
of the material involved. Reflection factors (r), absorption factors (a) and transmission factors (t) can be
between 0 and 1 (0 -100%). The sum of the three factor is always 1. The transmitted or reflected
radiation can be regular (1), scattered (2) or completely diffuse (3).

Absorption factor α

The absorption factor is the ratio of absorbed light to incident light. A matt black solid absorbs almost all
incident light, while a white solid absorbs very little. Here are some typical absorption factors:

Material
 clear glass 2 ... 4%
prismatic glass 5 ... 10%
plastic (white, opaque) 10 ... 20%

Accent Lighting

For many applications (sales areas, exhibition areas, prestigious interiors) effective use can be made of
accent lighting in addition to Ambient Lighting Spots, downlights and wallwashers are employed for this
purpose in order to

z emphasise individual objects (in museums or sales areas)

z focus on architectural elements (e.g. a ring of downlights placed round a column)

z lend visual structure to an interior (zoning, orientation)

In all cases the highlighting must be designed to attract attention and guide the eye of the visitor or
customer. Differences in luminance (Contrast) and the distribution of luminance determine the degree of
highlighting.

Accommodation

The human eye is capable of focusing on objects at various distances and creating a sharp image on the
retina. This process of adjustment within the human eye is called accommodation. In the case of
inadequate lighting conditions (less than 100 lx or in thick mist or fog) accommodation of the human eye
is reduced. It also declines as people grow older starting at the age of about 40-45.

Adaptation

Adaptation is the ability of the human eye to adjust to average Luminance in the field of vision. The
human eye is capable of adapting within a luminance range of 10-6 cd/m² to about 105 cd/m².

If the field of vision includes significant areas of pronounced luminance contrast, a process of continual
re-adaptation takes place, which can soon cause fatigue. A lighting system offering optimum conditions
for both visual perception and subjective well-being must therefore create a balanced distribution of
luminance with the support of the appropriate choice of furnishings for the interior. (cf. Contrast)

Ambient Lighting

Ambient lighting is the term given to the uniform illumination (Uniformity) of an interior designed to create
roughly equal visual conditions throughout. This is mostly achieved with a regular luminaire
configuration, e.g. ceiling lighting systems.

For many applications (i.e. types of interior or activity involved) the required level of Illuminance is
defined in the standards with reference to the working plane (DIN 5035, ÖNorm 1040, SEV 8912).

In addition to an adequate level of illuminance, however, other criteria for a good lighting system apply
(Ten Guidelines for Right Light)
Angle of Diffusion

The plane angle of diffusion describes the rotation-symmetrical light distribution of a spot or flood (DIN
5037, Sheet 1). It is formed by two beam angles of equal Luminous Intensity within a plane. Luminous
intensity within this angle of diffusion must be higher than the luminous intensity selected.

In many cases the beam pattern of a spot or flood is described in terms of one-half peak or one-tenth
peak divergence. This is the term given to the aperture angle at which luminous intensity sinks to half or
one-tenth maximum (cf. Polar Curve, Illuminance Cone). In this context, DIN 5037, Part 4 describes one-
half-peak divergences of up to 5° as ultra-narrow beam, from 5° to 10° as narrow-beam, from 10° to 50°
as wide angle and above 50° as extra-wide angle.

The useful angle of diffusion is the plane angle characterised by the Luminous Intensity, Luminance or
Illuminance required for a defined task. (DIN 5037, Sheet 1).

Auxiliary Circuit for Run-up and Restrike

After ignition High-pressure Discharge Lamps generally require a run-up time of up to 10 min. before
they develop full Luminous Flux and gas discharge is stabilised (cf. Igniter).

To bridge this period, in which neither illuminance nor Color Appearance conform to lamp rating, an
auxiliary lamp with instant start characteristics can be incorporated in the luminaire.

The auxiliary light source provides the minimum required illuminance. Once the primary lamp has
stabilised, the auxiliary is switched off. Should the high-pressure lamp be extinguished briefly, the
auxiliary circuit is again employed until Reignition occurs.

Ballasts

Ballasts are needed to operate Discharge Lamp such as Fluorescent Lamps, Compact Fluorescent
Lamps, High-pressure Mercury Lamps, Metal Halide Lamps, and High-pressure Sodium Lamps. They
serve to stabilise gas discharge by limiting the current during operation and they deliver the necessary
striking voltage for starting where necessary.

Ballasts - Electronic Ballasts

Electronic ballasts are used to run fluorescent lamps at high frequencies (approx. 35 - 40 kHz). This has
a number of advantages compared with conventional operation using magnetic ballasts at 50 Hz mains
frequency.

High-frequency operation

With high -frequency operation the lamp remains continuously lit and provides flicker-free light, which is a
significant improvement in terms of visual comfort. Luminous ripple also occurs at high frequency, which
greatly reduces the risks involved in working with rotating machinery (Stroboscopic Effect). With high-
frequency operation, power consumption at the lamp for the same light output is approx. 7 - 11% lower
than with conventional operation (higher system efficiency).

Compensation and ignition

Electronic ballasts incorporate compensation and ignition gear (P.F. approx. 0.95), which ensures a
gentle lamp start without irritating flicker. The drop in luminous flux is reduced and lamp life is increased
by up to 30-50%. At the end of lamp life theelectronic ballast switches the system off after 1 - 3 min., and
thus puts a stop to the wasteful and annoying attempts at reignition. All together electronic ballasts offer
up to 30% energy savings compared with conventional ballasts.

Lighting management and control

Electronic ballasts can be dimmed by reducing the supply voltage (transformer) or by phase-angle
control Dimmer. Lamp start is possible from a dimming level of approx. 55%.

Metal halide lamps

Auch Metal Halide Lamps can also be run with electronic ballasts. The advantages are similar to those
relating to fluorescent lamps. In addition a consistent color appearance can be maintained in spite of
fluctuations in the mains voltage.

Service life

With electronic ballasts, service life is much longer than lamp life. In principle all fluorescent lamps can
be operated with an electronic ballast, but only lamps without an integrated starter should be used
(Compact Fluorescent Lamps with 4-pin base).

The markings of the various national testing institutes (VDE, ÖVE, KEMA etc.) indicate that the product
meets the prescribed standards of engineering and safety.

Ballasts for flourescent/compact-flourescent lamps

A ballast is required to start and operate a fluorescent lamp. In combination with the starter the ballast
delivers the striking voltage needed to start the lamp. During lamp operation the ballast maintains the
required current for the lamp. Ballasts can be divided up into magnetic ballasts ( Conventional Magnetic
Ballasts, Low-loss Ballasts) and Electronic Ballasts. The required level of comfort and economy plus
technical requirements determine which ballasts are used for which application.

Ballasts - High pressure discharge lamps

Ballasts are needed to run high pressure discharge Lamps with their various gas fillings (mercury vapour,
sodium vapour or metal halide).

They stabilise the lamp current and thus lamp power. The rating of the ballast is important to ensure
proper lamp operation.
In the case of low-power (150 W) metal halide lamps especially, an excessive temperature rise can occur
in the ballast at the end of lamp life. The ballast should therefore always be fitted with overtemperature
protection.

Whereas high pressure mercury lamps strike at mains voltage, most metal halide and high pressure
sodium lamps require an additional Igniter.

Ballasts - Magnetic Ballasts

Magnetic ballasts are chokes which limit the current passing through a lamp connected in series on the
principle of selfinduction. The resultant current and power are decisive for the efficient operation of the
lamp. A specially designed ballast is required for every type of lamp so as to comply with lamp rating in
terms of Luminous Flux, Color Appearance and service life.

Ballast quality criteria

A good ballast combines low power consumption (low ballast losses = high efficiency), long service life
(even at extreme temperatures) and constant rating performance. To avoid the risk of fire and damage to
the ballast, overtemperature protection with an automatic cutout should be incorporated. The markings of
the various national testing institutes (VDE, ÖVE, KEMA etc.) indicate that the product meets the
prescribed standards of engineering and safety.

There are two types of magnetic ballasts for fluorescent lamps:

z KVG Conventional ballasts = the EC-A series

z VVG Low-loss ballasts = the EC-B series

Low-loss ballasts have a higher efficiency, which means reduced ballast losses and a lower thermal
load.

Bibliography

The various subjects relating to modern lighting technology are dealt with in depth in the Handbuch für
Beleuchtung This is the standard reference work for everyone whose work involves questions of light and
lighting. The manual, which is now in its 5th edition, is published by the Lighting Engineering Societies of
Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands (LiTG, LTAG, SLG, NSVV). This work has served as
a source for many of the explanations provided in the DIALux Help texts without acknowledgement in the
individual case.

The following is a list of the basic and commonly cited standards and regulations in the field of lighting
technology (D, A, CH, NL, international):

National standards and regulations

z DIN 5031
Radiation physics in the optical range and lighting technology

z DIN 5032
Light measurement

z DIN 5034
Daylight interior lighting

z DIN 5035
Artificial lighting of interiors

z DIN 5036
 Radiometric and photometric properties of materials

z DIN 5037
Photometric evaluation of spotlights

z DIN 5039
Light, lamps, luminaires

z DIN 5040
Luminaires for lighting purposes

z DIN 6169
Color rendering

z DIN 66234
VDU workstations

z ASR 7/3
Artificial lighting

z ÖNORM 1040
Artificial lighting of interiors

z SEV 8910
Measurement and evaluation of lighting systems

z SEV 8911
Daylighting of interiors

z SEV 8912
Artificial lighting of interiors

z NEN 1890
Binnenverlichting

International standards and regulations

z CIE No. 29.2

Guide on interior lighting

z CIE No. 55
Discomfort glare in the interior working environment

z IEC 598
Luminaires, General requirements and tests

Boundary Zone

If a room is not utilised right up to the walls, calculations for the lighting system can be limited to a
working plane reduced by a peripheral margin of 0.5 m for each wall. In such a case it is sufficient if the
requirements for mean illuminance and uniformity are met for this reduced area. A drop in illuminance
towards the boundary zones does not affect lighting conditions for the workstations.
N = working plane
R = boundary zone
Brightness

Although the effect of brightness emanating from an object depends primarily on its Luminance,
luminance cannot be treated as an absolute measure for the perception of brightness. Given different
levels of surrounding brightness, surfaces of identical luminance can in fact lead to varying subjective
assessments of brightness. Luminance is a quantifiable physical value, whereas brightness is an
expression of a subjective response. For photopic vision, brightness is roughly proportional to the
logarithm of luminance.

Capacitors

Capacitors are fitted to luminaires that operate with discharge lamps either to improve the power factor
Power Factor Correction (cf. Circuit Types) or to suppress radio noise voltage in the long and medium-
wave ranges.

It is a legal requirement that luminaires that operate with fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps be
fitted with radio interference suppression for switch start operation. This is done by incorporating a radio
interference suppression capacitor, which is connected in parallel between the phase and the neutral.
The compensating capacitor provides the necessary radio interference suppression for luminaires with
parallel compensation.

