PROJECT TILE
Accessing the impact of climate change on local agriculture and human health
(Harare region)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This project aims to assess the impact of climate change in Harare region 's agriculture water
resources, health, and economy.Zimbabwe's climate has been changing, with rising temperatures
and changing precipitation patterns, leading to increase frequency and severity of droughts and
floods .The project will investigate the effects of climate change on Crop yields, water availability,
and human health, and explore adaptation strategies to build resilience.
OBJECTIVES
- Investigate and research the effects of climate change on Harare region 's agriculture including
crop yields and live stock production .
- Assess the effects of climate change on water resources, Including surface and ground water
water availability.
-Examine the impact of climate change on human health, including the spreading of diseases and
heat related illnesses
-Evaluate the economic impacts of climate change on Harare region 's economy including the
agriculture and tourism sectors
- Identify adaptation strategies to build resilience and mitigate the effects of climate change.
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
Climate change: Long term warning of the planet due to an increase
In average global temperature, primarily caused by human activities
Like burning fossil fuels and deforestation .
Agriculture : The practice of cultivating land, growing crops,and raising live stock to produce
food and other products.
INTRODUCTION
Climate change poses significant challenges to Zimbabwe, particularly in the harare region .Rising
temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are altering the country 's Climate, with far-
reaching consequences for agriculture, water resources, and human health.
METHODOLOGY
Climate change is a pressing global issue and it's impact on agriculture are well documented in
( IPCC, 2013) .Zimbabwe, an agricultural based economy, is particularly vulnerable to climate
change related shocks this is supposed by [Mavhura ,2015]
In this project, l do surveys and interviews with farmers and health professionals regarding climate
change and l find these results.
FARMERS ' PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
I study l conducted in Beatrice farms, l interviewed 50 farmers who had been growing cotton for
at least 20 years , the results showed that :
* 84% of farmers believed temperatures had increased over the past 20 years
* 54% reported a decline in total rainfall
* 89% stated the growing season had shortened.
A farmer from Greendale estates says "Adoption of Millet and sorghum ensured food security for
my household in the past season. The two crops withstand drought Conditions, and l would
increase the acreage of these crops in the coming season ".
Another farmer from Manyame farms noted ,"Dramatic shift in the seasons over the past 20
years ,protected dry spells, periodic heat waves ,and flooding were now common.
They also highlight the aspect of annual heat waves, protracted droughts, chaotic rain seasons,
frost ,and floods
In addition to the above points shifting rainy seasons is another point mentioned resulting in
uncertainties and confusion about planting and harvesting.
Increased food insecurity due to crop failures and livestock losses.
These surveys and interviews highlights the significance impacts of climate change on Harare
region 's farmers and the need for affective adaptation strategies to build resilience.
Temperature And Precipitation Trends
According to my studies, l saw that Harare region is experiencing rising temperatures and
changing precipitation patterns this statement is supported by [unganai ,1996,Davis,2011].These
changes are altering the growing seasons crop yields and farmers livelihoods.
IMPACTS ON CROP YIELDS
My research has consistently shown that climate change is negatively impacting CROP yields in
Harare region. A study by Mugandani 2012 found that maize yields have declined due to changing
rainfall patterns. Similarly, a study by Mtambanengwe 2015 reported reduced yields of small
grains due to Increased temperatures.
According to my research, climate change can lead to Reduced yields due to increased
temperatures, droughts, regional maize yields are projected to decline by 7-23 % unde severe
climate change scenarios.
Changes in growing seasons is also the impact of climate change were warmer temperatures can
be alter the length and timing of growing seasons, affecting crop development and maturity
Water scarcity is also another impact of climate change, we're changes in precipitation patterns
and increased evaporation due to warmer temperatures can lead to water scarcity , impacting
CROP growth and yields
Shifts in crop suitability: Climate change can alter the suitability of certain regions for specific
crops,potentially leading to changes in crop distribution and productivity
Climate change can also impact specific crops which includes maize. Maize yields are expected to
decline due to climate change, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions like Harare region is
one of the region under this category.
