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Permission

In Linux, permissions dictate access rules for files and directories, categorized into read, write, and execute types for three user categories: owner, group, and others. Permissions are displayed using the 'ls -l' command and can be modified with the 'chmod' command using either symbolic or numeric methods. The symbolic method uses operators to add, remove, or set permissions, while the numeric method employs octal codes to represent permission combinations.

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53 views2 pages

Permission

In Linux, permissions dictate access rules for files and directories, categorized into read, write, and execute types for three user categories: owner, group, and others. Permissions are displayed using the 'ls -l' command and can be modified with the 'chmod' command using either symbolic or numeric methods. The symbolic method uses operators to add, remove, or set permissions, while the numeric method employs octal codes to represent permission combinations.

Uploaded by

bhanupartap1125
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

What is Permission in Linux?

In Linux, permissions are access rules that determine who can read, write, or execute a file or
directory. Every file and directory has three types of permissions:

1. Types of Permissions
 Read (r) – View the contents of a file or list a directory.
 Write (w) – Modify a file or create/delete files in a directory.
 Execute (x) – Run a file (if it is a program/script) or access a directory.

2. Categories of Users
 Owner (u) – The creator of the file.
 Group (g) – Users who are part of the file’s group.
 Others (o) – Everyone else.

Permission Format
Permissions are displayed using the ls -l command, like:

-rwxr-xr-- 1 user group file.txt

 First character: type (- for file, d for directory).

 Next 3: owner permissions (rwx)


 Next 3: group permissions (r-x)
 Last 3: others' permissions (r--)

How to Change Permissions in Linux


Permissions can be changed using the chmod (change mode) command.

1. Symbolic Method

chmod [who][operator][permission] filename

 who: u (user), g (group), o (others), a (all)


 operator: + (add), - (remove), = (set exact)

 permission: r, w, x
Examples:
 Add execute permission for the user:
chmod u+x file.sh
 Remove write permission for others:
chmod o-w file.txt

 Give read and write to group:


chmod g=rw file.txt

2. Numeric (Octal) Method


Each permission is represented by a number:

Permission Binary Octal


--- 000 0
--x 001 1
-w- 010 2
-wx 011 3
r-- 100 4
r-x 101 5
rw- 110 6
rwx 111 7
Syntax:

chmod [octal code] filename

Example:

chmod 755 script.sh

 User: 7 (rwx)

 Group: 5 (r-x)

 Others: 5 (r-x)

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