Circuit Types

Starters and Ballasts are required to ignite and operate fluorescent lamps.

After ignition the operating current is regulated by the ballast. The inductance of a magnetic ballast not
only limits the current, however, it also causes a phase shift between current and voltage. As a result
both active power and reactive power are "consumed". Normal electricity metres do not measure this
reactive power, although it does place a load on the grid. That is why public utilities require customers to
use discharge lamps for compensation for their electrical systems (with a few exceptions).

Capacitors can be employed to correct the phase shift between current and voltage. This works on the
principle that a capacitor used for capacitance causes a phase shift in the opposing direction to that
deriving from inductance. Capacitive ballasts can also be used to compensate the inductance of a
corresponding number of magnetic ballasts.

In addition to power factor correction, Capacitors are also employed for radio interference suppression.
This normally takes the form of an anti-interference capacitor connected in parallel to the terminal block.

The following circuit types are used to operate fluorescent lamps:

z Inductive Circuits for One Lamp

z Capacitive Circuits for One Lamp

z Compensated Circuits

z Dual Circuits

z Tandem Circuits

Circuit Types - Capacitive circuit for one lamp

In addition to the gear required to start and operate a fluorescent lamp, i.e. a Starter and a Ballast, which
is also included in the inductive circuit , a capacitive circuit for one lamp also has a series capacitor to
compensate the inductance. In fact ballast inductance is overcompensated by the capacitor, i.e.
capacitance is really excessive. That permits a further single inductive circuit to be compensated as well.
This form of compensation produces a ripple frequency blocking circuit.

overcompensated cos j ~0,5 kap.

Type code : c

Circuit Types - Compensated circuit

In comparison with the single capacitive circuit, the compensated circuit has a parallel capacitor instead
of a series capacitor. It also includes the gear required to start and operate a fluorescent lamp, i.e. a
Starter and a Ballast. The power factor is almost completely corrected by the capacitor connected in
parallel to the mains. The parallel capacitor also provides radio interference suppression.

Parallel kompensate cos j ³ 0,9

Circuit Types - Dual circuit

The combination of an inductive and a capacitive circuit for one lamp with two fluorescent lamps provides
almost complete power factor correction. Stroboscopic Effects are also largely eliminated with this type
of circuit.

cos j ~ 0,95
Type code : d

Circuit Types - Inductive circuit for one lamp

The inductive circuit for one lamp is the simplest basic circuit. It only includes the gear required to start
and operate a fluorescent lamp, i.e. a Starter and a Ballast. Ballast inductance is fully effective.

not compensated cos j ~ 0,5 ind;

Type code : i

Circuit Types - Tandem circuit

Two fluorescent lamps connected in series are operated with just one Ballast. Since each lamp only
receives half the voltage, a 110 V starter must be used with each lamp. This type of circuit is only
suitable for use with the following lamp-ballast combinations:

Lamp Length [mm]

T16 4W 136
T16 6W 212
T16 8W 288
T26 15W 438
T26 18W 590
T38 20W 590
TC-L 18 W 225

The circuit is not compensated. If ignition time for luminaires on a tandem circuit is too long, simply
reverse the polarity of one of the starters (turn the starter through 180° and replace).

Color appearance

Color appearance is the term given to the chromaticity of a primary radiator, i.e. a light source (in
contrast to the object color of a solid that derives from irradiation). Color appearance is a product of the
spectral composition spectrum of the radiated light. The chromaticity of a light source is compared with
the color of a black body or Planckian radiator and is expressed in terms of the nearest temperature (cf.
Color Temperature). Red chromaticity is in the low color temperature range, changing to white and then
blue with rising temperature. Color temperature is expressed in degrees Kelvin (K).

In both the DIN and CIE standards, artificial light sources are classified in terms of their color
appearance. To the human eye they all appear to be white; the difference can only be detected by direct
comparison. Visual performance is not directly affected by differences in color appearance.
 DIN - Classification
Abbreviati Color temperature Philips T26 and TC lamp
on range Tn codes CIE - Classification
warm color 29, 33, 82, 83, 92, 9330, 31, Abbreviat
ww < 3300K on
appearance 32,41
intermediate
Group 1 warm
color nw 3300K ...5000K 84, 9420, 21, 22, 25
appearance Group 2 mittel
cool color 25, 76, 86, 95, 9610, 11, 12,
tw 5000K Group 3 kalp
appearance 72

Color rendition

Color rendition is the term used to describe the degree to which an object or surface color (walls, ceiling,
furniture, workpiece) seems "normal" when viewed under artificial light. It is an important quality criterion.
The concept of color rendition is based on the assumption that an object color appears normal when
illuminated by a thermal radiator or daylight (High Color Temperature).

The general color rendering index (Ra) expresses the sum of the differences measured for various test
colors when comparing a given illuminant with a reference light source . A simple overview is available in
the form of color rendition classes for light sources pursuant to DIN 5035, Part 1.

Color rendition classes

The standard defines six color rendition classes, which can be matched with the general color rendering
index as follows:

Classification Color Rendition Class Color Rendering Index Ra

very good 1A Ra ≥ 90
1B 80 ≤ Ra < 90
good 2A 70 ≤ Ra < 80
2B 60 ≤ Ra < 70
not so good 3 40 ≤ Ra < 60
4 20 ≤ Ra < 40

Various levels of color rendition are prescribed in the standards (e.g. DIN 5035, Part 2) depending on the
type of the interior and the activities involved. In general, Color Rendition Class 1A indicates the best
possible quality of color rendition, as required for color testing and monitoring, for example, as well as in
critical areas in hospitals and clinics. For office interiors Class 2A is normally adequate.

Quality of color rendition

The decisive factor in the quality of the color rendition available from a lighting system is the choice of
lamps. Thermal radiators such as incandescent lamps have very good color rendition characteristics,
while fluorescent lamps come in a variety of quality classes.

very not so
good
Color rendition class good good
1B 2B 3 4
1A 2A
Color rendering index Ra ≥ 90 80 ≤ Ra 70 ≤ Ra 60 ≤ Ra 40 ≤ Ra 20 ≤ Ra
Ra < 90 < 80 < 70 < 60 < 40
Incandescent lamps X X
X X
Compact-
 fluorescent lamps
Fluorescent lamps X X X X X
High-pressure
X X X
mercury lamps
Halogen-
X X X X
Metal halide lamps

Color temperature

The color temperature of any source of radiation is defined as the temperature (in Kelvin) of a black body
or Planckian radiator whose radiation has the same chromaticity as the source of radiation. Often the
values are only approximative color temperatures as the black body radiator cannot emit radiation of
every chromaticity value.

The color of a solid is defined in terms of the CIE chromaticity coordinates X, Y and Z. The system is
illustrated graphically in the form of the color triangle representing the chromaticity cordinates of all the
colors. The sector of the spectral colors and the purple boundary delimit the area of all the real color
regions. The achromatic point is located in the middle of the triangle.

The color temperatures of the commonest artificial light sources range from less than 3000K (warm
white) to 4000K (intermediate) and over 5000K (daylight).

Contrast

It is through the perception of contrasts that we see the world around us. Discrimination between objects
and surfaces is the easier, the greater the contrast. If contrasts are weak, illuminance has to be
increased in order to ensure good discrimination.

z Contrast (C) is a measure of how clearly an object is set off (and therefore recognisable) against
its background. Contrast can be calculated from the Luminance of the illuminated object and that
of the background:

LH = Luminance of the (normally lighter) background

LD= Luminance of the (normally darker) backgroundils

z Balanced contrast is needed to achieve a stimulating and interesting distribution of brightness,

which has a great influence on the impression made by an interior. The luminance ratio between
the focus of work and its immediate surroundings should not exceed 3:1, with a maximum of 10:1
for the general background. Stark contrasts make a harsh impression and are tiring, as the human
eye has to keep adapting to different levels of brightness. A lack of contrast, on the other hand, is
also dissatisfying, creating a soft and flat impression which is also tiring.

z The loss of contrast deriving from reflected glare can be quantified with the help of the Contrast
Rendering Factor (CRF) (LiTG Publication No. 13, CIE 29/2).

Contrast rendering factor

It is through the perception of contrasts that we see the world around us. Discrimination between objects
and surfaces is the easier, the greater the contrast. Reflections on glossy paper, for example, can cause
glare and greatly reduce contrast. This causes problems with discrimination.
A lighting system with good contrast rendition will present few if any problems with reflections. In addition
to the finish of the objects or surfaces in the visual field, reflections depend on the incident angle of the
light from the luminaires in the room, and on their luminous intensity und luminance.

Contrast rendering factor CRF

The loss of contrast deriving from reflected glare can be quantified with the help of the contrast rendering
factor (CRF) (LiTG Publication No. 13, CIE 29/2). This is an expression of the relationship between
contrast (C) for a standard visual task in a given lighting situation and contrast (Cs) for the same visual
task under reference lighting conditions.

Rough analysis

The relevant procedure in the planning phase is to superimpose a grid on the room (0.3 m x 0.3 m) for a
rough analysis. The angle of vision is represented as a series of lines running parallel, transverse and at
45° to the axis of the room.

Detailed analysis

Once the most suitable areas for locating the workstations have been identified, they are subjected to a
detailed analysis using a smaller-scale evaluation grid.

Cool-beam reflector

Cool-beam reflectors are made of glass with a special multiple coating that makes them transparent for
infrared radiation but not for radiation at the wavelength of light. They are made of glass and multi-coated
in a special finish. In the case of cool-beam reflector lamps (dichroic lamps), a significant portion of the
thermal load (approx. 1/3) is therefore released though the back of the Reflector instead of radiating into
the room together with the light as in the case of normal reflectors made of aluminium, for example. This
characteristic makes these lamps ideally suited for illuminating objects that are sensitive to heat. On the
other hand, when they are incorporated in a luminaire due attention must be paid to temperature build-up
behind the lamp.

Daylight

Daylight derives mainly from the thermal radiation of the sun filtered through the atmosphere. It forms a
continuous spectrum comprising wavelengths from about 300 to 4500 nm with a mean color appearance
of 5000 K (for Central Europe).

Radiation

This radiation ranges from UV-B radiation (starting at 300 nm) to IR-B radiation (UV = ultraviolet;
IR =infrared). Daylight is a mixture of direct sunlight and the light of the sky. The blue of the sky is the
result of scatter in the molecules of air in the atmosphere. The spectral composition of the sky is
constantly changing, depending on the time of day, point of the compass and the weather. Most natural
functions of the Earth's flora and fauna are attuned to these changes and only achieve optimum
efficiency in daylight. Visible light (380 to 780 nm) is the basis for visual perception in man (1 nm = 10-9
m).

Daylight in interiors

Adequate daylight and visual contact with the outside world are key components for a sense of wellbeing
and motivation in people indoors. DIN 5034, Daylight in interiors describes how windows can be used to
ensure adequate brightness and contact with the outside world, and the conditions to be met to achieve
acceptable light conditions from natural daylight indoors.

