phones. Stand at position A and use th : to measure the angle oC, then move to andles and dhidoby wot gett paler of gravity pul the Hyon Sipe ht gat Kaci a | Sumwecuyrmnes | Stascmu commen at | em eeyc| Caeaeea Sih ec tra the dance between the Suna Seal solon buns 9 to Hara Clewneberyor wenn | apache ey s incowreet,identily the source ofthe err. Repeat step 2 wih the ayout produced by ater eroups but kep the doce to you "sta 9 secret until the end, The wining gup isthe one that gets consiterty- Sloseatto the actual vale % A protostar — how a star is born Ape in staformatin, Starsform from inter as and Sst that contin frydrogen called molecu: shich ave both cold tae enough for sas formation. The Orion Netule suse 253) nthe Miky Way bout 13S0 hI | ae itis the closest region of star formation io spe nights just south of This visible to the maksd &e jon af Orion. Ocion’s Balt inthe const jarcloud de Factamp of mokeer CONG, “rhe collapse o ravtational tr sts sil gathering aver) young strth coud ud: 9 cloud of gas 204 ‘Seeupes the space between sas 2 doud of mers smcleuaryarogen ord apse to form as Conse most oF nd denve enough 6 co Questions 42, What two propentes do melee mow thet ols 44a Explain hove stars re forme b fas to mare? sr outs Sent forms aplainwhat sant by 15 aefision b ty can macea fusion only ours ih able stars Fo bodies rain eat and is radiion Se oi ion prose. Thee te DiS ed ation psu Te Vey i aration pressure that sar expand. This tsi ity palin at on arto oe fe TOT In aking te Sat CORNAC WT the sa anced the stars ble mn se rage 236, Anioeas ES fhe is EO onperatre of a8 wee outwards aking he temperate ee sar nares 8 SS temperature fallsToes ee eccground rediation (CMBR), bas lee er nmap mer eT) | thas aefo show how the sages ised ogee nthe lie cc of stars, 25.3 The Universe The Unnese hat onl recently been diconeret on Now Years Di, 1925. This when Edwin Hubble's sane paper was presented that coded the Great Debate and Droved thal the Universes bier than the Mil Way Astronomers had obsered what looked ike whrpost of 2 ad dist inside our alan. But when Hubbie heed the new Mount Paloma telescope onto them heres they were other elas beyond our own. Along nihS3 ‘ter galanes and dvar alanis we are pat of fe bead ‘up Of glares which part ofthe Vito Superunce Spectroscopy — learning about stars from their starlight leds omaable wat aight can el as about Spectocopy, or he erie syncs tae with uae Nevionin 66. Fleder at tn (triangular tock oth dipencs wheat ne colour ofthe sible spectrum as covered Chas 4 1814, seph Frau noid hat many da os ros th sperm of sani. These aire ‘cle oft mising fom he igh be% 4 > J 1GCSE™ PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK dass a is 2 2 * ‘ 4 ‘ 3 : Lite ll sis 7 begins life as a protsta before a cnteringa sabi period. Once the starsat running oot of ydrogen, nuclear reactions slow down. This reduces the radiation pressure so the star contracts This turns Some gravitational potential energy int thermal ener, thick raises the temperature of both the core of the Sar and the outer shel of hydrogen. The core becomes hot enough forthe fusion of helium. Helium needs a igh temperature to fose because there is a bisesr Clestostatcrepolsion between the helium nace. This is because each hetium nucleus basa change of +2 instead or for bydrogen), Heating the outer shell causes itto fxpand and then cool (curing it red. Therefore, the sar betomes ard giant, which isa bigger star witha cooler surface ‘Our Sua i¢46 bilion years old and ishafvay through’ awe 254; The bisnelanynebda NGG G34 nce eee cablemeixenpescesiseiraiitizcome CHS Eye Nebula alan toma ha bbls spent areas abou bili yeas from pow when it TONGS LIRA Aa aa ‘cilexpand beyond Earth's orbit. Eventually the core atu SUR bsthats nt collapaing oF exp ward ores of cra sbalanced by becouse the ts in fete id putes Hotnperature ' 100 high fo Bol consists of electrons and postively-charged {atomic nice ‘equal tothe mass of the Sun te value for: Ihe femperature inthe Sun's core ithe temperature of the Sun's surface fiesolar mass fe percentage of sunlight that is in the fared, visible and ultraviolet parts of the omiagnetic spectrum. ihe process that makes stable stars such ‘our Sun, shine Imagine that Earth orbited a star that gives off - ‘most of its energy in the ultraviolet region of the ene roe spectrum. Discuss whether our eyes would still: sasimple way of comparing evolved to see visible light. 