Wheat: wheat yields may increase In some regions due to water fertilization, but heat -induced
stress could affect wheat cultivation in areas like the lndo -Gangetic Plains
Soybeans:Soybeans yields are projected to decline due to temperature changes, and increased
water levels can make them more vulnerable to pests
Millet and sorghum: These crops are crucial staples in many African countries, and their yields are
expected to decline due to climate changes
In my research, l see that Harare region is one of the most affected region as it is one of the most
productive region for the past 10 years ago therefore l lm going to present Zimbabwe climate
trends since Harare region is in Zimbabwe.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Water resources: changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation due to warmer
temperatures lead to water scarcity, impacting agriculture, industry, and human settlements
National water availability per capital water availability per capitals projected to decline by 38%
by 2059
Economic Growth: Climate change could erode up to 12% of GDP annually, with adaptation costs
estimated at less than 1% of GDP .Every dollar invested in early, anticipatory measures saves up
to $16 dollars in future costs
GDP and TRADE : CIimate shocks disrupt ,GDP,trade balances, and fiscal stability. The 2023/24
El Nino -induced drought caused a projected 3.2% drop in GDP, Lowered export earnings, and
widened the fiscal deficit.
Food security and poverty : Climate change exacerbates poverty levels, making it imperative to
enhance the resilience of the agricultural sector. Over 2.7 million people require food aid, and
42% of the population lives in extreme poverty .
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES.
Climate change is significantly impacting water resources Harare region, affecting both surface
and ground water availability. Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are altering
the country 's water cycle leading to.
Increased frequency of extreme weather events: More frequent droughts and floods are
threatening water scarcity, impacting agriculture, industry, and human settlements.
Water scarcity: changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation due to warmer
temperatures are reducing water availability, affecting crop yields and food security.
Groundwater potential decline: studies have shown that climate change is projected to decrease
average underground water potential by 30.8 in some areas, with significant implications for rural
communities relying on groundwater.
According to my research, climate change also impact ground water, resulting in.
Decreased ground water recharge and also leading to vulnerability were ground water resources
are becoming more vulnerable to over - extaction and contamination, threatening sustainable
development and biodiversity.
Climate change impacting surface water through variability in river runoff, this changes in
precipitation patterns are affecting river runoff,impacting hydropower generation and water supply
for agriculture.
As l go further with my investigation in climate change l found that hydroclimatic variable are
impacting hydropower generation, confirming a link between climate change and energy security
which resulting in decline in agriculture as agriculture needs electricity for automation.
CLIMATE TRENDS IN ZIMBABWE
Zimbabwe 's Climate is characterized by rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns.
Here is an analysis of temperature and precipitation trends
TEMPERATURE TRENDS
According to my research, a average temperature per ranges from 15 degrees Celsius in winter to
26 degrees Celsius in summer. Studies have shown a warning trend in southern African,including
Zimbabwe with temperatures projected to increase by up to 3 degrees Celsius by the end of the
century.
Historical data indicates air temperature warning of up to 0.8 degrees Celsius over the past 60
years.
PRECIPITATION TRENDS
Annual rainfall: Zimbabwe receives an average annual rainfall fall of approximately 670mm ,with
most rainfall occurring between October and March
Seasonal rainfall :The country 's rainfall season typically starts in October and ends In March,
with the months of December and January contributing the most rainfall
Trends: analysis of historical rainfall trends shows no statistically significant changes in annual
rainfall, but some studies suggest a decline in precipitation over the past century.
Regional variations: precipitation patterns vary across regions with some areas experiencing more
frequent droughts and others facing increased flood risky
ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO BUILD RESILIENCE
According to the my investigation and interviews that l carryout with professionals in agriculture
and health professionals regarding to adaptation strategies to build resilience in climate change, l
find many strategies that lm going to explain Below
Crop Diversification: the one of the solution to climate change which help in crop management.
Plant diverse crops to spread risk and reduce vulnerability to climate variability, This enhances
ecosystem resilience and supports biodiversity.