Requirements, lighting design

The standard also includes provisions relating to protection from the sun and other planning measures.
Artificial lighting in interiors can never be viewed in isolation; it is to be seen as a system for
complementing natural daylight. The function of the interior and indoor working should not be hindered,
but rather supported through theprovision of artificial light that is or appears to be as natural as possible.

The design of the windows (shape, size, location, direction), and the reflective properties of window
ledges, ceilings, floors, walls and furnishings determine the amount of daylight penetrating the depths of
a room. To achieve the right light at the workplace, artificial lighting must be employed as a
complementary system. The proportion of daylight that penetrates the interior is expressed as daylight
factor D, which is the ratio of illuminance at a point in the interior Ep to outdoor illuminance Ea from an
unobstructed hemisphere of the same sky.

For lighting planning with daylight, the standard refers to typical skies as idealised conditions (cloudy,
clear and intermediate; DIN 5034 Part 2).

Design Factor

Loss of illuminance caused by ageing and contamination in a lighting system can be anticipated in the
planning phase with the help of design factor p. This means that more "light" is installed at the beginning
of the service life of a new system, so that required service illuminance can be guaranteed over a longer
period of time.

For interiors subject to normal levels of contamination, a design factor of 1.25 is usually applied. If above
average contamination is to be expected or maintenance costs will be high, the design factor can be
increased as required. The following design factors are listed in DIN 5035 Part 1:

Maintenance Design
factor factor
Reduction in illuminance due to
contamination and ageing in lamps, v p
luminaires and interiors
normal 0,8 1,25
high 0,7 1,43
very high 0,6 1,67

The reciprocal value of the design factor is the maintenance factor v.

Dimmers

Economic reasons :

z Reducing energy costs

z Increasing lamp life

z Reducing maintenance costs

Ecological reasons :

z Reducing energy consumption

User comfort :

z Constant level of brightness

z Creation of lighting effects

Safety reasons :

z Easier adaptation for the human eye between different levels of illumination

The commonest types of lamp on the marketplace can be dimmed in a variety of ways:

Thermal radiators
Lamp Dimmable Range Technique Notes
100% - Phase-lead,
Incandescent lamp yes %
0% potentiometer
High voltage- 100% - Phase-lead,
yes %
tungsten halogen lamp 0% potentiometer
Phase-lead, Conv.
Low voltage-
100% - potentiometer transformer
Hungsten halogen yes
0% Phase-lead, Electronic
lamp
potentiometer transfomer

Low-pressure lamps
Lamp Dimmable Range Technique Notes
100% -
Phase-lead, Conv. ballast
0%
Fluorescent lamp yes wattless electronic
100 %
control ballast
- 1%
100% -
Phase-lead,
Compact fluorescent- 0%
yes wattless electronic
lamp (4-pin base only) 100% -
control ballast
10%
Only suitable
Low-pressure-
no for full-load
sodium lamp
operations

High-pressure lamps
Lamp Dimmable Range Technique Notes
 Phase-lead
High-pressure- 100% -
partly amplitude %
sodium lamp 30%
regulation
Phase-lead
Mercury vapour- 100% -
partly amplitude %
lamp 30%
regulation
Metal halide- not
no % %
lamp recommended
Discharge Lamp

In gas-discharge lamps light is produced through the ionisation of a gas in the discharge tube. In the
process the gas becomes conductive. There are low-pressure, high-pressure and very high-pressure
discharge lamps. Discharge lamps offer a much higher luminous output than incandescent lamps. They
are operated with Ballasts (for current limitation) and usually with an Igniter.

Efficiency

In a lighting system electrical energy is converted into light. In the process of light generation, however,
there are certain losses in the lamp, and further losses are caused by the Material Properties of the
luminaire components. In addition, not all the light emitted by the luminaires reaches the working plane to
be illuminated, because of losses to reflected light at the room perimeters. The various losses are
expressed in terms of efficiency using the following parameters.

PEL electrical energy input

Φ luminous flux from the lamp(s)

ΦL luminous flux from the luminaire(s)

ΦN luminous flux at the work plane

η luminous efficacy of the lamp(s)

ηLB light output ratio

ηR room index

ηB utilisation factor

Luminous efficacy is a property of the lamps, while the light output ratio relates to the luminaires, and the
room index is determined by the room geometry and surface reflectances.
Emergency Lighting

Approx. 80 % of all information is received via the human eye. Without light (artificial light or daylight)
people feel helpless. In the extreme case the absence of light can cause panic. That is why an
emergency lighting system must be provided wherever people cometogether in any numbers.

Main functions of the emergency lighting system

z Indicating the escape routes (illuminated escape signs)

z Indicating the emergency exits (illuminated escape signs)

z Illuminating escape routes (safety lighting for escape routes)

z Illuminating obstacles, e.g. stairs, door sills, materials and equipment (safety lighting for escape
routes / standby lighting)

z Illuminating hazardous workstations (standby lighting)

In the case of an acute danger it is assumed that people will respond to their feelings rather than to
reason. Emergency lighting systems should therefore be designed to guide people to safety
subconsciously (European Standard EN 60598-2-22, July 1990, and ÖVE - EN2 / draft 5/91).

Emergency lighting

Emergency lighting is designed to be available when the power supply to the regular lighting system
fails. Emergency lighting comprises safety lighting for escape routes and standby lighting.

Safety lighting

Safety lighting is installed separately from the regular lighting system and must operate for a certain
length of time, depending on the type of premises and activities involved, in the interest of general safety
and accident prevention. The safety lighting system takes over when the power supply to the regular
lighting system fails.

Safety lighting for escape routes

These safety lighting systems are needed to illuminate escape routes at a certain minimum illuminance
for a certain length of time, depending on the type of premises and activities involved, so as to ensure
safe and complete evacuation:

z 1 x at the weakest point on the midline of escape routes measured 0.2 m above the floor or steps

z 1,25 x initial lumens

z max. 15 s switching delay

Safety lighting for hazardous workstations

Safety lighting is also required to permit hazardous working to be terminated safely and the workstation
to be evacuated. Safety lighting for hazardous workstations is also required for escape routes which pass
through such zones:

z 0,1 x service illuminance pursuant to DIN 5035, but at least 15 lx

z 1,25 x initial lumens

z at least color rendition class 3

z max. 0.5 to 1 s switching delay

Standby lighting

Standby lighting is the part of the emergency lighting system that permits normal activities to be
continued or safely terminated. Standby lighting is primarily provided for operational reasons to prevent
loss of production caused by a failure in the general lighting system.

Regulations and Standards

The relevant document is DIN 5035 Part 5 (emergency lighting for interiors and outdoor areas similarly
employed). Observance of the standard largely ensures compliance with the lighting requirements laid
down in the relevant legislation relating to industrial safety, accident prevention, hazardous premises,
and construction law.

Glare

Glare is the word given to a problematical distribution of luminance and/or excessive luminance contrast
in the field of vision which causes disturbed vision. Glare is divided into two types depending on its effect:

Physiological glare

Glare that causes a loss of visual performance (e.g. reduced perception of shapes and capacity for
discrimination caused by glare from the headlights of an approaching car at night).

Glare can be caused in one of two ways:

Direct glare

Glare originating directly at the light source. The degree of direct glare depends on the size and
luminance of the visible luminous areas of all the luminaires in the field of vision and also on background
luminance. Direct glare is considered adequately controlled where the mean luminance of the luminaires
at the critical emission angle of 45°-85° does not exceed the values of the luminance limiting curves.

Reflected glare

Glare and loss of contrast caused by reflections from luminous objects (e.g. on glossy paper or computer
screens). In general, reflections lead to reduced contrast perception, which hinders character recognition
on printed paper, for example. Reflected glare can be avoided or reduced by the following means:

z Careful planning of the relative positions of luminaires and workstations

z The use of luminaires with an appropriate luminance limit angle to avoid reflections in the working
surface or object

z The use of matt, diffuse or reflection-reduced surfaces at the workstation

z Diffuse light control with systems offering a high proportion of indirect light or vertical illuminance
Glare - Direct Glare

Glare originating directly at the light source. The degree of direct glare depends on the size and
luminance of the visible luminous areas of all the luminaires in the field of vision and also on background
luminance. Direct glare is considered adequately controlled where the mean luminance of the luminaires
at the critical emission angle of 45° to 85° does not exceed the values of the luminance limiting curves.

BK = critical emission angle.

Glare - Direct Glare Control

Various methods have been developed in different countries for assessing the risk of direct glare from a
lighting system, e.g. Visual Comfort Probability, the Glare Index and the Luminance Limiting Curve
System.

In an attempt to achieve international harmonisation of the various glare classification systems, the CIE
(Commission International de l'Eclairage) has developed the UGR method (Unified Glare Rating), which
is to be introduced as part of the process of harmonisation for European standards (CEN).

The DIN standard is currently based on the Söllner limiting curve method.

See also : Söllner limiting curve method

Glare - Discomfort Glare

Glare that is perceived solely as a subjective discomfort without causing any significant loss of visual
performance. If it persists, however, discomfort glare leads to fatigue, and a reduced feeling of wellbeing
and capacity for work.

Glare - Physiological Glare

Glare that causes a loss of visual performance (e.g. reduced perception of shapes and capacity for
discrimination caused by glare from the headlights of an approaching car at night).

Glare - Planning with the Luminance Limiting Method

Luminaire specifications generally include a luminance limiting diagram (Söllner) pursuant to DIN 5035 or
CIE 29/2. This shows the directly visible mean luminance as calculated from the luminous intensity of the
polar curve and the light emission area of the luminaire. The diagrams are normally plotted for 45° to 85°
for the planes C0/C180 and C90/C270.

Luminance limiting diagram

The standards prescribe specific classes of glare control based on service Illuminance for certain types
of interior or activity (DIN 5035, Part 2 and CIE 29/2). The luminance limiting curves of the diagrams
represent the dividing line between the various classes. Class A applies in general where particularly
high requirements have to be met with regard to direct glare control, especially where the main line of
vision is not downward (VDU workstations, classrooms). Class 1 is required for general office work,
whereas Class 3 is adequate in those cases where there is no need for enhanced glare control.

Glare assessment

Glare is only measured along and transverse to the axis of the luminaire (the planes C0/C180 and
C90/C270). Two types of diagrams (A and B) - showing a slight relative displacement of the limiting
curves - are employed, depending on the type of luminaireand luminaire orientation. In addition to the
above glare classification system, a minimum cut-off angle is also required for open luminaires and
luminaires with clear, non-textured covers. The angle varies between 0° and 30° depending on the type
of light source, luminance and glare class. Where the cut-off angle requirement is not met, the luminance
of the light source itself is used as the basis for glare control calculations.

