SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY

16 Study of Settlements

Settlements vary in size, function and

complexity. All settlements, though, has
What to expect the following in common: a settlement
comprises of people, buildings,
 Differentiate between site and situation
 Identify and describe the factors influencing site
infrastructure and transport networks that
and situation are integrated and function as a single
 Classify settlements according to: size and unit on a daily basis.
complexity
pattern The concepts of site and situation are
function
easily confused. Candidates must be able
rural/urban
 Understand the concept of urban hierarchy to distinguish between these two
 Apply the above on topographic maps concepts.

The site of a settlement is the land upon which it was built.

The situation of a settlement is its location in relation to surrounding human and physical
features. We usually describe the situation when we are telling someone where a
settlement is.

Areas shaded in blue shows the site, i.e. the

exact piece of land occupied by the
settlements.

Red labels show the situation of the

settlements, i.e. their location in relation to
surrounding features.

Figure 16.1: Site and situation

The original site selected for a settlement often refers back to the physical features
surrounding the selected site. Candidates must be able to identify these site factors on a
simple sketch diagram or on a topographic map, as this concept can be tested in Paper 2
(Mapwork).

 wet point site - this site is close to a supply of water

 dry point site - this site is chosen to avoid the risk of flooding
 defensive site - this site is on high ground to allowed the inhabitants to see enemies
from a distance
 aspect - many settlements in the Southern Hemisphere are located on north facing
slopes of valleys where it is warmer
 shelter - away from rain and prevailing winds
 trading point - often settlements developed where natural training points meet such as
along rivers or natural route ways
 resources - many settlements developed close to where natural resources could be
found.

Figure 16.2: Factors effecting site of a settlement

Figure 16.3: Settlements according to site factors

Something For You To Do

1 Refer to FIGURE 16.4 below showing site and situation factors of various settlements.

Figure 16.4: Site and situation factors of settlements

1.1 Clearly differentiate between the terms site and situation. (2 x 1) (2)

1.2 For each of the settlements A to H, provide the most likely factor that
determined its site. The same site factor may be used for more than
one settlement. (8 x 1) (8)

1.3 Describe the situation of settlements A, B and C respectively. (3 x 2) (6)

1.4 Give ONE negative factor associated with selecting sites E and I
respectively. (2 x 2) (4)

1.5 Why, despite the negative factors mentioned in QUESTION 1.4, did
the development of settlements at E and I most likely continue?
(2 x 2) (4)

Settlements can be classified in various ways. The generally accepted classifications in

settlement geography are:

 size and complexity

 pattern
 function
 rural/urban
Figure 16.5: Classification of settlements according to size and complexity

FIGURE 16.5 also shows which settlements are classified as rural and which are classified
as urban. In rural settlements the main function is primary activities (unifunctional),
whereas in urban settlements there are many secondary and tertiary activities (multi-
functional).

Figure 16.6: Urban hierarchy characteristics Figure 16.7: Rural and urban settlements

Figure 16.8: Real life urban hierarchies

17 Rural Settlements

The concepts of rural settlement patterns and the shape of rural settlements must be
clearly separated.

Rural pattern refers to how far or close

individual houses/dwellings are in relation to
What to expect one another. There are only TWO rural
 Explain the concept of rural pattern settlement patterns: isolated/dispersed
 Distinguish between an isolated and a clustered/nucleated
nucleated pattern
 Identify and describe the various rural
settlement shapes
 Explain why settlements assume different
shapes
 Identify rural patterns and rural settlement
shapes on topographic maps

Advantages are:

 large space for extensive farming

 freedom to make own decisions
 farmer works for himself and keeps own profits
 easy to implement soil erosion measures
 farmer lives at his place of work

Disadvantages are:

 far from urban services

 little social interaction
 safety is a concern in South Africa
 little help during times of need
 services such as transport, electricity and tele-
communication becomes expensive

Figure 17.1: Dispersed rural

settlement
 Advantages are:

 safer to live close together

 regular social contact
 farmers can share equipment and support one another
 resources can be shared
 easier access to urban services

Disadvantages are:

 lack of space and privacy

 lack of consideration for one another
 decisions must be taken collectively
 profits are shared
 farmer does not have one continuous section of land
to farm
 farmer does not live on his farm
 farmer must travel over sections of other farms to
reach his fields

Figure 17.2: Nucleated rural

settlement

The shape of rural settlements refers to the outline shape of the entire settlement.