Drought - resistant crops: is another climate change solution which includes use of drought
tolerant crops like chilies ,Millets, and sorghum to improve yield stability and food security.
Climate Resilient Crop Varieties : is a Climate change measure that that is done by select and
plant crop varieties bred to withstand Climate- related stresses like heat droughts, pests, and
diseases.
WATER MANAGEMENT
I also research on water management as l do my project which is crucial in agriculture so below
are measures of climate change to water management.
Solar-Powered Irrigation: implement Solar-powered Irrigation systems to provide quality reliable
water source, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and lower operational costs.
Drip Irrigation: is also a measure to climate change were by farmers use drip Irrigation to conserve
water ,reduce waste, and optimize water use.
Rainwater Harvesting : it's also another solution to climate change according to my interviews to
farmers and l find that harvest rainwater to supplement Irrigation and reduce dependence on
groundwater.
ADDITIONAL STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Agroforestry :integrate and shrubs into agricultural landscapes to enhance biodiversity, soil
fertility, and ecosystem resilience.
Agroecological : is also another solution to climate change to agriculture were farmers implement
practices that promote ecological interactions and synergies between different components of
farming systems.
Conservation Agriculture : Practice conservation agriculture to reduce soil disturbance, promote
soil health and enhance ecosystem services.
All those were the effects of climate change to agr and human health, as well as the adaptation
strategies to build resilience to mitigate the effects of climate change in Harare region . All of
those l find them through investigations ,interviews and literature riew
I as a fourth year apprenticeship trained student ,l managed to find a way and solution to climate
change . I invented a machine system called AUTOMATED CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEMS
which l saw that it can help farmers under Harare region to produce high yield and help in the
preservation and conservation of water for agricultural use .l am going to present the operation ,
cost of installation and requirements for the system.
AUTOMATED CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEM
Automated climate control systems utilize advanced technologies to regulate environmental
conditions in various settings, such as greenhouse, farms ,and buildings. These systems optimize
temperature, humidity, and lighting to create ideal conditions for plant growth, energy efficiency,
and occupant comfort.
KEY COMPONENTS
SENSORS: monitor temperature, humidity, light and other environmental factors, providing real -
time data to the control system.
CONTROL UNIT : Analyzes data from sensors and adjusts climate control devices, such as
heating / cooling systems, vents, and shading systems.
ACTUATORS : Execute commands from the control unit adjusting climate control devices to
maintain optimal conditions.
SOFTWARE :Provides user friendly interface for monitoring, controlling, and configuring the
system.
HEATING AND COOLING
The system uses a refrigerant loop (similar to a refrigerator) to cool the air and heater core ( using
engine heat or electric heating) to warm the air
FAN SPEED
The blower fan controls the volume and speed of airflow into the system
FRESH / RECIRCUIATED AIR
The system can switch between drawing in fresh outside air or recirculating the air inside the
system
DEFROSTER
The defroster function clears the windshield of frost ,ice and fog ,using heated air and sometimes
activating the rear window defogger.
OPERATION
1 DATA COLLECTION : Sensors continuously monitor environmental conditions, sending data
to the control unit.
2 ANALYSIS AND DECISION - MAKING : The control unit analyzes data and determines
necessary adjustments to maintain optimal conditions
3 CONTROL AND ADJUSTMENT : The control unit sends commands to actuators, which adjust
climate control devices to achieve desired conditions
4 CONTINUOUS MONITORING: The system continuously monitors conditions and makes
adjustments as needed maintain optimal conditions.
5 AUTOMATIC MODE : In automatic mode , the system intelligently adjust all parameters to
reach and maintain the desired temperature, including adjusting fan speed and airflow direction
6 DEFROSTING: When the defroster activated, the system prioritizes airflow to the wind shield,
using heated air and potentially engaging the rear window defogger.
ADVANCED FEATURES:
DUAL /TRI -ZONE CLIMATE CONTROL
Allows different temperature settings for different areas of the system catering to individual zone
preferences.