Söllner limiting curve method

The luminance limiting method is based on research carried out on opal and prismatic diffusers by
Söllner in the Sixties. For more advanced luminaires, e.g. with narrow-beam light distribution patterns or
a high proportion of indirect light, it is often not possible to provide more than general guidance.
Moreover, the method only takes account of individual luminaires while completely ignoring the interior
and thus the overall impression created by the lighting system.

Glare - Planning with the UGR Method

The Unified Glare Rating method (UGR) has been developed by the CIE (Commission International de
l'Eclairage) in order to harmonise glare classification procedures worldwide. The method is based on a
formula similar to that employed for the British Glare Index.

Unlike the Söllner Method, which simply evaluates Glare from a single luminaire, the UGR formula can
be used to assess the glare characteristics of a complete lighting system. The formula takes account of
every luminaire in a given interior and also background luminance (ceiling, walls) with reference to a
standard viewing point.

A standard table is available listing uncorrected UGR values for various room sizes and reflectance
combinations. These values have to be corrected to take account of such factors as the Luminous Flux of
the light sources.
The final UGR scores tend to lie between 10 ("no glare") and 30 ("pronounced physiological glare").

The higher the UGR score, the greater the probability of glare. Completely different results can be
achieved with luminaire locations that deviate from the standard configuration and for other viewing
points. An auxiliary table provides estimated scores for the variant viewing points.

There are plans to lay down maximum UGR scores for various requirements and activities on the line of
the glare quality classes used to date. The following table offers a rough conversion guide between the
conventional DIN glare classes and the future UGR system.

Glare - Reflected Glare

Glare and loss of contrast caused by reflections from luminous objects (e.g. on glossy paper or computer
screens). In general, reflections lead to reduced contrast perception, which hinders character recognition
on printed paper, for example. Reflected glare can be avoided or reduced by the following means:

z Careful planning of the relative positions of luminaires and workstations

z The use of luminaires with an appropriate luminance limit angle to avoid reflections in the working
surface or object

z The use of matt, diffuse or reflection-reduced surfaces at the workstation

z Diffuse light control with systems offering a high proportion of indirect light or vertical illuminance

Height above Working Plane

Height above the working plane is the distance between the Working Plane (usually 0.85 m from the
floor) and the radiating surface of a luminaire.

HLP = Height above the working plane

HWP = Working plane

Ignition Systems

Discharge lamps require special gear to activate the discharge process and also to stabilise operating
current and power consumption, such as starters, igniters and ballasts. This type of lamp cannot be
operated direct from the mains either because they do not ignite at that voltage or because they would be
destroyed if operated at unlimited current.

Electronic and magnetic ballasts

Lamps with electronic ballasts do not require a separate ignition system, as it is integrated in the ballast.
In the case of fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts, a starter is used for ignition.

High-pressure lamps

High-pressure mercury lamps ignite at mains voltage, whereas high-pressure sodium lamps and metal-
halide lamps can only be ignited with the help of a suitable igniter.

Igniters

A distinction can be made between superimposed pulse igniters, in which the ignition voltage is
generated in an integrated high-voltage transformer, and impulsers, which deliver impulses to the ballast
to generate the high voltage required. Superimposed pulse igniters are subject to a maximum
permissible distance between the lamp and the igniter (e.g. 1.5 m).

Run-up period

Following ignition, high-pressure lamps take a few minutes (up to 10 min.) to reach full luminous flux
(run-up period). During this period a higher run-up current flows (up to twice rated current). Once
switched off, the lamps can only re-ignite after cooling down for a few minutes (cf. restriking). Immediate
restrike is possible with double-ended metal halide lamps and high-pressure sodium lamps fitted with a
suitable igniter.

Illuminance (E)

Unit : Lux (lx)

Illuminance is a measure of luminous flux striking a given surface, i.e. it is the quotient of lumens and
area. A luminous flux of 1000 lumens beamed uniformly on a surface measuring 5 sq. m., for example,
gives an illuminance of 200 lux.

The performance of the human eye is highly dependent on the level of illuminance within the field of
vision. But general performance and motivation also improve with increasing illuminance, while the
frequency of mistakes decreases.

In the individual case the level of Illuminance required will depend on the tasks involved and the
precision of visual performance required. Adequate illuminance at the workplace is dependent on the
choice of luminaires and lamps, correct calculation of the number of luminaires required, and installation
in an efficient configuration.

The required levels of illuminance are defined in the various national standards and guidelines (e.g. DIN
5035, ÖNorm 1040, SEV 8912).

The DIN standard, for example, prescribes mean illuminance as an average figure for both time and
place, and also defines minimum illuminance which must be maintained at all times and at all points
within the interior. The levels of illuminance quoted in the DIN standard are graded as follows: 3, 5, 10,
20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 750, 1000, and 1500 lx.

Service illuminance is always quoted relative to the position of the plane to be illuminated. Horizontal
illuminance, for example, is an expression of the level of illuminance on a horizontal work plane, while
vertical illuminance relates to a vertical plane. In the individual case the latter may also apply to such
planes as a drawing board placed at an angle of 70°.

Cylindrical illuminance s the average value for vertical illuminance beamed from all directions around a
single point (on a vertical axis).

A comparison between cylindrical and horizontal illuminance provides a rough assessment of the
relationship between diffuse light and directional light. Good shadow conditions, which are important for
three-dimensional vision and orientation, are the product of a reasonable balance between these two
forms of illuminance (between 30 and 70%). Direct light alone creates harsh shadows, whereas purely
diffuse lighting generates a flat and monotonous effect without any shadows at all (cf. contrast).

The following is a list of typical values for illuminance in our everyday lives:

Horizontal illuminance outdoors:

Type Illuminance [lx]
Sunny summer's day 60.000 bis 100.000
Dull summer's day bis 20.000
TDull winter's day bis 3.000
Night with full moon bis 0.25
Starlit sky bis 0.01

Typical illuminance in interiors:

Type Illuminance [lx]
Office 300 bis 1000
Industrial plant 100 bis 500
Living room 100 bis 300
Cellar 50 bis 100

Illuminance - Calculations

Calculations of illuminance for a given interior include the portions of Luminous Flux contributed by all
simultaneously illuminated luminaires plus the light reflected from the room perimeter (walls, ceiling,
floor). Illuminance can be calculated for any given point from the Luminous Intensity of a light source and
the Distance between the light source and the illuminated surface.

Horizontal or vertical Illuminance at a given point (point illuminance) can be calculated from Luminous
Intensity and the relevant geometrical conditions from the following formulae:

Horizontal illuminance Eh
Vertical illuminance Ev

Cylindrical illuminance Ez

Cylindrical Illuminance Ez is the average of vertical illuminance in all directions (usually 4) around a point
(on a vertical axis).

Cf. Inverse Square Law

Illuminance Cone

The illuminance cone is used to illustrate the beam patterns of rotation-symmetrical luminaires (OPTOS
downlights and spots). It represents the light bundle emitted at One-half-peak Divergence or Half-value
Angle. This is the term used for the aperture angle at which maximum Luminance is halved (cf. Polar
Diagram). In general the maximum value is achieved at a beam angle of 0°. In this context, DIN 5037,
Part 4 describes one-half-peak divergences of up to 5° as ultra-narrow beam, from 5° to 10° as narrow-
beam, from 10° to 50° as wide angle and above 50° as extra-wide angle.

The illuminance cone diagram also shows mean illuminance available within an area delimited by the
half-value angle (light cone diameter) for various mounting heights (cf. Height above Working Plane).
These data are used for approximative lighting planning calculations.

Illuminance Photometry

Illuminance can be measured with the help of a photometer, which comprises a photo-electric sensor or
cell and a display unit. The sensor is designed to filter the incident rays of light so that the sensitivity of
the photometer corresponds to that of the human eye (Vλ-Vl analysis; spectral luminous efficiency of the
human eye).

Illuminance photometers are categorised according to the quality classes L, A, B and C pursuant to DIN
5032, Part 7. Illuminance photometry can also be used to measure luminous intensity (luminous intensity
distribution curves) and luminance.

When using such equipment it is important to ensure that the reading is corrected to take account of the
angle of incidence of the light, as illuminance is a factor of the cosine of that angle (cosine-corrected
reading) or that the angle of incidence is always 90°.

Inverse Square Law

The inverse square law relates Illuminance Ep on the Working Plane (point illuminance) to light emission
from a light source (Luminous Intensity I) at a distance r:
here ε is the angle of incidence of the light, i.e. the angle formed between the incident ray of light and the
vertical to the illuminated plane.

According to the inverse square law, illuminance on a surface decreases inversely proportionally to the
square of the distance between the light source and the illuminated surface, i.e. if the distance between
the light source and the surface is doubled,illuminance is reduced to a quarter.

Strictly speaking, however, this law applies only to point sources of light and receptors, and adequate
accuracy is not achieved below a certain limit distance. This distance depends on:

z tolerated measuring error

z maximum size of the light source

z luminous intensity distribution of the light source

z luminance distribution on the surface of the light source in the direction of vision

z the size of the light aperture on the head of the illuminance photometer

z the sensitivity curve of the photometer head

In Illuminance Photometry especially, it is important to observe the inverse square law. In this context
illuminance is measured and the inverse square law applied to obtain luminous intensity and thus
establish the luminous intensity distribution of a luminaire.

Isolux Lines
The distribution of illuminance on a plane can be represented by isolux lines, i.e. points of equal
Illuminance oined together to form a curve. The areas between the curves relate to intermediate values
of illuminance. The increments selected for the individual isolux lines must offer a meaningful picture for
the whole range of illuminance (e.g. increments of 100 lx). A sector with very dense curves represents an
area with pronounced differences in illuminance, whereas ample spacing between the isolux lines
indicates a high degree of Uniformity in the pattern of illuminance.

Lamps

The lighting industry today offers a wide range of light sources for a variety of lighting situations and
requirements. The various lamp types differ not only in size and shape but above all with regard to the
light generation processes involved, and to such factors as power, luminous flux, color of the light, base
system, etc. The commonest types of lamps in use today can be divided into two main groups, namely
discharge lamps and fluorescent lamps and thermal radiators.

The thermal radiators include:

z Incandescent Lamps

z Mains Voltage Tungsten Halogen Lamps

z Low-voltage Halogen Capsule Lamps

The discharge lamps and fluorescent lamps include:

z Fluorescent Lamps

z Compact Fluorescent Lamps

z High-pressure Mercury Lamps

z High-pressure Sodium Lamps

z Metal Halide Lamps

The various properties of the different lamp types play an important role in modern lighting engineering
and greatly influence the visual atmosphere created by a lighting system.
Lamps - Compact fluorescent lamps

Compact fluorescent lamps work on the same principle as Tubular Fluorescent Lamps. Theyare
particularly suitable for incorporation in small luminaire housings. The use of compact fluorescent lamps
greatly extends the range of applications for fluorescent lamps. Compact fluorescent lamps require a
ballast for starting and current limitation when operating (2-pin base) and also a starter (4-pin base). The
latest developments in the field of ultra-compact energy-saving lamps with screw caps (E14, E27) permit
them to be used in place of conventional incandescent lamps, but this type is not dimmable.

