College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
“Understanding Machine Tools and Processes: Types, Industrial
Applications, and the Shift from Traditional to CNC Techniques”
In Partial Fulfillments to FME6 – Machine Shop Theory and Practice
Research Activity 1: Machine Tool Operations and Classifications
Submitted by:
Camacho, Loi Ejeia
Morete, John Lester
Navales, Renz Jordan
BSME 2A
Submitted to:
Engr. Joseph O. Del Rosario
INTRODUCTION
In modern manufacturing, the ability to shape and cut materials precisely is key to
making quality parts. Machine tools are essential for this, used in many industries like
automotive, aerospace, defense, energy, and consumer goods. These tools turn raw materials,
usually metals, into finished parts by removing material carefully. While machine tools have
always been important, they have changed a lot, especially with the rise of automation and
digital control technologies.
The core problem addressed by this study lies in the growing gap between traditional
machining methods and the increasingly dominant Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
techniques. While traditional machine tools such as lathes, shapers, drilling machines, and
milling machines remain foundational to understanding mechanical processes, they are labor-
intensive, prone to human error, and limited in complexity and repeatability. In contrast, CNC
machines offer enhanced accuracy, repeatability, and integration with computer-aided design
and manufacturing systems. However, the transition to CNC machining requires a redefinition
of skills, knowledge, and operational frameworks in education and industry, Torres et. al.,
(2021).
Understanding this shift is crucial not only for students and professionals in mechanical
and manufacturing engineering but also for industries aiming to stay competitive in a global
market where efficiency, customization, and innovation are key. According to the Wiley Online
Library (2023), the lack of awareness or adequate training in modern CNC technologies can
hinder productivity and innovation.
Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of foundational knowledge in
traditional machining as a prerequisite for mastering CNC techniques. A study from Shenyang
Urban Construction University in China also stated the need to understand machining
principles such as cutting mechanics, tool geometry, and process parameters, which remain
applicable across both manual and automated systems. By exploring both ends of the
technological spectrum, the study contributes to a comprehensive learning framework that
prepares individuals for advanced manufacturing environments.
In essence, the relevance of this topic lies in its direct implications for industrial
performance, workforce development, and technological advancement. As industries
increasingly demand faster, more precise, and cost-effective production methods, equipping
future engineers and technicians with a deep understanding of both traditional and CNC
machine tools becomes not just beneficial but essential.
OBJECTIVES
This activity aims to accomplish the following;
1. To identify and classify different types of machine tools used in metal cutting and
shaping operations.
2. To explain the basic working principles and operational techniques of conventional
machine tools such as lathes, milling machines, and shapers.
3. To explore various machining processes including turning, drilling, milling, grinding,
and shaping.
4. To analyze the role of machine tools in different industrial applications, emphasizing
productivity and precision.
5. To examine the transition from traditional to CNC machining, highlighting
technological advancements and operational benefits.
6. To compare manual and CNC machine tools in terms of accuracy, efficiency, versatility,
and training requirements.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The evolution of machine tools and machining processes has been significantly shaped
by the transition from traditional methods to advanced Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
technologies. Kartavya S. Sagar et al. (2015) emphasized the critical role of structural design
in CNC machines, particularly how stiffness and damping affect performance, productivity,
and product quality. Similarly, a study published in Mathematics (2024) discussed the
development trends in CNC technology, highlighting its integration into Industry 4.0 and
predicting a trajectory toward Industry 5.0 through the use of expert-derived technology
roadmaps.
Wang et al. (2023), through a review on arXiv, analyzed the dynamic behaviors of CNC
feed systems, underscoring the need for optimized designs to meet high-speed and high-
precision demands. Wu et al. (2024), in Sustainability, focused on energy-efficient design
strategies, demonstrating how CNC systems can be optimized for environmental sustainability.
Another study from ResearchGate (2024) explored the capabilities and challenges of 5-axis
CNC milling machines, identifying factors such as geometrical errors and tool path
optimization as critical areas for performance improvement.
In addition, the rise of smart manufacturing calls for machine tools to integrate sensors,
AI algorithms, and real-time monitoring to optimize cutting conditions, predict failures, and
reduce energy waste. This trend represents a significant advancement from traditional
machining methods that relied heavily on operator skill and manual intervention.
In a related study, Empirical studies complement these reviews by providing data-
driven insights into the operational benefits of CNC over traditional machining. Gaitonde et al.
explored how CNC milling parameters influence surface roughness, contributing to improved
finish quality and process optimization. Patel and Chaudhari (IJERT, 2023) conducted a
comparative analysis between conventional and CNC machining of aluminum, revealing
superior accuracy and time efficiency in CNC processes.
Further, E. Diniz and R. Oliveira examined optimal machining parameters in CNC
turning of stainless steel, using experimental methods to enhance precision and efficiency. In a
related domain, Kilickap and Kaynak investigated CNC machining of composite materials,
addressing the unique challenges posed by carbon and glass fiber components. Lastly, Teti et
al. introduced intelligent monitoring systems for CNC machining, showing how vibration
signals and AI tools can be used to predict tool wear and enhance process reliability.
FIELD DATA AND INTERVIEW SUMARRY
This section presents a synthesis of field observations and insights gathered through
interviews with industry machinists and related students. The data highlights prevailing
practices, challenges, and perceptions regarding the adoption of modern CNC technologies,
providing a contextual foundation for the study's analysis and conclusions.