Features such as roads, rivers, and canals play an important role in the shape of rural
settlements. Individual houses will usually be placed as close as possible along these
features; therefore it will develop a linear shape.

When roads intersect one another, individual houses will be placed alongside the road,
resulting in a cross-shaped or star-shaped outline.

Centrally placed features such as ponds, water wells or churches play an important role in
settlements that have a circular shape. Roads will radiate outwards from the centre. In
traditional circular settlements the central feature is a kraal for protection of cattle.

Figure 17.3: Traditional Zulu hut

Figure 17.4: Rural settlement shapes
Something For You To Do

1 FIGURE 17.4 is an extract from a topographic map showing various settlements.

Figure 17.4: Topographic map extract

1.1 Describe the situation of the settlement called Longtown. (1 x 1) (1)

1.2 Classify the settlements Brisco Hill and Longtown, with reasons,
according to the following criteria:

(a) positions in the urban hierarchy (2 x 2) (4)

(b) their functions (2 x 2) (4)

(c) as rural or urban (2 x 2) (4)

1.3 Describe the difference in settlement pattern between Brisco Hill and
Longtownmoor. Provide map evidence for your answer. (3 x 2) (6)

1.4 Identify the shapes assumed by the following settlements, and in

each case describe the factors responsible for the shape:

(a) Longtownmoor (2 x 2) (4)

(b) Longtown (2 x 2) (4)

(c) Hallburn (2 x 2) (4)

2 FIGURE 17.5 depicts various types of rural settlements.

Figure 17.5: Rural settlements

2.1 Name the settlement patterns of settlements A, B and C. (3 x 1) (3)

2.2 What evidence suggests that B is a dry-point settlement (1 x 1) (1)

2.3 Refer to settlement B.

(a) State TWO social advantages of living in settlement B. (2 x 2) (4)

(b) State TWO economic disadvantages of living in settlement B.

(2 x 2) (4)

2.4 Refer to settlement A.

(a) State TWO social disadvantages of living in settlement A.

(2 x 2) (4)

(b) State TWO economic advantages of living in settlement A.

(2 x 2) (4)

2.5 Refer to settlement C.

(a) Identify the settlement shape at C. (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Suggest a reason for the elongated (long and narrow) shape of
the individual farms in settlement C. (1 x 2) (2)

(c) Explain why the farms at C are likely to experience soil erosion.
(2 x 2) (4)

2.6 A decision was taken to upgrade the existing road running past the
settlement at B. Explain how, and why, this decision would change
the classification of the village in the urban hierarchy. (2 x 2) (4)
18 Rural Settlement Issues

18.1 Rural-urban migration

Many rural inhabitants are moving to

large urban centres. This process is
What to expect referred to as rural-urban migration.
 Understand the concept rural-urban migration Candidates must be able to describe
 Distinguish between push and pull factors and explain this process by referring to
responsible for rural-urban migration the push and pull factors responsible
 Describe the impact of rural-urban migration on for people migrating from rural to urban
the rural and the urban environment areas. Rural-urban migration impacts
 Provide possible measures to slow down rural-
on both the rural and urban
urban migration
environments.

Figure 18.1: Push and pull factors responsible for rural-urban migration

Figure 18.2: Impact of rural-urban migration on rural and urban environments

 Economics Environmental Social
Rural business grants Develop tourist Improve rural services
attractions
Promote agriculture Provision of affordable
Develop ecotourism e.g. housing particularly for
Land consolidation to walks and cycle paths
make more economic the young
farming units Development of hunt Encourage counter-
tourism urbanisation
Diversification into
different crops Develop and market Attract commuters to live
historic buildings as in rural areas
Farming diversification tourist attractions
e.g. bead-and breakfast Develop recreation and
Establish environmental entertainment facilities
Improve on infrastructural education centres
development Training in rural skills
Improve on transport and Improve security
communication networks

Figure 18.3: Possible solutions for rural-urban migration

Something For You To Do

1 Read the extract in FIGURE 18.4 referring to rural-urban migration.

HOPE
Susanne Melda, 26 November 2012

Rural-urban migration is believed to affect various dimensions of migrants' well-being.