Advantages

z Small size

z Wide range of wattage

z High luminous output (50-88 lm/W)

z Up to 80% energy savings

z ery good color rendition

z Long lamp life (8,500 h)

Disadvantages

z Higher price

z Dimming only with 4-pin base

Lamps - Fluorescent lamps

The fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure discharge lamp comprising a glass tube with electrodes at both
ends. The tube is filled with argon or krypton gas plus a small amount of mercury. The tube also contains
a quantity of inert air for faster starting. On the inside the glass tube is coated with a thin layer of
fluorescent powder. When a current is passed through the tube, the gas discharge produces mainly
invisible ultraviolet light, which is only converted to visible light when it penetrates the powder coating.

Fluorescent lamps offer long service life, high luminous output and good colour rendition, and are
therefore used for a wide range of lighting requirements. They are operated with a ballast and starter.

Advantages

z High luminous output (75-95 lm/W)

z Wide range of wattage

z Good to very good color rendition

z Long lamp life (7,500 -12,000h)

Disadvantages

z Size

Lamps - High-pressure sodium lamps

Conventional high-pressure sodium lamps offer a very high luminous output but inferior colour rendition.
Their small size and long lamp life make them highly suitable for highway and tunnel lighting systems.
High-pressure sodium lamps are operated with ballasts and igniters.

Conventional types

Advantages

z Very good luminous output (70-130 lm/W)

z Long lamp life (9,000-10,000 h)

z Small size

Disadvantages

z Poor color rendition (Ra = 20)

z Long starting and restriking times (up to 10 min.)

New types

More modern types of high-pressure sodium lamp are also suitable for interior lighting systems. Although
luminous output is lower, colour rendition is good to very good and restriking time is short.

Advantages

z Good luminous output (40-50 lm/W)

z Good to very good color rendition (Ra = 60-80)

z Interior climate similar to incandescent lamps (ww)

z Fast hot restrike

z Small size

Disadvantages

z Ballast, igniter and stabilising gear required

Lamps - High-pressure mercury lamps

High-pressure mercury lamps combine high luminous output and long lamp life with small size. In view of
their poor color rendition properties and long starting time, they are employed mainly for industrial plant
and outdoor locations. High-pressure mercury lamps are operated with a ballast. Additional ignition gear
is not required.

Advantages

z Good luminous output (32-60 lm/W)

z No igniter required

z Wide range of wattage

z Long lamp life (10,000-12,000 h)

 z Small size

Disadvantages

z Poor color rendition

z Long starting and restriking times (approx. 5 min.)

z High price

Lamps - Incandescent lamps

Incandescent lamps or general service lamps are thermal radiators. Light is produced as a result of the
high temperature of the filament when a current is passed through it. Although incandescent lamps have
a low luminous output and short service life, they are commonly used because of the pleasant color of
the light and good color rendition characteristics and above all because of the low price. They are mainly
employed in the home, restaurants and store windows.

Advantages

z Small size

z Very good color rendition

z Wide range of wattage and shapes

z Immediate switching

z Very low price

z Easy to dim

Disadvantages

z Low luminous output (10-20 lm/W)

z Short lamp life (1,000 h)

z High thermal load

Lamps - Low voltage halogen capsule lamps

As point light sources, low voltage halogen capsule lamps permit accurate focusing and optimum beam
control. They are particularly suitable for incorporation in very small luminaires used for highlighting with
strong light points. Low voltage halogen capsule lamps are operated with conventional (magnetic)
transformers or electronic transformers.

Advantages

z Highly compact dimensions

z Very good color rendition

z Immediate "ignition"

z Low price
 z Wide range of wattage

z Excellent light control

Disadvantages

z Low luminous output (10-22 lm/W)

z Short lamp life (2000 h)

z High thermal load

Lamps - Mains voltage tungsten halogen lamps

The bulb of a tungsten halogen lamp contains a gas and free halogens. Tungsten molecules migrate
from the filament to the halogens and back to the filament (halogen cycle). This increases lamp life in
comparison with ordinary incandescent lamps and also avoids bulb blackening.

Advantages

z Very good color rendition

z Immediate "ignition"

z Low price

z No operating gear required

Disadvantages

z Low luminous output (13-25 lm/W)

z Short lamp life (2,000h)

z High thermal load

Lamps - Metal halide lamps

Metal halide lamps combine high luminous output and long lamp life with compact dimensions. Although
these lamps have a long starting time, their good colour rendition properties make them a common
choice for office lighting systems. The lamps are designed for full-load operation andare not suitable for
dimming.

Advantages

z Good luminous output (62-112 lm/W)

z Long lamp life (6,000-8,000 h)

z Good to very good color rendition (Ra > 70)

z Small size

Disadvantages
 z Long starting and restriking times

z Not suitable for dimming

z High price

Light

Light is visible radiation as perceived by the human eye. As such it constitutes only a small segment of
the total spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, which comprises not only visible light but also gamma
radiation, x-rays, infrared and UV radiation, and radio waves, etc. The spectral range of light is 380 -780
nm. Within this range of wavelengths the colors of the spectrum can be distinguished, i.e. red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Radiation outside of this range cannot be seen by the human eye.

Although radiation at many wavelengths cannot be perceived by the human eye, the human organism
does react to some of them. Infrared radiation, for example, is perceived as heat, while UV-A radiation
tans the skin.

Lumen method

The lumen method serves to provide approximate calculations for planning indoor lighting systems. The
method is used to determine the number of luminaires and lamps required to achieve a given
Illuminance. This first step is usually followed by more accurate calculations to determine whether the
requirements of Uniformity and other conditions for a good interior lighting system have been met (cf.
Ten Guidelines for Right Light).

Comparable methods for calculating mean illuminance have been developed and published by other
national and international bodies. All these methods are based on the same assumptions as far as
calculations of the indirect portion of light are concerned, but they differ in the methods used to calculate
direct utilised flux and in their tabular form of presentation of calculated efficiency.
The results depend on room geometry and reflectance, the Luminous Intensity Distribution of the
luminaires and their configuration in the room. The accuracy of the luminaire data used is also critical.
Apart from that, the lumen methodis based on a number of assumptions made to ensure that the method
is easy to use. The more actual conditions deviate from these assumptions in the individual case, the
less accurate the calculations.

The basic assumptions underlying the lumen method :

z rectangular room,

z ratio of length to width = 1.6:1, with a maximum of 4:1,

z completely empty room,

z uniform reflectance and completely diffuse reflection properties of the perimeter surfaces,

z uniform distribution of luminous flux over all areas,

z regular luminaire configuration throughout the room,

z in the case of fluorescent lamps, luminaire axis = room axis.

Procedure :

1. Determining the utilisation factor from the table of photometric data :

z Establish reflectance values for ceiling, walls and floor.

z Calculate room index k using the formula :

a length of room [in m],b width of room [in m],h height above the working plane.

z Read off the utilisation factor ηB from the table of photometric data supplied with the luminaires
(listed as %, i.e. 68% = 0.68).

2. Calculating the number of luminaires needed to achieve a given mean illuminance at the work plane :

z Derive Mean Illuminance En from the requirements to be met for the planned activity or type of
interior (DIN 5035 Part 2).

z Select a luminaire.

z Calculate floor space A = length of room x width [in m²].

z Let the utilisation factor be ηB (from section 1).

z Let the number of lamps per luminaire be z.

z Let the rated luminous flux of a lamp be Φ [in lm].

z Determine the Design Factor p to take account of dirt accumulation in the room and the luminaires
plus lamp ageing. The factor is usually 1.25, but this figure can be increased to take account of
dirty or dusty environments.

z Calculate the number n of luminaires required.

 z Round off the value for n to obtain a whole number of luminaires and a logical luminaire
configuration for the interior, e.g. 10.8 => 12 (for 3 x 4 luminaires).

3. Calculating mean illuminance E available at the work plane in the long term with the planned lighting
system :

z Let the utilisation factor be ηB.

z Let the planned number of luminaires for the room be n.

z Let the number of lamps per luminaire be z.

z Let the rated luminous flux of a lamp be Φ.

z Let the design factor be p.

z Calculate floor space A.

z Calculate available mean illuminance E.

Interior lighting systems often provide levels of illumination that deviate slightly from given or available
levels of illuminance without causing any physiological problems. If a higher degree of accuracy is
considered desirable in planning a lighting system, however, it should be borne in mind that the various
national standards, recommendations and guidelines usually lay down minimum values for illuminance
which must be met. On the other hand, exceeding such minimum values to a significant degree in the
installation of a lighting system causes higher costs which are almost proportional to the excess
illuminance.

For practical reasons (tolerances in the photometric data of lamps and luminaires, deviations from the
operating conditions assumed for the calculations, e.g. temperature, mains voltage etc., or from the
reflectance values for the room perimeters, plus measuring inaccuracies), deviations in the range of
±10% constitute a good result in terms of agreement between the calculations and the actual values
measured for the finished system. Better results can only be achieved by employing more complicated
procedures - and thus incurring unduly high costs - to quantify the individual parameters within the
system.

A greater degree of accuracy, especially in terms of more detail with regard to the distribution of
illuminance at the work plane and room surfaces, plus realistic visualisation of the expected lighting
effects on the interior, are available with the DIALux computer program.

Luminaire classification

Pursuant to DIN 5040, Parts 1 and 2, luminaires can be classified by their luminous flux distribution,
among other things, for various lighting applications. This luminaire classification gives a rough guide to
the Beam Pattern of a given luminaire. The code used comprises a letter and two numbers. The letter
relates to the proportion of luminous flux beamed downwards and/or upwards in the interior. The
numbers indicate the percentage of lower and upper hemispherical luminous flux.

The code B63, for example, is to be interpreted as follows :

B Primarily direct light with 60-90% lower and 10-40% upper hemispherical luminous flux

6 70 - 100% of lower hemispherical luminous flux reaches the work plane

3 70 - 90% of upper hemispherical luminous flux reaches the ceiling

Luminance (L)

Unit of measure : candela per m² (cd/m²)

Luminance is a basic parameter of radiating or reflected light as perceived by the human eye. It is a
measure of the impression of brightness of a surface and is defined photometrically as the ratio of
luminous intensity to unit area.

Luminance is determined by surface illuminance, the reflectance of the luminous surface, and the
direction of the reflected light. The angle of vision determines the size of the visible luminous area.

The distribution of luminance between various surfaces in an illuminated interior is an important criterion
for the quality of the visual experience. A balanced and harmonious distribution of brightness makes a
room pleasant and visually interesting (cf. Brightness, Contrast, Uniformity).

