DELORINO, JUSTINE GANE P.
BSMT-3A
POV-2
Ship Safe Operation
Definition:
Ship Safe Operation refers to the practices, systems, and
procedures that ensure a ship is operated in a manner that protects
the lives of the crew and passengers, the marine environment, and
the vessel itself. It is governed by international conventions,
national regulations, and company Safety Management Systems
(SMS).
Key Elements of Safe Ship Operation
1. Compliance with International Regulations
SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea): Minimum safety standards for
construction, equipment, and operation.
MARPOL (Marine Pollution): Prevention of pollution from ships.
STCW (Standards of Training, Certification, and Watch keeping):
Ensures competent, certified crew.
ISM Code (International Safety Management): Framework for safe
operations and pollution prevention.
2. Safety Management System (SMS)
Required by the ISM Code.
Includes procedures for safe operations, emergency preparedness,
and continuous improvement.
3. Crew Competency and Training
Certified, medically fit, and regularly trained crew.
Conducting drills (fire, abandon ship, man overboard, etc.).
4. Emergency Preparedness
Availability of firefighting systems, lifeboats, emergency signals.
Clear emergency protocols and responsibilities.
5. Maintenance and Equipment Checks
Routine inspection of navigation, safety, and propulsion systems.
Use of a Planned Maintenance System (PMS).
6. Safe Navigation
Use of updated charts, radar, GPS, ECDIS, and AIS.
Watch keeping per COLREGs.
Risk assessment and passage planning.
7. Cargo Handling and Stability
Adhering to safe loading/unloading protocols.
Ensuring proper trim, stress, and cargo-specific handling.
8. Environmental Protection
Proper waste management and ballast water treatment.
Minimizing air and noise pollution.
9. Communication and Reporting
Effective communication onboard and with shore.
Timely reporting of near misses and incidents.
Effective Assessment Onboard
Definition:
Effective onboard assessment evaluates a seafarer’s skills,
knowledge, and performance in real operational contexts. It’s
essential for ensuring competency and maintaining safety
standards.
Objectives:
Confirm seafarers can apply training practically.
Identify training needs.
Ensure STCW and ISM Code compliance.
Support a strong safety culture.
Fundamentals:
1. Clear Objectives: Tasks must align with regulatory and
company standards.
2. Qualified Assessors: Should be trained and impartial.
3. Standard Criteria: Use checklists, rubrics, or company
templates.
4. Real Task Observation: Evaluate during actual or simulated
operations.
5. Feedback & Debriefing: Provide constructive post-assessment
feedback.
6. Documentation: Accurate records for traceability.
7. Follow-Up: Additional training if needed; reassessment as
required.
Types of Assessments:
Type Description
Formative Continuous checks
to guide learning
and improvement
Summative Final evaluation
after training or for
promotion
Competency- Based Based Measures
practical application
of knowledge (e.g.,
STCW standards)
Behavioral Focus on leadership,
teamwork, and
communication skills
1. Best Practices:
2. Make assessments regular and fair.
3. Encourage self-evaluation.
4. Integrate with Training & Competency Matrix.
5. Utilize digital tools for accuracy.
Effective Decision-Making Techniques
Onboard
Importance:
Critical for safe navigation, efficient operations, and emergency
response. Poor decisions can result in accidents, cargo loss, or
environmental damage.
Key Principles:
1. Situational Awareness:
Monitor environment, traffic, systems.
2. Use of SOPs:
Ensure consistency and reduce errors.
3. Risk Assessment:
Identify hazards; evaluate impact
4. Data Gathering:
Rely on accurate, real-time data.
5. Team Input:
Apply BTM and ERM to engage the crew.
6. Experience-Based Judgement:
Combine training with real-world knowledge.
7. Prioritization:
Address the most critical tasks first.
8. Decision-Making Models:
OODA Loop: Observe → Orient → Decide → Act
SHARE Model: See → Hear → Act → Review → Evaluate
T-DODAR Model: Time → Diagnose → Options → Decide → Assign →
Review
Barriers to Good Decisions:
Fatigue or stress
Complacency
Poor communication
Incomplete information
Inexperience
Improvement Methods:
Regular drills
BRM/ERM training
Learning from incidents
Encouraging open communication
Effective Maritime Leadership
Definition:
Effective leadership ensures safe, efficient, and professional ship
operations, even under challenging circumstances. Good leaders
build trust and a positive safety culture onboard.
Traits of a Strong Maritime Leader:
Clear Communicator: Direct and open dialogue.
Lead by Example: Consistent adherence to procedures.
Decision-Making Under Pressure: Calm and calculated.
Team Building: Promotes morale and cooperation.
Safety-First Mindset: Emphasizes drills and protocols.
Emotional Intelligence: Manages self and crew emotions.
Cultural Awareness: Embraces diversity.
Accountability: Accepts responsibility for outcomes.
Why It Matters:
Reduces accidents
Improves trust and morale
Ensures legal and operational compliance
