• Lesson 1 - Number Sequence and Series
Prepared by: ELLA MAE F. ARINGO
Pre-Calculus Teacher
ARE YOU FAMILIAR
WITH PATTERNS?
SEQUENCES
- ordered set of numbers formed according to some pattern or rule.
- functions whose domain is the set of positive integers or the set {1, 2,
3, ..., n}.
The sequence with nth term is usually denoted by { , , , ,… , }.
SERIES
- what you get when you add up all the terms of a sequence; and the
resulting value, are called the "sum" or the "summation".
- sum of the terms of a sequence and is denoted by where
represents the number of terms.
In symbols, a series is represented as .
Guess the next number in the sequence.
What is the 6th and 7th term? What is the 6th and 7th term?
11, 6, 1, -4, -9, , 1.5, 2.4, 3.3, 4.2, 5.1, ,
Each term decreases by 5 Each term increases by 0.9
What is the 5th and 6th term? What is the 8th and 9th term?
200,100, 50, 25, , 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ,
Each term is halved Each term is multiplied by 2.
Find what is required in each problem.
Find the first 5 terms of the sequence Given the sequence described by
defined by find the 7th and 10th terms.
Given: 𝑓 𝑛 = Required: 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 5 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 Given: 𝑏 𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 4 Required: 7th and 10th term
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑏 7 = 2𝑛 − 4 𝑏 10 = 2𝑛 − 4
1 1 1 1
𝑓 1 = = 𝑓 3 = = = 2(7) − 4
2(1) 2 2(3) 6 = 2(10) − 4
1 1 1 1 = 14 − 4 = 20 − 4
𝑓 2 = = 𝑓 4 = =
2(2) 4 2(4) 8 = 10 = 16
1 1
𝑓 5 = =
2(5) 10 7th term of is 10.
10th term of is 16
First 5 terms of the sequence defined by𝑓 𝑛 = .
Find the sum of the first 8 terms in the Find the sum of the first 3 terms of the
sequence sequence defined by
Given: 𝑎 = 1,4,9,16,25, … Required: 𝑆 Given: 𝑎 = 3𝑛 − 1 Required: 𝑆
𝑎 =1 𝑎 = 25 𝑎 = 3(1) − 1 𝑎 = 3(2) − 1 𝑎 = 3(3) − 1
𝑎 =4 𝑎 = 36 All terms are perfect = 3(1) − 1 = 3(4) − 1 = 3(9) − 1
square numbers. In =3−1 = 12 − 1 = 27 − 1
𝑎 =9 𝑎 = 49 symbol, 𝑎 = 𝑛
=2 = 11 = 26
𝑎 = 16 𝑎 = 64
𝑆 = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 + 49 + 64
𝟑
𝟖
The sum of the first 8 terms in the sequence The sum of the first 3 terms of the sequence
𝑎 1,4,9,16,25, … 𝑖𝑠 204. defined by 𝑎 = 3𝑛 − 1 𝑖𝑠 39.
SEQUENCE SERIES
• Set of elements that follow a • Sum of elements of the sequence
pattern
• Order of elements is important vs • Order of
important
elements is not
• Finite sequence: 1,2,3,4,5 • Finite series: 1+2+3+4+5
• Infinite sequence: 1,2,3,4,5, … • Infinite Series: 1+2+3+4+5…
A finite series is the sum of the first n terms of a sequence. It is also referred to as
the nth partial sum of a sequence.
An infinite series is the sum of all the terms of an infinite sequence.
SERIES OR SEQUENCE
Identify if the following items is a sequence or a
series and if it is finite or infinite.
1. 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 +…+ 69 Series, Finite
2. 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, … Sequence, Infinite
3. 1, / , / , / , / Sequence, Finite
4. – 15 – 9 – 3 + 3 +…. Series, Infinite
5. – 15, – 9, – 3, 3, …. Sequence, Infinite
TYPES OF SEQUENCES
AND SERIES
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
- each term after the first is obtained by adding a constant (called the
common difference) to the preceding term.
If the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is an and the common difference is d, then:
ARITHMETIC SERIES
- an arithmetic series is the sum of an arithmetic sequence.
The associated arithmetic series with n terms is given by:
1. Find the sum of all multiples of 5 between 1 and 100.
Given:
Solution:
a. Determine the value of n: (How many b. To find the sum, use the formula for arithmetic
multiples of 5 are there between 1 and series:
100?)
𝟐𝟎
𝟐𝟎
A family saves Php 1000 in January, Php 1200 in February, Php 1400 in March and so on.
How much will they save in one year?
Given:
To find the family’s savings in 1 year ( , use the formula for arithmetic series:
𝟏𝟐
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
- sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by multiplying
the preceding term by a constant (called the common ratio).
The formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence is:
GEOMETRIC SERIES
- results from adding the terms of a geometric sequence.
The formula for the sum of a finite geometric series is:
𝒏
𝟏
𝒏
𝟏
3. Find x so that are terms of a geometric sequence.
Given:
Solution:
Using ratio and proportion, solve for the value of x:
4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 4 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 6 = 0
2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
=
1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4 + 6 = 0
2𝑥 − 2 3𝑥 + 6 𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 10 = 0 (𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡)
= (𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦)
𝑥−1 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 10 𝑥 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 − 2 = (3𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 1) T𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏.