Typical examples of luminance:

cd/m²
Sonne je nach Sonnenstand 600.000 ... [Link]
Glühlampe matt 20.000 ... 50.000
Kompakt-Leuchtstofflampe 9.000 ... 25.000
Leuchtstofflampe 4.000 ... 17.000
Arbeitsgut im Büro 100 ... 200
Bildschirme 20 ... 200
Umfeld im Büroraum 10 ... 100

Luminance limit angle

An unshielded lamp in the direct line of vision is a potential source of direct glare caused by excessive
luminance. There are two ways of avoiding direct glare: either the lamp is shielded, e.g. by the housing
itself or by fitting solid vanes or louvres, or the high level of luminance is reduced through the use of opal
or prismatic diffusers.

The luminance limit angle a of a luminaire as measured from the horizontal plane is the maximum angle
at which the lamp is not yet in the direct line of vision.

In the simplest case reflector luminaires are shielded by vanes made of metal or plastic placed parallel
and at right angles to the axis of the lamp. The luminance limit angle is dependent on the combination of
vane height h and vane spacing a.

In DIN 5035, Part 1 minimum luminance limit angle amin is specified per lamp type and glare cut-off
class :

Range of mean
Direct glare cut-off class
luminance cm/m2
A 1 2 3
Fluorescent lamps L= 2·104 20° 10° 0° 0°
Compact fluorescent lamps 20° 15° 5° 0°
 2·104 < L = 4·104
High pressure discharge lamps
with fluorescent or matt bulbs, 4·104 < L = 50·104 30° 20° 10° 0°
low-pressure sodium lamps
High pressure discharge lamps
with clear bulbs or tubular types,
incandescent lamps with clear L = 50·104 30° 30° 15° 10°
bulbs

Luminiscence

Luminescence is the term used for all light radiation that is not thermal radiation. The most important light
generation process involving luminescence is gas discharge on passage of an electric current through a
gas or metal vapour (gas discharge lamp). Such lamps take advantage of the phenomenon of
photoluminescence in the form of fluorescence or phosphorescence, in which invisible short-wave
radiation is converted into visible light through processes within the fluorescent material. Fluorescence
persists only for a fraction of a second after excitation, whereas phosphorescence persists for some time
as a visible afterglow.

Luminous flux (Φ)

Unit of luminous llux : Lumen (lm)

Luminous flux is a photometric measure of radiant flux, i.e. the volume of light emitted from a light
source. Luminous flux is measured either for the interior as a whole or for a part of the interior (partial
luminous flux for a solid angle). All other photometric parameters are derivatives of luminous flux.
Luminous flux is measured in lumens (lm).

Luminous flux for a selection of artificial light sources:

Luminous Flux
Lamp Type LBS
(Φ) in [lm]
10W compact fluorescent TC-D
600
lamp 10W
TC-EL
20W energy-saving lamp 1.200
20W
18W fluorescent lamp T26 18 1.350
A60
100W incandescent lamp 1.380
100W
TC-L
26Wcompact fluorescent lamp 1.800
24W
100W low-voltage halogen QT12
2.300
capsule lamp 100W
 T26
36W fluorescent lamp 3.350
36W
100W high-pressure sodium HST
4.700
lamp (color corrected) 100W
T26
58W fluorescent lamp 5.200
58W
HIT
70W metal halide lamp (nw) 5.500
100W
125W high-pressure mercury HME
5.700
lamp 125W
HIT
250W metal halide lamp (nw) 20.000
250W

The precise values depend on the brand involved, although the figures are always very similar.

The ratio between luminous flux and the power consumed is known as Luminous Efficacy.

Not all the luminous flux emitted by the lamp reaches the work plane. There are losses in the luminaire
(absorption, transmission, reflection losses) and at the room perimeters (reflectance). In the normal case
about 60-70% of luminous flux will reach the work plane (light output ratio).

Luminous intensity (I)

Unit of measure : Candela (cd)

Luminous intensity is an expression of the amount of light beamed in a certain direction within the
interior. It is calculated as the ratio of luminous flux to the relevant element of solid angle. The luminous
intensity of a lamp or luminaire is not equal in all directions. By plotting luminous intensity in the room (or
in planes) around the lamp or luminaire, luminous intensity distribution can be defined. This offers a
precise description of the photometric characteristics of the lamp or luminaire. Luminous intensity
distribution is normally represented in the form of either a polar or linear diagram.

Luminous intensity distribution

The luminous intensity distribution pattern for a light source shows in which direction and with what
intensity the light is emitted. The individual values can be presented in tabular or graphic form, and a
number of diagrams are normally employed for this purpose. Luminous intensity is usually based on a
1000 lm light source.

C Plane System
 The interior around the light source is treated as comprising a large
number of planes, which can be divided up into the A, B and C plane systems. The most frequent
procedure is to use the C plane system, with the common axis represented by a vertical line passing
through the centre of the luminaire. Every plane is then defined in terms of the angle formed with a
defined line of reference, e.g. the axis of the luminaire. Luminous intensity is usually measured in the C-
plane at 15° intervals and for emission angles in 5° increments.

Polar Curve

A polar curve (luminous intensity distribution curve) normally

shows the values measured in the C0/C180 and C90/C270 planes (transverse to and along the luminaire
axis). For a rotationally symmetrical luminous intensity distribution pattern it is enough to show any one
plane. The centre of the diagram corresponds to the midpoint of the luminaire.

Linear Diagram

For a linear diagram (Cartesian diagram) the emission angles are

plotted along a straight x-axis and luminous intensity on the y-axis. Apart from that the values in the
linear diagram correspond to those of the polar curve.

Material: (Reflection,Transmission,Absorption)

Light that falls on a surface can either be absorbed, transmitted or reflected, depending on the properties
of the material involved. Reflection factors (r), absorption factors (a) and transmission factors (t) can be
between 0 and 1 (0 -100%). The sum of the three factor is always 1. The transmitted or reflected
radiation can be regular (1), scattered (2) or completely diffuse (3).

Absorption factor α
The absorption factor is the ratio of absorbed light to incident light. A matt black solid absorbs almost all
incident light, while a white solid absorbs very little. Here are some typical absorption factors:

Material
clear glass 2 ... 4%
prismatic glass 5 ... 10%
plastic (white, opaque) 10 ... 20%

Reflection factor ρ

The reflection factor is the ratio of reflected light to incident light. Here are some typical reflection factors:

Material
clear glass 6 ... 8%
prismatic glass 5 ... 20%
plaster 70 ... 80%
Zbrick, red, new 10 ... 15%
cement/concrete,
20 ... 30%
untreated
wood, light 30 ... 60%
wood, dark 10 ... 15%

Transmission factor τ

The transmission factor is the ratio of transmitted light to incident light. Here are some typical
transmission factors :

Material
clear glass 90 ...92%
prismatic glass 70 ...90%
plastic (white, opaque) 40 ...60%

Protection Class

The mechanical, thermal and safety requirements to be met by luminaires are laid down in the various
international and European standards. The provisions of EN IEC 598 (Luminaires - General
requirements and tests) are of particular relevance. Comformance with this standard guarantees that a
luminaire is designed and manufactured in such a way that it will not represent a hazard to life and limb,
property or pets as long as it is properly installed, used and serviced. The provisions of the standard are
designed to prevent :

z electric shocks when touched

z operating faults in the luminaires

z reduced service life for lamps and luminaires

z fire hazard in the luminaire or its surroundings

Conformance with the standard is indicated by the appropriate markings (VDE, SEV,ÖVE, KEMA).

The protection class indicates to what extent the luminaire offers protection against electric shock (short
circuit). The protection class may be indicated with Roman numerals or with the help of pictograms. The
following classification is in use :

Protection Class
Basic insulation and protective earthing for all exposed live parts
Most luminaires are designed to be connected to a protective earth conductor (unless otherwise
indicated).

Basic insulation and additional protective insulation, no protective earthing.

Operation on and with Protective and Extra-low Voltages (max. 50V)

e.g. spots for low-voltage trunking.

Reflection

Light that falls on a surface can either be absorbed, transmitted or reflected, depending on the properties
of the material involved. Reflection factors (r), absorption factors (a) and transmission factors (t) can be
between 0 and 1 (0 -100%). The sum of the three factor is always 1. The transmitted or reflected
radiation can be regular (1), scattered (2) or completely diffuse (3).

Reflection factor ρ

The reflection factor is the ratio of reflected light to incident light. Here are some typical reflection factors:

Material
clear glass 6 ... 8%
prismatic glass 5 ... 20%
plaster 70 ... 80%
Zbrick, red, new 10 ... 15%
cement/concrete,
20 ... 30%
untreated
wood, light 30 ... 60%
wood, dark 10 ... 15%

Refraction
Refraction is the change of direction of a propagating wave or radiation on passing into a medium of
different density (e.g. air - glass, glass- air). The degree of deflection depends on the ratio of the
refractive indices n(i) of the two media. In general they depend on the wave length of the radiation. The
phenomenon of refraction is employed in optical equipment to guide the light rays. In the case of the
prism, on the other hand, it can be used to break down the incident light into the colours of the spectrum.

Restriking

Gas discharge in high-pressure discharge lamps is a highly critical process requiring exactly the right
conditions for activation and continued running. Switching alone takes quite a long time (2 -10 min.)
before the full luminous flux needed for stable operation is reached.

Restrike after switching off is only possible after a cool-down period lasting several minutes because
ignition voltage for a hot discharge lamp is higher than supply voltage or the voltage surge from the
igniter. In the case of metal halide lamps, high-pressure mercury lamps and high-pressure sodium lamps
it takes a few minutes before the lamp can be ignited again. The run-up period for restriking is shorter
than at first ignition.

Metal halide lamps and high-pressure sodium lamps are also available in double-ended versions, which
can be fitted with special igniters to permit immediate hot restriking at a much higher ignition voltage.

Shadow conditions

Shadows play an important role for the perception of spatial structures and perspective, and for general
orientation. Good shadow conditions are created through an appropriate mix of diffuse (non-directional)
and directed light (Ten Guidelines for Right Light). This ensures a gradual transition from dark to light
areas. The actual mix depends on the visual tasks and activities involved. Completely diffuse light
without any shadowing causes a loss of plasticity and creates an impression of monotony. Equally,
shadows that are too harsh restrict visual performance because of the pronounced differences in
luminance and thus limit the assimilation of visual information, too. It may alsobe the case that significant
areas of the visual field receive no light at all, with all the attendant safety risks that implies. As yet no
satisfactory parameter has been devised to evaluate shadow conditions.

In the case of ambient lighting, shadow conditions can be assessed as the ratio of cylindrical to
horizontal illuminance (Ez / Eh).

Excessively harsh shadowing can be avoided by ensuring that the ratio is no lower than 1:3 at 1.2 m
above the floor (DIN 5035 Part 1). Shadows that are too deep can be softened through the appropriate
arrangement of luminaires with a wide-angle Intensity Distribution Curve and the use of bright finishes for
walls and furniture.

Solid Angle
Plane Angle

The plane angle a is determined by the length of the arc a and the radius r. The biggest plane angle
obtains for a full circle (2πr) over 2π.