SMART AIR DISTRIBUTION: Directs airflow based on sensor readings and user settings,
optimizing comfort and efficiency.
AIR QUALITY CONTROL
some systems include air filters to improve air quality by removing dust ,pollen ,and other
particles.
Key Differences From Basic Air Conditioning
AUTOMATION
Climate control systems are more automated, managing multiple parameters to mantain a
consistent temperature, whereas basic Conditioning often requires manual adjustments.
TEMPERATURE CONSISTENCY: Climate control aims for a more consistent and comfortable
temperature throughout the system while basic Conditioning mi provide sudden blasts of cold air .
DIAGRAM OF THE AUTOMATED CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEM.
BENEFITS OF THIS AUTOMATED CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEM
* ENERGY EFFICIENCY: Automated climate control systems optimize energy consumption,
reducing waste and costs.
* IMPROVED CROP YIELDS : Precise control over environmental conditions promotes healthy
plant growth and increases crop yields .
* ENHANCED COMFORT: Automated climae control systems maintain optimal conditions for
occupant comfort in buildings.
* DATA DRIVEN DECISION- MAKING: The system provides valuable insights and data for
informed decision making.
APPLICATIONS OF THE SYSTEM
Greenhouses : Automated climate control systems optimize temperature, humidity, lighting for
plant growth, increasing yields and reducing energy consumption.
Farms : Precision agriculture benefits from Automated climate control systems, which optimize
conditions for the crop growth and reduce waste.
Buildings : Automated climate control systems enhance occupant comfort, reduce energy
consumption, and promote sustainability.
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR THE SYSTEM
Compatibility: ensure the system is compatible with your existing infrastructure, including
ductwork, electrical connections, and ventilation.
Power supply: verify the system' s power requirements and ensure a stable power supply.
Grounding: Proper Grounding is essential to prevent electrical shocks and ensure system safety.
Electrical connections : Connect the system to a power source, testing the supply and ensuring the
proper Grounding.
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.
- SMARTPHONE APP OR HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM : Pair the system with a smart
phone app or home automation system for remote control and scheduling.
- TEMPERATURE PREFERENCES AND SCHEDULES : Set temperature preferences and
schedule to optimize energy efficiency comfort.
- SYSTEM MAINTENANCE: Regularly maintain the system to ensure optimal performance and
extend its lifespan.
ESTIMATED COST OF THE SYSTEM.
The estimated cost of installing an automated climate control system varies depending on the type
and complexity of the system. Here are some rough estimates.
LABOUR COST: $10, 000 for a small system meant for a small space or purpose, $25,000 for a
system that covers 20 hectares of land and for a large peace of land it cost roughly $ 40 000 .
SYSTEM COST : Ductless -mini -Split system can be more expensive to install than other types
of systems, but they offer precise temperature control and energy efficiency
TOTAL COST :The total cost will depend on the specific system, installation requirements ,and
location.
DIAGRAM.
The control circuit in a system HVAC installation . The wires connecting to the blue terminal
block on the upper- right of the board lead to the thermostat. The fan enclosure is directly behind
the board ,and the filters can be seen at the top .The safety interlock switch is at the bottom left . In
the lower middle is the capacitor.
WIRING DIAGRAM.
CONCLUSION
Climate change is a significant threat to Zimbabwe 's agriculture, impacting CROP yields and
farmer livelihoods. Further research is needed to develop effective adaptation strategies and
support climate-Resilient agriculture in Harare region.
REFERENCES
DAVIS ,C. (2011) . Climate change and agriculture in Zimbabwe
IPCC (2013). Climate change 2013 . The Physical Science Basis
Mapfumo ,P ( 2016) . Climate- smart agriculture in Zimbabwe
Mamvura ,E .(2015) climate change and rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe
Mtambanengwe, F . (2015) Climate change impacts on small grains in Zimbabwe
Mugandani, R (2012) impacts of climate change on maize yields in Zimbabwe.
Nyagumbo , l .(2015) conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe
Unganai ,L .S. (1996). Historic and future climate variability in Zimbabwe.