Desires, such as the opportunity to improve the standard of living and better services,
are not always met.

The process of migration is often undertaken with an aspiration (desire) of improved

opportunities for socio-economic advancement. However, it does not always entail
improvement of living standard and poverty eradication. Rural migrants settling in big
cities are the most vulnerable and may experience detrimental (unsafe) living
conditions.
Figure 18.4: Rural-urban migration

1.1 What is rural-urban migration? (1 x 1)(1)

1.2 The extract implies 'hope' from rural-urban migration. What are
the migrants expecting in the urban areas? (2 x 2)(4)

1.3 Explain why rural-urban migration does not always lead to an

improvement in the standard of living of rural migrants. (2 x 2)(4)

1.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, evaluate the

negative impact of rural-urban migration on cities. (4 x 2)(8)
 2 Study FIGURE 18.5 showing the consequences of rural depopulation.

Figure 18.5: Rural depopulation

2.1 Define the term rural depopulation. (1 x 1) (1)

2.2 Which age group is the first to migrate to cities? (1 x 1) (1)

2.3 Give ONE characteristic of a ghost town. (1 x 1) (1)

2.4 Mention TWO reasons why stagnation (no growth taking place)
occurs in rural towns. (2 x 2) (4)

2.5 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines to give suggestions

on how this cycle of stagnation can be broken. (4 x 2) (8)

3. Study FIGURE 18.6 showing a cartoon strip on rural-urban migration.

Figure 18.6: Rural-urban migration

3.1 Name the push factor in the cartoon that caused rural-urban migration.
(1 x 1) (1)

3.2 Name the pull factor that attracted John to the city. (1 x 1) (1)

3.3 Refer to the cartoon (frame 4). Why was Joan surprised by John's
attraction to the city? (1 x 2) (2)
 3.4 State TWO other expectations John had that were NOT met when he
moved to the city. (2 x 2) (4)

3.5 Local government (municipalities) must increase their yearly budgets

to provide for an influx of rural migrants. Explain this statement in a
paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines. (4 x 2) (8)

Something For You To Do

4 Study FIGURE 18.7 showing the trend in people living in rural areas in South Africa

Figure 18.7: Trend in people living in rural areas in South Africa

4.1 Comment on the trend from 2004 to 2015 in the graph regarding
people living in rural areas. (1 x 1) (1)

4.2 What percentage of South Africans lived in rural areas in South Africa
in 2015? (1 x 1) (1)

4.3 Give a projected percentage for the South African rural population in
2020. (1 x 2) (2)

4.4 What impact will the trend in QUESTION 1.1 have on rural areas in
the future? (2 x 2) (4)

4.5 If the trend in QUESTION 4.1 continues, South Africa might head for
food insecurity in the near future. In a paragraph of approximately
EIGHT lines, outline sustainable measures to ensure continued food
security. (4 x 2) (8)
18.2 Social Injustices

Access to Resources

What to expect
 Understand the concept social injustice
 Understand why rural areas lack access to resources
 Describe the implications of a lack of access to resources for the rural community
 Provide reasons for high rate of HIV/Aids incidence in rural areas
 Describe and explain who is most vulnerable as result of HIV/Aids in rural areas
 Implications of high rate of HIV/Aids incidence in rural areas
 Provide possible measures to alleviate social injustices in rural areas
 Land reform and related issues

According to the SA Human Rights Commission, who visited all nine provinces,
poor infrastructure failures and no, or little, access to water and sanitation exists in
rural areas.

Figure 18.8: No piped water in homes Figure 18.9: Unhygienic pit toilets

The major problem with sanitation in rural South Africa is that there are many pit
toilets, of which most are full and inactive. Every time it rains, the ground becomes
contaminated and this leads to many illnesses and deaths.

Various reasons are listed for the poor access to water in rural areas:

 Apartheid legacy of access to water in rural areas

 Lack of planning and development in rural areas
 Lack of funding for improved infrastructure
 Poor maintenance of existing infrastructure network
 Poor/cheap quality materials used to maintain water infrastructure
 Theft of water infrastructure
 Mismanagement of funds (corruption) by the government
 Focus placed on urban areas and industrial development
Figure 18.10: Poor access to water and sanitation

Even though the SA Government implemented many rural water supply schemes
under the National Reconstruction and Development Programme (NRDP), drinking
water continues to be of poor quality and is typically considered unsafe.