Solid Angle

Analogously, the solid angle Ω describes the size of a sector in three-dimensional space. It is the product
of area A and the square of radius r². The biggest solid angle obtains for a spherical surface (4πr²) over
4π.

Spectral Luminous Efficiency for the Human Eye

Luminous efficiency depends not only on radiant energy, i.e. the amount of light that enters the human
eye, but also on its spectral properties. The human eye is not equally sensitive to all sectors of the
Spectrum.

Light stimuli at different wavelengths have different degrees of luminous efficiency for the human eye.
Maximum sensitivity for photopic vision is at a wavelength of 555 nm (green), declining to both the longer
wavelengths (yellow, orange, red) and the shorter wavelengths (blue, violet). Beyond approx. 380 and
780 nm it is almost zero. The sensitivity functions [V(l)] of the eye differ considerably between day and
night "Photopic Vision = Light Adaptation" and "Scotopic Vision = Dark Adaptation".

In the night, maximum sensitivity shifts to the shorter wavelengths (blue, violet) so that superior
perception is available for the blue portions of light that predominate atnight [maximum at 507 nm (blue-
green)]. The "warm" long-wave red portion of light is hardly present and is also very weak in terms of
luminous efficiency. The explanation for these facts is to be found in the evolution of man and his need to
adapt to daylight conditions.

The process can be observed in the field of artificial lighting, in which human beings prefer a daylight
white light color appearance with a high level of blue when illuminance is high, but a warm white light
when illuminance is low. Regardless of sensitivity, radiant energy outside of the range of spectral
luminous efficiency for the human eye can still cause damage to the eye (UV radiation).

In addition the human organism is capable of adjusting to different spectral compositions of available
light. A white surface, for example, is perceived as white both in daylight and under artificial light. This is
explained by psychological processes relating to visual perception, including memory and natural
protective functions.

Photometers illuminance and luminance photometry are nearly always set for phototopic vision, and the
various photometric parameters are also based on the V(Λ) evaluation.

Spectrum

The spectrum of radiation describes its composition with regard to wavelength. Licht, for example, as the
portion of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, is radiation with wavelengths in the
range of approx. 380 to 780 nm (1 nm = 10-9m). The corresponding range of colours varies from violet to
indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. These colours form a continuous spectrum, in which the
various spectral sectors merge into each other.

A graphic presentation takes the form of a smooth curve. Thermal radiators, like incandescent lamps and
the sun have such a continuous spectrum. Discontinuous radiation, on the other hand, has breaks in the
spectrum. In the individual case it is comprised only of spectrum lines (discontinuous spectrum). Laser
light is monochromatic light radiating at just one single wavelength.

The Lamps in common use today emit portions of light from almost all sectors of the spectrum, but the
actual composition differs considerably. In some cases there is a preponderance of blue (daylight white)
and in other cases red (warm white). On the one hand theactual composition is determined by the colour
appearance of the light source (Color appearance), and on the other hand an object can only reflect
those colours that are present in the light (Color rendition).

In addition to light, thermal radiators also emit significant portions of IR radiation in the form of heat. (It
would be more accurate to say that they produce a little bit of visible light in addition to heat radiation). In
the case of discharge lamps without fluorescent materials, on the other hand, the spectrum extends into
the UV sector. For both cases of invisible light, it can be said that excessive exposure can cause damage
to the human eye and also to objects, although it should be borne in mind that UV and IR wavelengths
are natural components of daylight and contribute to man's natural response to light, because light is
perceived not only by the human eye but also by the skin.
Starters

In addition to Ballast, fluorescent lamps (and compact fluorescent lamps) also require a starter for the
ignition process.

The starter closes a circuit to preheat the lamp electrodes andopens it again at the end of the preheating
time (approx. 0.5 - 2 s depending on the type of lamp), thus creating the voltage surge required to ignite
the lamp even at low ambient temperatures and mains undervoltage. The average make time of the
starter contacts (preheat time) and the surge voltage level are important factors for the service life of
fluorescent lamps.

Three types of starter are in common use :

z glow starters

z glow starters with safety shutdown

z electronic starters integrated in quick-start units

The main differences relate to flicker during starting and at the end of lamp life. In the case of the simple
glow starter, lamp start may only succeed after several attempts, whereas the other types provide more
or less flicker-free starting.

At the end of lamp life, a glow starter will make repeated attempts to achieve re-ignition (flicker). The
more sophisticated starters incorporating a thermoswitch or electronic components interrupt the current
after 1-3 min. (no flicker). Once the lamp has ignited, the voltage in the glow starter is reduced to lamp
voltage, which is not enough to re-ignite the glow discharge in the starter.

In the case of simple capacitive ballasts, contact make time is too short. This leads to repeated attempts
at ignition without adequate preheating in the electrodes, which reduces lamp life.

Stroboscopic Effect

Light emission from gas discharge lamps without fluorescent materials is an almost inertia-free
reproduction of the time response of alternating current (50 Hz mains frequency). Luminous flux pulsates
at twice the mains frequency. Normally this 100 Hz flicker is not perceived by the human eye, but in the
case of fast moving or rotating objects (e.g. a lathe) its can cause an optical illusion, creating the
impression of slower or even reverse movement. Such situations can be dangerous.

Stroboscopic effects can be minimised or avoided through the use of a Dual Circuit, 3-phase wiring or
electronic Ballasts.

Task Lighting

Where the ambient lighting is inadequate for the visual tasks to be performed at a workstation, task
lighting can be installed in addition to the ambient lighting (DIN 5035, Part 1) for such cases as the
following:

z special lighting requirements for individual workstations (extra illuminance, specific angle of
incidence, color of light or luminance requirements)

z problematical positioning of the workstation with inadequate illuminance available from the
ambient lighting system
 z working with dark materials on a work surface with a high level of reflectance

The task lighting can be provided by table lights or free-standing luminaires positioned to beam light onto
the work surface. Due attention must be paid to a uniform distributionof luminance within the interior and
on the work surface as well as correct coordination of the color of light between ambient lighting and
workstation lighting.

DIN 5035, Part 8 lists the special requirements to be metby workstation lighting to meet the needs of the
user while avoiding detrimental effects at the workstation and adjoining workstations, e.g. through direct
glare. The DIN standard applies to offices and similar interiors.

In the interest of a uniform distribution of luminance at the workstation, the following Illuminance limits
apply to additional workstation lighting as a factor of work surface Reflectance :

Max. permissible average illuminance for additional

Work surface reflectance
workstation lighting measured at the main working plane
<0.3 0.5 En
0.3 bis < 0.4 1.0 En
0.4 bis < 0.5 1.5 En
= 0.5 2.0 En
En = Service illuminance for ambient lighting pursuant to DIN 5035, Part 2.

The standard also lists further requirements to be met relating to the luminance limit angle, color
appearance and color rendition characteristics.

Thermal radiators

Solid bodies, liquids and gases radiate energy on the basis of their temperature. The higher the
temperature (in Kelvin), the greater the amount of energy emitted.

Thermal radiation is a form of Continuous Radiation, ranging from the shortest to the longest
wavelengths. The first weak shine of a glowing solid is visible in the dark at about 800 K (approx. 527°C).
As the temperature rises the solid reaches red heat, yellow heat and finally white heat. In addition, a
certain amount of irradiation is also reflected, depending on the surface properties of the solid.

Full radiator

In the case of a full radiator, i.e. a primary radiator that absorbs all incident radiation (also called a black
body or Planckian radiator), the spectral composition of the radiation is determined by temperature alone.
The temperatures of full radiators can therefore be used to define the spectral composition (color
appearance, color temperature) of any light source. In the standard chromaticity diagram the chromaticity
of the full radiator lies on a curve.

The spectral properties of thermal radiators for artificial lighting (incandescent lamps, mains voltage
tungsten halogen lamps, Low Voltage Tungsten Halogen Lamps) are very close to those of a full
radiator, and very good color points can therefore be assigned to them.

The chromaticity of other light sources discharge lamps, on the other hand, only lies near the curve.
Such chromaticity can be assigned to the nearest color temperature.

Transformers

Transformers are electronic components used to convert currents, voltages or frequencies. In the field of
lighting engineering they are mostly used as voltage transformers to supply low voltage halogen capsule
lamps with the appropriate voltage (6V, 12V, 24V).

Transformers generate this low voltage either via induction with two separate windings (conventional
transformers) or electronically (electronic transformers).

In both cases it is essential to ensure that no voltage can pass into the low-voltage system (safety
transformers pursuant to VDE 0551). Transformer fuse protection is provided in the primary circuit.

As a transformer delivers electric power at relatively low voltages, the system has to carry high currents,
and this must be borne in mind with regard to the correct rating for conducting parts. The transformer
itself must also have the appropriate rating for the system on the secondary circuit.

Overheating protection for the transformer is not a luxury; it is essential for the safe operation of the
system. In the case of overloading (too many lamps at too much power, or a short circuit) the transformer
can quickly become too hot, and that is a serious fire hazard.

If the load is too low (too few lamps at too little power), on the other hand, secondary voltage in the lamps
rises, and that can burn out the filament causing premature lamp failure. This process can then
"snowball".

Transmission

Light that falls on a surface can either be absorbed, transmitted or reflected, depending on the properties
of the material involved. Reflection factors (r), absorption factors (a) and transmission factors (t) can be
between 0 and 1 (0 -100%). The sum of the three factor is always 1. The transmitted or reflected
radiation can be regular (1), scattered (2) or completely diffuse (3).

Transmission factor τ

The transmission factor is the ratio of transmitted light to incident light. Here are some typical
transmission factors :

Material
clear glass 90 ...92%
prismatic glass 70 ...90%
plastic (white, opaque) 40 ...60%

Type of Protection

The mechanical, thermal and safety requirements to be met by luminaires are laid down in the various
international and European standards. The provisions of EN IEC 598 (Luminaires - General
requirements and tests) are of particular relevance. Conformance with this standard guarantees that a
luminaire is designed and manufactured in such a way that it will not represent a hazard to life and limb,
property or pets as long as it is properly installed, used and serviced. The provisions of the standard are
designed to prevent

z electric shocks when touched

 z operating faults in the luminaires

z reduced service life for lamps and luminaires

z fire hazard in the luminaire or its surroundings

Conformance with the standard is indicated by the appropriate markings (VDE, SEV, ÖVE, KEMA).

The type of protection of a luminaire defines the degree of protection against the ingress of damp, water
and dust. The type of protection is expressed as a two-digit IP code. The first digit relates to protection
against the ingress of foreign bodies, while the second defines the level of protection against moisture.
Every extra-protection luminaire must be marked with both digits of the IP code. Ordinary luminaires (=
IP20) do not have to carry the code markings.