4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 4 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 6
4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 4 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 6 = 0
HARMONIC SEQUENCE
- Sequence of real numbers which is determined by taking the
reciprocals of the arithmetic progression that does not contain 0.
The formula for the nth term of a harmonic sequence is:
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
- This is a number sequence whose terms are equal to the sum of the
two previous terms.
The nth term of a Fibonacci sequence can be obtained by the formula:
Here is the Fibonacci spiral: an
approximation of the golden spiral
created by drawing circular arcs
connecting the opposite corners of
squares in the Fibonacci tiling - this one
uses squares of sizes 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
and 21.
Fibonacci series is found
everywhere in nature and
universe. There are many other
examples like sunflower, shape
of wave etc. that also follow the
Fibonacci spiral.
In a graphing paper,
make and design your
own Fibonacci PERFORMANCE TASK
Spiral/Golden Ratio
Spiral. FIBONACCI
RUBRICS:
Visual Impact - 15 pts ART
& Creativity
Correctness & - 15 pts
Originality
PROJECT
Timeliness - 5 pts
Total - 35 pts
ANSWER IS
A SEQUENCE
Write A if the sequence is arithmetic, G if it is
geometric, F if Fibonacci, H if Harmonic, and
O if it is not one of the mentioned types.
1. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, . . . A (Arithmetic)
2. 4, 6, 10, 16, 26, . . . F (Fibonacci)
G (Geometric)
H (Harmonic)
5. 2, 4, 9, 16, 25, . . . O (None of the ff)
Part 1: The nth term…
Find the nth term in the following sequence:
1. 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, … 50th term
2. 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, …. 10th term
3. ½, ¼, 1/6, 1/8, … 7th term
Part 2: Get the total…
Find the sum of the terms in the following sequence:
1. 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, … 50th term
2. 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, …. 10th term
3. ½, ¼, 1/6, 1/8, … 7th term
Part 3: Real-life Problem Solving
1. How many whole numbers from 100 to
1000 are divisible by 7? What is the sum of
all those numbers?
2. A machine costing 1250.00 Php
depreciates in value 20 percent each year.
What will be its worth at the end of four
years?
IT’S QUIZ TIME…
1 – 4. Enumerate the different types of
number sequence/series.
IT’S QUIZ TIME…
Find the nth term in the sequence. Then get
the sum.
5 - 6. 1, , 2, ,… 10th term
7 - 8. 3, -6, 12, -24, …. 7th term
IT’S QUIZ TIME…
9 – 10. Determine how many whole numbers
from 500 to 5000 are multiples of 11. Find the
sum.
Prepared by: ELLA MAE F. ARINGO
Pre-Calculus Teacher
SIGMA - a way of writing a sum of many
NOTATION terms, in a concise form.
A sum in sigma notation looks something like this:
A sum in sigma notation looks something like this:
The notation means that we will take every integer value
of k between 1 and 5 (so 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) and plug them
each into the summand formula (here that formula is 3k).
Then those are all added together.
Expanded form:
Speaking mathematically:
This is read as “the sum of 3k as k goes from 1 to 5”.
1. Evaluate the series: 2. Evaluate the series:
3. Write the series using sigma notation: 4. Write the series using sigma notation:
Observe that the terms in the series are the product Observe that the terms in the series values of a with a
of 2 and the positive integers 2,3,4,5, and so on subscript 2 multiplied by the positive integers 1,2,3,4,5,
increased by 1, expressed as 2k + 1. Thus, k starts and so on, expressed as 𝑎 . Thus, k starts from to 2
and ends with 10. Therefore, the corresponding sigma
from to 2 and ends with 8. Therefore, the
notation is denoted by:
corresponding sigma notation is denoted by:
EXAMPLE #1: SIGMA EXPANDING
Rewrite the following sigma notations into number series. Get
the sum.
1. 2.
3. 4.
ANSWERS:
EXAMPLE #2: SIGMA WRITING
Rewrite the following number series into sigma notations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
ANSWERS:
PROPERTIES OF SIGMA NOTATION
PROPERTY EXAMPLE
𝑐 = 𝑐𝑛 5 = 5 8 = 40
2𝑖 = 2(1) +2(2) +2(3) = 28
𝑐. 𝑓(𝑖) = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑖)
2 𝑖 =2 1 +2 +3 = 2 14 = 28
Conclusion: ∑ 2𝑘 = 2 ∑ 𝑘
PROPERTIES OF SIGMA NOTATION (cont.)
PROPERTY EXAMPLE
𝑖 −𝑖 = 1 −1 + 2 −2 + 3 −2 =8
[f i ± 𝑔 𝑖 ] = 𝑓(𝑖) ± 𝑔(𝑖)
𝑖 − 𝑖 = 1 +2 +3 − 1 + 2 + 3 = 14 − 6 = 8
TELESCOPING SUM PROPERTY
- Technique that brings faraway terms
(like the nth term) close to the first term,
just like a telescope.
SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS
Now, we're going to look at the sum of the whole number powers of the natural numbers.
SIGMA NOTATION =
EXPANDED
CLOSED FORM
1=𝑛 1 + 1 + 1 + … + 1 (n times)
Example:
(where n = 5)
NOTE: The summations must begin with i = 1 in order to
use the given formulas.
SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS
Now, we're going to look at the sum of the whole number powers of the natural numbers.
SIGMA NOTATION =
EXPANDED
CLOSED FORM
c + c + c + … + c n times
c = c(n − m + 1)
Note: c is any constant value
Example:
(where n = 5)
SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS
Now, we're going to look at the sum of the whole number powers of the natural numbers.
SIGMA NOTATION =
EXPANDED
CLOSED FORM
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
1= 1+ 2 + 3 + …+ n
2
Example:
15 (15 + 1)
= 120
2
(where n = 15)
NOTE: The summations must begin with i = 1 in order to
use the given formulas.
SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS
Now, we're going to look at the sum of the whole number powers of the natural numbers.
SIGMA NOTATION =
EXPANDED
CLOSED FORM
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
𝑘 = 1+ 4 + 9 + …+ 𝑛
6
Example:
8 (8 + 1)(2 8 + 1)
= 204
6
(where n = 8)
NOTE: The summations must begin with i = 1 in order to
use the given formulas.
SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS
Now, we're going to look at the sum of the whole number powers of the natural numbers.
SIGMA NOTATION =
EXPANDED
CLOSED FORM
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
𝑘 = 1 + 8 + 27 + … + 𝑛
4
Example:
6 (6 + 1)
= 441
4
(where n = 6)
NOTE: The summations must begin with i = 1 in order to
use the given formulas.
SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS
Now, we're going to look at the sum of the whole number powers of the natural numbers.
SIGMA NOTATION = CLOSED
EXPANDED
FORM
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)(3𝑛 + 3𝑛 − 1)
𝑘 = 1 + 16 + 81 + … + 𝑛
30
Example:
8 (8 + 1)(2(8) + 1)(3 8 + 3(8) − 1)
𝑘 =
30
8 (9)(17)(192 + 24 − 1) 8 (9)(17)(215)
= =
30 30
= 8,772
NOTE: The summations must begin with i = 1 in order to
(where n = 8) use the given formulas.
SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS
Now, we're going to look at the sum of the whole number powers of the natural numbers.
SIGMA NOTATION = CLOSED
EXPANDED
FORM
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 1)
𝑘 = 1 + 32 + 243 + … + 𝑛
12
Example:
4 (4 + 1) (2 4 + 2(4) − 1)
𝑘 =
12
16 (25)(2(16) + 8 − 1) 16 (25)(39)
= =
12 12
= 1,300
NOTE: The summations must begin with i = 1 in order to
(where n = 4)
use the given formulas.
1. Evaluate
SIGMA NOTATION = CLOSED
EXPANDED
FORM
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
k= 1 + 2 + 3 + …+n
2
SIGMA NOTATION =
EXPANDED
CLOSED FORM
1=𝑛 1 + 1 + 1 + … + 1 (n times)
1 1
2. Evaluate −
𝑖+4 𝑖+5
.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− = − + − + − +⋯+ − + − + −
𝑖+4 𝑖+5 29 30 30 31 31 32 152 153 153 154 154 155
This is a telescoping sum. Group like terms and cancel :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + − + − + − +⋯+ − + − + − −
29 30 30 31 31 32 32 152 152 153 153 154 154 155
1 1
+0 + 0+ 0 + …+0+ 0+0 −
29 155
155 − 29 𝟏𝟐𝟔
= =
4495 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟓
3. Evaluate
SIGMA NOTATION = CLOSED
Distribute summation sign: EXPANDED
FORM
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) 1+2+3+ …
3k − 2 = 3 𝑘− 2 k=
2 +n
Change i = 15 to i = 1 so that we can use the property: SIGMA NOTATION =
EXPANDED
CLOSED FORM
100(100 + 1 14(14 + 1)
=3 − − 2 100 − 2(14) c = c(n − k + 1) c + c + c + c + ⋯ (n times)
2 2
= 3 5050 − 105 − 172
= 14,663
4. Prove that
Distribute summation : Factor out then simplify:
𝑛
= 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 + 1 − 4
3𝑖 − 𝑖 − 2 = 3 𝑖 − 𝑖− 2 2
𝑛
= 2𝑛 + 3𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 − 1 − 4
2
Use properties of summation : 𝑛
= 2𝑛 + 3𝑛 − 𝑛 + 1 − 1 − 4
2
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 𝑛 + 1
3 𝑖 − 𝑖− 2=3 − − 2𝑛 𝑛
6 2 = 2𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 4
2
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 4𝑛
=3 − − Factor out 2 from the equation in the bracket then simplify:
6 2 2
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 4𝑛 2𝑛
= − −
2 2 2 = 𝑛 +𝑛−4
2
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 − 1)
EXAMPLE #3: SIGMA PROPERTIES IN
ACTION
EXAMPLE #3: SIGMA PROPERTIES IN
ACTION