The following solutions could assist to ensure the provision of water to rural areas:

 Infrastructure needs to be developed for piped water to homes

 Upgrading and maintenance of existing water network systems
 Government allocating more funds to secure clean water
 Improve catchment management systems
 Remove alien/exotic vegetation to reduce the usage of water
 Build/upgrade more dams to store water
 Install more Jo-Jo tanks to harvest and store water
 Digging of more boreholes to tap into groundwater sources
 Filtration of polluted water
 Education in the wise usage of water
 Improved farming practices to promote infiltration
Something For You To Do

5 Study FIGURE 18.11 showing water as a social justice issue in rural areas.

Water wheel by Wello changes lives in rural areas

Figure 18.11: Improved access to water in rural areas

5.1 How was water transported in rural areas prior to the invention of the
water wheel shown in FIGURE 18.11? (1 x 1) (1)

5.2 How has the water wheel by Wello changed access to water in rural
areas? (1 x 2) (2)

5.3 Discuss the role that access to water in rural areas play in
empowering women in rural areas. (2 x 2) (4)

5.4 Describe how access to water in rural areas could reduce poverty in
rural areas. (2 x 2) (4)

5.5 Give TWO reasons for the poor water infrastructure in rural areas of
South Africa. (2 x 2) (4)

5.6 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines suggesting

sustainable solutions to improve access to water in rural areas. (4 x 2) (8)

HIV/Aids

In South Africa, HIV/Aids have been acutely experienced in rural areas. A recent
Fact Sheet prepared by the FAO clearly describes the threat to rural Africa:

 South Africa has the biggest and most high-profile HIV epidemic in the world,
with an estimated 7.7 million people living with HIV in 2018. South Africa
accounts for a third of all new HIV infections in southern Africa.
 More than two-thirds of the population of the 25 most-affected African countries
lives in rural areas.
 Information and health services are less available in rural areas than in cities.
Rural people are therefore less likely to know how to protect themselves from
HIV and, if they fall ill, less likely to get care.
 Costs of HIV/Aids are largely borne by rural communities as HIV-infected urban
dwellers of rural origin, often return to their communities when they fall ill.

Figure 18.12: HIV/Aids fact sheet for South Africa

The impact of HIV/Aids is severe in many countries. The major impact on

agriculture includes serious depletion of human resources, diversions of capital
from agriculture, loss of farm and non-farm income and other psycho-social impacts
that affect productivity.

Women are most vulnerable, not only to HIV/Aids infection, but also to the
economic impact of HIV/Aids. This is often a result of the gendered power relations
evident in rural households, which can leave women prone to the infection of HIV.
In rural areas, women tend to be even more disadvantaged due to reduced access
to productive resources and support services. UNAIDS has also reported that some
traditional mechanisms to ensure women's access to land in case of widowhood
contributes to the spread of the HIV infection. Women, widowed due to HIV/Aids,
sometimes lose rights to land, adding to an already insecure situation. In some
contexts, if a widow does not marry her husband's brother, she loses access to her
husband's property. The issue of HIV/Aids and inheritance therefore impacts on
women in rural areas.

HIV prevention programmes are interventions that aim to halt the transmission of
HIV. They are implemented to either protect an individual and their community, or
are rolled out as public health policies.
Figure 18.13: Prevention of HIV/Aids infection

Behavioral interventions seek to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by addressing

risky behaviors. Examples of behavioral interventions include:

 information provision (such as sex education)

 counselling and other forms support
 safe infant feeding guidelines

Biomedical interventions use a mix of clinical and medical approaches to reduce

HIV transmission. Examples of biomedical interventions include:

 male and female condoms

 sex and reproductive health services
 antiretroviral drugs for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission
 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
 HIV testing and counselling

Structural interventions seek to address underlying factors that make individuals or

groups vulnerable to HIV infection. These can be social, economic, political or
environmental. UNAIDS flags the following structural issues as creating gaps in HIV
prevention:

 gender inequalities, including gender-based violence

 Requirements of parental/carer consent remains an important barrier to uptake
of HIV and sexual and reproductive health services among adolescents and
young people.
 females face specific challenges and barriers, including violence and violations
of their human rights
 Figure 18.14: Number of people in South Africa receiving antiretroviral treatment

South Africa has made great strides in tackling its HIV epidemic in recent years and
now has the biggest HIV treatment programme in the world. Moreover, these efforts
are now largely funded from South Africa's own resources. HIV prevention initiatives
are having a significant impact on mother-to-child transmission rates in particular,
which are falling dramatically. New HIV infections overall have fallen by half in the
last decade, however, there are still too many. While the short term financing of
South Africa's HIV epidemic is secure, in the longer term, the government needs to
explore other strategies in order to sustain and expand its progress.