1st digit: protection against contact and foreign bodies

Definition Examples(contact/ingres not possible for...) Code

IP
No protection no special protection
0X
Protection against IP
large body surfaces, e.g. a hand
foreign 1X
bodies
(no protection against deliberate contact)
> 50 mm
Protection against IP
fingers
foreign 2X
bodies
> 12 mm
Protection against IP
tools, rods
foreign 3X
bodies
> 2,5 mm
Protection against IP
wires or strip
foreign 4X
bodies
> 1 mm
Protection against not completely dust-proof, but adequate for IP
dust proper operation 5X
IP
Dust-tight no ingress of dust
6X

2nd digit: protection against ingress of liquid

Definition Examples(contact/ingres not possible for...)

Code
IP
No protection no special protection
X0
dripping water IP
Drip-proof
(vertical drops) X1
vertical drops with the housing rotated up to IP
Drip-proof up to 15°
15° from the normal position X2
water spray from an angle of up to 60° from the IP
Spray-proof
vertical X3
Protection against splashwater hitting the housing from any IP
splashwater direction X4
a jet of water hitting the housing from any IP
Jet-proof
direction X5
Protection against IP
 high seas high seas or a jet of water under high pressure X6
Protection against ingress of water caused by temporary IP
immersion immersion X7
continuous submersion
Protection against IP
(precise details to be supplied by the
submersion X8
manufacturer)

Pursuant to IEC 598 symbols may also be used for some of the codes. For special applications, the
provisions of a additional (national) standards may apply.

Planning with the UGR Method

The Unified Glare Rating method (UGR) has been developed by the CIE (Commission International de
l'Eclairage) in order to harmonise glare classification procedures worldwide. The method is based on a
formula similar to that employed for the British Glare Index.

Unlike the Söllner Method, which simply evaluates glare from a single luminaire, the UGR formula can be
used to assess the glare characteristics of a complete lighting system. The formula takes account of
every luminaire in a given interior and also background luminance (ceiling, walls) with reference to a
standard viewing point.

A standard table is available listing uncorrected UGR values for various room sizes and reflectance
combinations. These values have to be corrected to take account of such factors as the luminous flux of
the light sources.

The final UGR scores tend to lie between 10 ("no glare") and 30 ("pronounced physiological glare").

The higher the UGR score, the greater the probability of glare. Completely different results can be
achieved with luminaire locations that deviate from the standard configuration and for other viewing
points. An auxiliary table provides estimated scores for the variant viewing points.

There are plans to lay down maximum UGR scores for various requirements and activities on the line of
the glare quality classes used to date. The following table offers a rough conversion guide between the
conventional DIN glare classes and the future UGR system.

Uniform diffuser

A uniform diffuser is a completely matt surface with equal diffusion properties throughout. Its luminance
is the same from all angles of vision. Luminous intensity decreases with the cosine of the emission angle
with the normal to the surface.

Uniformity

In order to avoid problems of fatigue and to generate a feeling of wellbeing in an interior it is important to
create a uniform distribution of luminance. This involves maintaining a certain uniformity of illuminance at
the work plane, expressed as the ratio of minimum to mean illuminance. For the ambient lighting in office
interiors, this ratio should be greater than 1:1.5 (DIN 5035, Part 1).

VDU Workstations

Computer-supported workstations make special demands of the office lighting system with regard to both
the distribution of luminance within the room and the need to limit direct glare and reflected glare.

The distribution of luminance involves such factors as the reflectance, shine and color of the surfaces at
the workstation and within the interior. Surface finishes should be selected to avoid excessive differences
in luminance (cf. Contrast) and irritating reflections in light-colored surfaces.

With regard to the risk of direct glare from luminaires, it should be borne in mind that the line of vision
when working at a VDU is normally almost horizontal, whereas it is often angled downwards during other
forms of office work. For that reason, Class A glare cut-off characteristics are required for such
workstations pursuant to DIN 5035, Part 7.

Reflected glare is caused by bright objects or areas reflecting in smooth or glossy surfaces, including
computer screens. As such reflections depend on the angle of vision or incident light, the relative location
of the workstations, VDU's and luminaires is a decisive factor in avoiding the problem, which can often be
solved by simply changing the angle of tilt or swivel of the screen.

In accordance with DIN 5035, Part 7, the Mean Luminance of surfaces that reflect in a VDU - including
furnishings and windows - must be no higher than 200 cd/m², while maximum luminance must be limited
to 400 cd/m². In the case of luminaires that reflect in a VDU, the provisions of DIN 5035 are as follows.
Beyond the luminance limit angle, i.e. the angle at which a luminaire starts to become visible to the
operator in a VDU, mean luminance of the luminous surfaces in the planes C0-C180 and C90-C270 must
not exceed 200 cd/m².

The use of special VDU luminaires , however, with a luminance limit angle of 50°, only makes real sense
for large offices. In smaller rooms luminance at the emission angle provided with such sophisticated
glare protection would not in any case be visible in the computer screen. In the case of computer-
supported workstations, therefore, the use of luminaires with a 60° luminance limit angle (specular
darklight reflector optics) is to be recommended.

In the modern office computer screens are now often viewed at an angle of more than the 20° on which
the standard is based. Notebook and other displays may even be used lying almost flat, which makes
them susceptible to reflected glare from almost every direction. Picture tube technology has also made
further progress in recent years, including antireflection coatings and the use of black lettering on a light
background (positive contrast), so that there are now far fewer problems with irritating reflections. Where
such modern equipment is in use, the standard explicitly permits higher luminance levelsthan the figures
quoted, without specifying any maximum limits, however.

Visual Acuity

Visual acuity is the ability of the human eye to discriminate between adjacent objects. It depends to a
significant degree on the levels of contrast and luminance in the field of vision. Optimum conditions start
at around 100 cd/m2 with a contrast difference of over 90%. At average reflectance this corresponds to
an illuminance of 1000 lx. In the case of moving objects visual acuity increases slightly, reaching a
maximum at angular velocities of 2-3 degrees of angle per second.

Visual Performance

Given a balanced distribution of luminance in the Visual Field (cf. Ten Guidelines for Right Light), the
human eye adapts to a mean luminance for optimum visual discrimination.

The difference in luminance needed between a visual object and its surroundings to permit the former to
be perceived is then lowest. Where the distribution of luminance includes very high luminance peaks
([Link] lamps, direct sunshine) the human eye adapts at a higher level and is then less capable
of perceiving visual objects in the darker zones (equivalent veiling luminance). This state is known as
physiological glare. It has a significant impact on the performance of the human eye, and represents a
quantifiable restriction on powers of vision.

In his standard work written on the subject in the Fifties, H. C. Weston describes the relationship
between visual performance and the size of the visual object for different contrast conditions. His
research shows that 500 lx is enough for optimum visual performance to be achieved with large objects
(visual angle 4.5') and high levels of contrast, whereas with small objects (visual angle 1.5') and reduced
contrast, visual performance continues to increase even beyond the 10,000 lx mark, although it can
never reach the same level as with large objects and pronounced contrast.

Most of the provisions in the standards relating to Illuminance are based on the results of the above
study.

Visual Task

Visual task is the term given to an activity requiring visual perception and located in a certain place (e.g.
reading, writing, drawing, computer working). The activity involved can change in the course of the day or
from day to day. For that reason a variety of visual tasks must be taken into account when planning a
lighting system.

The visual task involves certain requirements to be met by the lighting system relating to such factors as
Illuminance, Glare Control, Contrast, Uniformity and so on, so that the task can be completed without
discomfort or physical hindrance.

Parts 1 and 2 of DIN 5035 describe the criteria to be observed for task-related artificial indoor lighting
systems. They also contain provisions for the requirements to be met by artificial lighting systems for
specific interiors and activities (service illuminance, color appearance, color rendition class, glare control
class).

Working Plane

The working plane is the theoretical plane to which service illuminance En relates. In the normal case the
working plane is treated as a horizontal plane 0.85 m above the floor. Service illuminance can also relate
to work surfaces lying in other planes (e.g. switchgear cubicle assembly, drawing boards, desks). In the
case of indoor circulation areas, service illuminance relates to the midline at a max. height of 0.2 m
above the floor (DIN 5035 Part 1).
DIALux 2.0 - Hints

In this chapter you can find hints about DIALux 2.0 and lighting planning.

DIALux

Lighting Planning

Ten Guidelines for Right Light

Ten Guidelines for Right Light Beginning of chapter

Good light is needed to create optimum visual conditions indoors. When planning a lighting installation a
number of factors have to be taken into consideration which interact to determine the quality of the
system as a whole. DIAL has listed these factors as Ten Guidelines for Right Light. This is a useful
source of information for creating lighting solutions that meet the needs of the user to the full and provide
efficient working conditions.

1. Adequate illuminance
The performance of the human eye largely depends on the level of illuminance in the visual
field. As illuminance increases, motivation and overall performance are also enhanced, while
the tendency to make mistakes declines. (Cf. Ambient Lighting, Illuminance)

2. Harmonious distribution of luminance

A balanced distribution of luminance on the various surfaces makes an interior visually
interesting. Inadequate or excessive contrast, on the other hand, causes visual strain and
fatigue. (Cf. Contrast, Luminance, Brightness, Uniformity)

3. Adequate glare control

Glare in an interior is rarely so severe that visual performance is significantly reduced, but it can
be irritating and cause eye strain. (Cf. Glare, Direct Glare Control, VDU Workstations)

4. Good contrast rendition

Contrast is necessary for the human eye to be able to discriminate between objects and their
background. A lighting system with good contrast rendition does not cause reflected glare even
on shiny surfaces and documents, so that text is easy to read even on glossy paper. (Cf.
Contrast, Contrast Rendering Factor)

5. The right direction of incidence

The direction of incidence of light is important for Contrast Rendition, as it determines the angle
at which any reflections can be seen. At the same time it influences the distribution of light and
shadow, which is the key to three-dimensional vision on the one hand, and can be irritating or
even dangerous in the case of heavy shadows, on the other.

6. Pleasant shadow conditions

Shadows reinforce three-dimensional vision and facilitate orientation. Good shadow conditions
are the product of an effective combination of diffuse light and directed light. (Cf. Shadow
Conditions)

7. Suitable color appearance

In the course of the day the light appearance of natural daylight changes. Artificial light can also
be produced with different light appearances or colors so as to support various lighting functions
and moods. (Cf. Color Appearance)

8. Natural color rendition

 Only the spectral colors that are contained in the incident light can be reflected by an object and
perceived by the human eye. Color Rendition is a measure of the ability of an artificial light
source to show the natural colors of an object.

9. Effective lighting atmosphere

Light affects our mood and feeling of wellbeing. The result is a subjective, more or less
unconscious impression of an interior and its light. In recent years more attention has also been
paid to the importance of a positive lighting atmosphere for the working environment. In addition
to the various rules listed here, which for the most part involve objective and quantifiable
parameters, this aspect of good lighting planning also requires a degree of experience with the
interplay of the various factors and a fine feeling for good light.

10. Efficient energy consumption

A basic requirement for modern lighting planning is the careful and economical use of energy.
The various solutions now available relate not only to new installations, however, but also to
retrofitting and refurbishing old and inefficient systems.