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Lesson 1 Bio

The document provides an overview of biology, emphasizing the scientific study of life and the diversity of organisms, with an estimated 1.7-1.8 million known species. It details the principles of nomenclature, including binomial nomenclature, and outlines the hierarchical taxonomic categories from species to kingdom. Additionally, it highlights the practical applications of taxonomy in understanding biological relationships and conservation efforts.

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54 views3 pages

Lesson 1 Bio

The document provides an overview of biology, emphasizing the scientific study of life and the diversity of organisms, with an estimated 1.7-1.8 million known species. It details the principles of nomenclature, including binomial nomenclature, and outlines the hierarchical taxonomic categories from species to kingdom. Additionally, it highlights the practical applications of taxonomy in understanding biological relationships and conservation efforts.

Uploaded by

unidentifiedsxm54
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biology: The Living World - Comprehensive Study

Notes
Introduction to Biology and Living Organisms (Chapter 1)
Diversity in the Living World

Key Concept: Biology is the scientific study of life forms and living processes
Estimated number of known species: 1.7-1.8 million
Biodiversity represents the range and variety of organisms on Earth
Continuous discovery of new organisms ongoing

Nomenclature and Identification

Scientific Naming Principles

Binomial Nomenclature (developed by Carolus Linnaeus)


Two-component naming system:
1. Generic name (first word, capitalized)
2. Specific epithet (second word, lowercase)

Naming Rules

Names written in italics


Derived from Latin
Author's name can be abbreviated after the species name

Example: Mangifera indica Linn.

Mangifera = genus
indica = specific epithet
Linn. = Linnaeus (original describer)

Taxonomic Categories Hierarchy

Taxonomic Categories Detailed Breakdown

1. Species

Lowest taxonomic category


Represents individuals with fundamental similarities
Can be distinguished by morphological differences
Example: Homo sapiens (humans)

2. Genus
Group of related species
Shares more common characteristics
Example: Panthera (includes lions, tigers, leopards)

3. Family

Group of related genera


Characterized by vegetative and reproductive features
Example: Felidae (cat family)

4. Order

Assemblage of families with similar characters


Example: Carnivora (includes Felidae and Canidae)

5. Class

Related orders grouped together


Example: Mammalia (includes Primata and Carnivora)

6. Phylum/Division

Groups of classes with common features


Example: Chordata (includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)

7. Kingdom

Highest taxonomic category


Two primary kingdoms discussed:
1. Kingdom Animalia
2. Kingdom Plantae

Taxonomic Principles

As taxonomic categories increase, shared characteristics decrease


Lower taxa have more shared characteristics
Higher categories make relationship determination more complex

Practical Applications

Helps in understanding biological relationships


Crucial for agriculture, forestry, and biodiversity conservation
Provides systematic approach to studying organisms

International Nomenclature Codes

ICBN (International Code for Botanical Nomenclature): For plants


ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature): For animals
Key Takeaways
Taxonomy is a dynamic, evolving field
Classification helps organize and understand biological diversity
Scientific naming provides universal communication about organisms

Sample Taxonomic Classification Table

Organism Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom


Human sapiens Homo Hominidae Primates Mammalia Chordata Animalia
Mango indica Mangifera Anacardiaceae Sapindales Dicotyledonae Angiospermae Plantae

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