6 Study the map in FIGURE 18.15 which shows countries with the highest number of
HIV/Aids-related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa

Figure 18.15: HIV/Aids related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa

 6.1 Name the country with the highest number of HIV/Aids-related deaths.
(1 x 1) (1)

6.2 Give any TWO reasons for the high number of HIV/Aids-related
deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. (2 x 1) (2)

6.3 Why are mainly women affected by HIV/Aids in Sub-Saharan Africa?

(2 x 2) (4)

6.4 Discuss any TWO solutions that would reduce the number of
HIV/Aids-related deaths. (2 x 2) (4)

6.5 Study the projected deaths up to 2015 and comment on the

effectiveness of programmes to reduce HIV/Aids-related deaths. (2 x 2) (4)

6.6 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines detailing the

economic and social impact of HIV/Aids on rural settlement patterns in
Sub-Saharan African countries. (4 x 2) (8)

18.3 Land Reform

The Land Reform Process

What to expect focused on three areas:

 Understand the term land reform land restitution

 Distinguish between: land restitution land tenure
land tenure land redistribution
land redistribution
 Must be able to discuss challenges facing land reform
 Provide solutions to overcome challenges facing land
reform

 land restitution: the government compensates (monetary) individuals who had

been forcefully removed
 land tenure reform: a system of recognising people's right to own land and
therefore control of the land
 land redistribution: land bought by the government is returned to beneficiaries

Land redistribution is the most important component of land reform in South

Africa. Initially land was bought from its owners (willing seller) by the government
(willing buyer) and redistributed, in order to maintain public confidence in the land
market.

Although this system has worked in various countries in the world, in South Africa it
has proved to be very difficult to implement. This is because many owners do not
actually see the land they are purchasing and are not involved in the important
decisions made at the beginning of the purchase and negotiation.
The efficient introduction of land reform is important for the following reasons:

 Promotion of economic growth of those who were disadvantaged

 To create self-sufficient farmers
 Redressing injustices/imbalances from the past
 Redressing the legacy of Apartheid predominated over the unfair distribution of
land
 National reconciliation
 Improving food production in the previously marginalised sectors of the
population
 It will help people to have access to land
 Alleviation of poverty as most communities during Apartheid lived on communal
land

Various challenges are facing land reform in South Africa. The following are
amongst the challenges as identified by the Department of Rural Development and
Land Reform (2008):

 Willing seller-willing buyer principle: it takes a long time to negotiate land price
with the current land owners
 Claim disputes: it is a long process to mediate and resolve claim disputes
 Beneficiary selection: it is a lengthy process and time consuming process to
select the rightful beneficiaries for land redistribution
 Resettlement support: it requires enough resources and time to effectively
facilitate post-resettlement support to new land owners
 Different political views: there is lack of common consensus among political
parties on land reform debate
 Monitoring and evaluation: there is lack of reliable monitoring system and
evaluation thereof
 Policy: there are gaps in the current policies which compromise effective
implementation of land reform programme

The land reform process has not been as successful as was being hoped for. The
following list provides reasons for it not always being successful:

 family or community dispute

 conflict among traditional leaders, community, trust and beneficiaries
 boundary disputes among traditional leaders
 lack of technical and financial support
 mismanagement of resources
 no training of new farmers who settled on the land

Possible solutions to the challenges faced by land reform include the following:

 Revising land reform policies

 Measures to ensure redistributed land is used productively
 Inclusion of local communities to establish needs through consultation
 Establishing educational centres in these settlements for up skilling the
communities
 Training and development in modern farming methods/mentorship to new
farmers
  Monitoring and evaluation of processes must be reliable
 Monitoring and evaluation of allocation of resources must be reliable
 Relook at the policies of buying land
 Subsidise small scale farming communities to encourage the buying and selling
of their produce
 Create market areas for trading