0 the mass of our Sun, For 2 Sith eight solar masses would have ass of the Sun. The Sun contains over imass of the Solar System so it exerts a Mlonal force on the planets and causes them to ircular orbits What colour isthe Sun? supplementary questions to help you reach the correct answer Spend two minutes writing down your thoughts and fnswers to the questions. Then spend one minute 1 Why do most people thin ! SS Eri oe i is }ost people think the Sun is yellow! Is this the correct col Your teacher may give you additional time to fonae fa meee our of the Sun? research these questions using the Intemet, or ask2» cycle of a star g eight solar ry Jo pasiod The un tomate elena sr what nde Seno Four 25.9:Asiperoiin Ae eglant ear ood ints, they fom, wo" io | eae se oat ont seesieal\\ TT a [camer tei eterna Dy, | eee she fuel bas run o = Cea exo sats is summarised in FEN Hasipernova 0D ‘re posible lieore= erase se sou thrce solar masses Ty utr of a star is determin fis masa when it moves oat fea gs ce aaah gene Feet teseiher to create neutrons arena OTe ESSE hydro. St tetnore masse se08 pe andthe Saf 8 emperatureand mph fel OTe PK farnot evn light can eseaPe a> camninge 1acse™ prysics: couRsEB00K {As well asthe daily changes, ary civilisations were ‘ware of periodic changes which happened over a longer time the difference between seasons. The Earth orbit the Sun It takes just over 365 days to complete one orbit. The seasons oceur beeause ofthe tof the Earths ‘nis Figure 244 shows how the seasons change asthe Barth orbits the Sun, Consider a country inthe northern hemisphere (the halt of the Earth north ofthe Equator), In Figure 24.44, de {othe tit ofthe Earth, itis tipped avay from the Sun and the energy from the Suns rays s more spread itor, This means that are receives fe sunlight, These countries ae experiencing winter. In igure 24d, the northern hemisphere sipped towards the Sun, 0 i receives longer hours of more diret sunlight, These countries are experiencing summer south peorition of forth month hemisphere. ~~ s00100) Cc Os December summer winter Cee thei the Sun every 385.25 day. Tha tft Figure 24.4: The Eath obits the SuDope et isa property of all wes inhang Herr thereceston speed of ples (how fas they fom galas that aremovng away mgs are moving away fom thetic inporant, The graph confirms tha the farther aay the pany ing suggested at the thease ts moving way fom athe gradient ofthis raph and the sped at which gases re moving {ry trom Barth otek distance fom Earth riers bpecey cine, | sdatasinle port 13.8 | Beenexpanding and | tad he ent ep jo mo 20 400 S00 Distance /miions of hears re 25.13: typical Hubble pot that shows that the velocity of gale and clstrsiscrecty proportional to these Stance fom His line of best itis Hubble’ law aid the dean oa ‘eed of galary moving avay from Earth Aisiance ofthe gala fom Earth state forthe age ofthe Universe The cre tia | Thereiposal Gren) ofthe Hubieceavntiinors_ | ie Colt an ed Ne Tt OF the Univers From thes that inks Stans sped td ie ek a is22 10° per second. = 18410 yeas, ‘The Universe began ata ingle pont (aed a singular) bout 14.5 bilion yes ago Hubble's lavr distant galaxies are moving away {rom Earth with a speed, v, thats proportional to theirclstance, d, from Earth: v= Hud where Ho's the Hubble constant Hubble constant the slope of a graph of galaxy spoed against distance Hubble time: the invrse ofthe Hubble constant, \which gives an estimate forthe age of the a 8bb How many 7 | ee ioe ay mens Sot eh? 2 cores eer ee fb How faraway is Proxima CoN sur in eee e Megan tai ee | : THeobes to reach Prosima Cents 1 1 a Howlong would nutes and galaxies newsdtenn tne Owe Sun 8 sbetgniatree Gia te A ee eeeees ee he ky Was Dot eacling cena atu Toe O se Geren Sipe tena Travels through space it 3% 10s Was travels in one vereen ne gaan A oon YG