STUDENT MACHINISTS
What are the most “Karamihan sa mga laboratoryo “Sa aming shop, regular
common types of namin, lathe at drilling machine naming ginagamit ang mga
machine tools you are ang gamit ko. Ang lathe para sa milling machine, at surface
familiar with, and how turning operations, tulad ng grinder. Bawat isa ay may
are they used in pagbabawas ng sobrang sukat o kanya-kanyang gamit. ang
machining operations? paggawa ng thread, habang ang milling machine ay
drill naman ay para sa ginagamit para sa mas
pagbubutas ng iba't ibang sukat kumplikadong surface
sa mga metal na materyales.” profiles, at ang surface
grinder naman ay para sa
pagkamit ng eksaktong
surface finish na may
mahigpit na tolerance.”
How would you “Sa natutunan namin, ang “Tinatanggal ng CNC
describe the difference tradisyonal na makina ay machines ang hula-hula sa
between traditional ginagamit nang mano-mano kaya paulit-ulit na trabaho.
machining tools and kailangan ng mas maraming Kapag na-program na, kaya
CNC machines? kasanayan. Ang CNC naman ay nitong gumawa ng
awtomatiko at may programang magkaparehong piyesa na
sinusunod. Mas mabilis at mas halos walang pagkakaiba, na
eksakto ito." hindi laging nagagawa sa
mga tradisyonal na paraan.”
In your opinion, what “Sa tingin ko, ang “Malaking bagay ang
are the major challenges pinakamalaking hamon ay ang training. Maraming
industries face when pag-aaral nito. Hindi lahat matatandang machinist ang
shifting from traditional marunong magsulat ng CNC hindi pamilyar sa paggamit
machining to CNC program o gumamit ng software, ng computer o CNC
technology lalo na kung sanay lang sila sa interface. Bukod pa rito, mas
paggamit ng manual na makina.” mahal din ang pag-maintain
at pagkumpuni ng CNC
machines kapag
nagkaproblema”
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: TRADITIONAL vs. CNC PROCESSES
The machining industry has undergone a significant transformation, shifting from
manual, traditional methods to highly automated Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
processes. This shift has redefined the standards of productivity, precision, and efficiency in
modern manufacturing.Traditional machining refers to manual operations such as drilling,
milling, and turning, which require a skilled machinist to control the equipment by hand. While
this method allows for direct manipulation and flexibility in small-batch or custom work, it is
often slower, labor-intensive, and more prone to human error (Groover, 2010).
Traditional techniques are still used in specific industries and educational contexts
where hands-on learning or detailed craftsmanship is necessary. On the other hand, CNC
machining utilizes computer programming to control machine tools. This automation results in
consistent, high-precision parts, particularly useful in industries such as aerospace, automotive,
and electronics manufacturing. CNC systems can operate continuously, require less manual
labor, and allow for faster production cycles (Kalpakjian & Schmid, 2014). Moreover, CNC
technology supports complex geometries and high repeatability that are difficult to achieve
manually.
Despite its advantages, CNC machining comes with a learning curve. Operators must
be proficient in software like CAD/CAM and understand G-code programming. As a result,
the workforce needs to adapt by acquiring new digital and technical skills (Childs et al., 2000).
Additionally, CNC equipment involves higher initial costs, although it pays off through long-
term efficiency and reduced waste.
In summary, both traditional and CNC processes have unique strengths. Traditional
methods remain relevant for specialized, manual work and are valuable in developing
foundational skills. CNC machining, however, leads in terms of productivity, accuracy, and
scalability, making it the preferred choice in today’s industrial landscape. The future of
manufacturing will likely continue integrating both methods, balancing craftsmanship with
technological innovation.
CONCLUSION AND PERSONAL REFLECTION
In conclusion, this research has explored the diverse world of machine tools and
machining processes, highlighting their importance in modern manufacturing. By examining
both traditional and CNC (Computer Numerical Control) techniques, we gained a clearer
understanding of how machining has evolved to meet the demands of precision, efficiency, and
automation. Traditional tools, while still relevant in some settings, often require more manual
operation and experience. In contrast, CNC machines offer improved accuracy, speed, and
consistency, which are vital in today’s competitive industrial environment.
The transition from manual to automated methods reflects a broader technological shift
in industries worldwide, where productivity and precision are now essential standards. This
shift also emphasizes the growing need for skilled workers who can operate, maintain, and
program CNC systems, combining knowledge in mechanics, electronics, and software. As
industries become more reliant on high-performance machining, education and training in these
areas become crucial.
Furthermore, understanding the types and applications of various machine tools allows
us to appreciate how each one contributes to the production of everyday products—from
automotive parts to electronics and even medical devices. This reinforces the role of machining
as a backbone of manufacturing and economic development.
Overall, this study not only deepens our appreciation of machining technologies but
also encourages future research and innovation. As students and aspiring professionals, we
must recognize that the future of machining lies in continuous learning, adaptation, and the
responsible use of advanced technologies to meet global production needs while promoting
sustainability and efficiency.
REFERENCES AND APPENDICES
• Torres, Y., Nadeau, S., & Landau, K. (2021). Classification and Quantification of
Human Error in Manufacturing: A Case Study in Complex Manual Assembly. Applied
Sciences, 11(2), 749. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020749
• Project-Oriented Teaching in CNC Technology A study from Shenyang Urban
Construction University in China
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