Something For You To Do

7 FIGURE 18.16 shows data on land restitution in the various provinces in South
Africa.

Land cost Total

awarded
Claims Hectares Beneficiaries (million Rand) (million Rand)
Eastern Cape 16 194 93 600 208 064 213 1 699
Free State 2 654 47 363 40 624 9 178
Gauteng 13 159 9 476 70 179 117 828
KwaZulu-Natal 14 742 610 996 409 323 3 463 5 969
Limpopo 3 067 487 935 215 936 2 360 3 193
Mpumalanga 2 688 389 395 223 524 3 650 4 360
Northern Cape 3 663 471 896 97 479 340 1 118
North West 3 707 364 729 169 823 1 130 1 878
Western Cape 15 526 3 132 116 297 23 1 124
Total 75 400 2 478 522 1 551 249 11 306 20 350
Figure 18.16: Data on land restitution

7.1 Define the term land restitution. (1 x 1) (1)

7.2 Give the total number of land claims made to date. (1 x 1) (1)

7.3 Which province has allocated the largest amount of land for land
restitution thus far? (1 x 1) (1)

7.4 Comment on the total land cost in relation to the total amount
awarded for the land restitution process. (2 x 2) (4)

7.5 Give TWO reasons for your answer to QUESTION 7.4. (2 x 2) (4)

7.6 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the important

role that land restitution plays in the social justice process in a
democratic South Africa. (4 x 2) (8)
Figure 18.17: Land reform up to date
Something For You To Do

8 Read the extract of an article about land reform in FIGURE 18.18.

SOUTH AFRICA'S LAND REFORM EFFORTS LACK A FOCUS ON

STRUGGLING FARMERS

South Africa's land reform programme has suffered many failures, and its
beneficiaries have in many cases seen little or no improvements to their
livelihoods. Land reform remains an unresolved historical grievance.

There is a general agreement that land reform has been a failure and needs to be
sped up. Research shows that between 70% and 90% of the projects (including
land restitution projects) have failed. The government needs to reconsider its policy
of simply acquiring land for redistribution. It needs to take measures to make sure
that redistributed land is used productively.

If land reform is to continue in its current fashion, its prospects are doomed. It is
the government's duty to see to it that they create self-sufficient farmers through
the provision of post-settlement support.
Figure 18.18: Land reform

8.1 Define the term land reform. (1 x 1) (1)

8.2 According to the article, why has the land reform programme failed?
(1 x 1) (1)

8.3 Mention TWO factors that explain why land reform in South Africa is
necessary. (4)

8.4 Discuss TWO reasons why land reform in South Africa has not been
a successful as anticipated. (2 x 2) (4)

8.5 Outline TWO methods that the government can put in place to
provide support to the people resettled on the land once land reform
has taken place. (4)

8.6 The slow rate at which land reform is progressing has resulted in
many people resorting to land grabs. In a paragraph of approximately
EIGHT lines, explain why taking action such as land grabs is not
conducive for the land reform process. (4 x 2) (8)
9 Study FIGURE 18.19, a cartoon showing a discussion between inhabitants of a rural
area and a developer.

Figure 18.19: Cartoon on land reform

9.1 What is the main purpose of land reform? (1 x 1) (1)

9.2 Name the land reform policy which allows the government to buy
unoccupied land and share it equally amongst rural people.
(1 x 1) (1)

9.3 Suggest TWO possible socio-economic conditions of the inhabitants

in this rural area. (2 x 1) (2)

9.4 Why are the people of the area reluctant to help the developer
increase the productivity of the land? (1 x 2) (2)

9.5 Give ONE possible reason why the developer says that land is a key
to fight poverty. (1 x 2) (2)

9.6 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, outline measures that

the government could implement to make land reform policies more
effective. (4 x 2) (8)

OR

Land grab Land reform

Watch the following youtube videos as you work through the notes and exercises:

Site and Situation

[Link]

Concepts, Function, Pattern

[Link]
[Link]

Classification of Settlements
[Link]

Rural-Urban Migration
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Social Injustices
Water and Sanitation
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
HIV/Aids
[Link]
[Link]

Land Reform
[Link]
[Link]