Structure and properties
27 of ice
中/EN
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27.1 Molecular crystals
⚫ Molecular crystals (分子晶體) are crystals which
have an ordered arrangement of molecules.
⚫ Their molecules are held together by weak
intermolecular forces.
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27.1 Molecular crystals
⚫ Some examples of molecular crystals:
Iodine Sulphur
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27.1 Molecular crystals
⚫ Some examples of molecular crystals:
White phosphorus
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27.1 Molecular crystals
⚫ Some examples of molecular crystals:
Sucrose (table sugar) Ice
(viewed under the
microscope)
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27.1 Molecular crystals
Class practice 27.1
The crystal structure of solid iodine is shown below.
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27.1 Molecular crystals
Class practice 27.1
(a) What type of chemical bonding joins the
iodine atoms together in an iodine molecule?
Covalent bonding
(b) What type of intermolecular forces hold the
iodine molecules together?
Van der Waals’ forces
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27.2 Structure of ice
Tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in the
structure of ice
⚫ The structure of ice (冰):
hydrogen bond
a water molecule
empty space
Experiment 27.1
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27.2 Structure of ice
Tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in the
structure of ice
The oxygen atom of each water molecule forms hydrogen bonds
with two hydrogen atoms of neighbouring water molecules.
❶ hydrogen bond ❶ hydrogen bond
❷ ❷
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27.2 Structure of ice
Tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in the
structure of ice
The two hydrogen atoms of each water molecule form hydrogen
bonds with oxygen atoms of neighbouring water molecules.
hydrogen bond hydrogen bond
❶ ❷ ❶ ❷
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27.2 Structure of ice
Tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in the
structure of ice
Each water molecule in ice forms four hydrogen bonds with four
neighbouring water molecules tetrahedrally.
❶ hydrogen bond ❶ hydrogen bond
❸ ❹ ❸ ❹
❷ ❷
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27.2 Structure of ice
Tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in the
structure of ice
The tetrahedral arrangement of
water molecules repeats over
and over again, resulting in a
regular network structure.
There is much empty space
among the water molecules,
the structure of ice is an open
structure (敞開結構).
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27.2 Structure of ice
Tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in the
structure of ice
Learning tip
In liquid water, hydrogen bonds still remain
among the molecules. As water molecules
have relative motion, hydrogen bonds form
and are broken continuously.
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27.2 Structure of ice
Hexagonal arrangement of oxygen atoms in the
structure of ice
⚫ The oxygen atoms in the structure of ice are
arranged in a hexagonal shape.
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27.2 Structure of ice
Hexagonal arrangement of oxygen atoms in the
structure of ice
⚫ The hexagonal shape of a snowflake reflects the
structure of ice.
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27.2 Structure of ice
Key point
Ice has an open structure , in which extensive
hydrogen bonding exists between the water
molecules.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Density
⚫ Ice has a lower density than liquid water.
Ice Liquid water
Density / g cm–3 0.92 1.00
⚫ Ice floats on the water.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Density
ice
water
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27.3 Properties of ice
Density
⚫ In ice, water molecules are arranged tetrahedrally
in an open structure because of the extensive
hydrogen bonding between them.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Density
⚫ In this open structure of ice, water molecules are
further apart than they are in liquid water. Thus,
they take up a larger volume.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Density
⚫ When ice melts, the water molecules have relative
motion and the open structure collapses.
melting
The water molecules become more
closely packed and they take up a
smaller volume.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.1
Comparing the densities of ice and liquid
water in terms of structure and bonding
In cold weather, when water at the surface of a pond
drops to 0C, the water freezes to ice. Due to the
lower density, the ice layer formed will float on the
pond water, insulating the water from the cold air.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.1
ice
water
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.1
(a) State the predominant type of intermolecular
forces between the water molecules in ice and in
liquid water.
Solution
Hydrogen bond
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.1
(b) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of each
water molecule around a water molecule in ice.
Solution
hydrogen bond
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.1
(c) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why
ice and liquid water have different densities.
Solution
The water molecules in ice are held together by
hydrogen bonds and are arranged tetrahedrally to
form an open structure.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.1
Solution
When ice melts, the water molecules have relative
motion and the open structure collapses. The water
molecules in liquid water are still held together by
hydrogen bonds but are more closely packed and
will take up a smaller volume. Hence, ice has a lower
density than liquid water.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Melting point
⚫ The melting point of ice is 0C, which is high
compared with those of compounds of similar
relative molecular masses.
Compound Relative molecular mass Melting point / C
Methane 16.0 –182.5
Ammonia 17.0 –77.7
Water 18.0 0
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27.3 Properties of ice
Melting point
⚫ A considerable amount of energy is required to
overcome some of the hydrogen bonds between
water molecules when ice melts.
Compound Relative molecular mass Melting point / C
Methane 16.0 –182.5
Ammonia 17.0 –77.7
Water 18.0 0
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27.3 Properties of ice
Key point
Because of its open structure and the presence of
extensive hydrogen bonding between the water
molecules, ice has a lower density than liquid
water and a relatively high melting point .
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27.3 Properties of ice
Class practice 27.2
Refer to Figure 27.6 on p.84 again.
(a) Which substance, ice or liquid water, has a higher
density?
Liquid water
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27.3 Properties of ice
Class practice 27.2
(b) Explain why water molecules are arranged
regularly in ice.
The regular arrangement of water molecules in
ice allows the formation of maximum number of
hydrogen bonds (four for each water molecule).
(c) Why is energy absorbed when ice melts?
This is to overcome some of the hydrogen bonds
between water molecules and separate them.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Class practice 27.2
(d) Explain why more energy is required to boil liquid
water than to melt ice of an equal amount.
The hydrogen bond in liquid water molecules are
stronger than in ice.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
Comparing the bonding, structures and
properties of ice, sodium chloride, iodine and
graphite
The diagrams below show the arrangements of
atoms, ions or molecules in four crystalline solids.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
hydrogen atom
sodium ion
chloride ion
oxygen atom
Ice Sodium chloride
iodine carbon
molecule atom
Iodine Graphite
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
(a) Label on the diagram the type(s) of bonding/
intermolecular forces that is/are present in each
of the above substances.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
Solution
hydrogen bond ionic bond
covalent bond
Ice Sodium chloride
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
Solution
van der Waals’ forces covalent bond covalent bond
van der
Waals’
forces
Iodine Graphite
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
(b) Ice melts at 0C while sodium chloride melts at
800.7C. Explain, in terms of bonding, why the
melting point of ice is much lower than that of
sodium chloride.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
Solution
The water molecules in ice are held together
predominantly by hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen
bonds are much weaker than the ionic bonds
between the ions in sodium chloride. Hence, more
energy is needed to melt sodium chloride than ice.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
(c) Both ice and iodine exist as molecular crystals.
However, ice melts at 0C while iodine remains as
a solid at 100C. Explain this phenomenon in
terms of intermolecular forces.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
Solution
The water molecules in ice are held together
predominantly by hydrogen bonds. Iodine molecules
in iodine are held together by van der Waals’ forces
only. However, as the molecular size of water is much
smaller than iodine, the attraction between water
molecules is weaker than those between iodine
molecules. Less energy is needed to melt ice.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
(d) Describe briefly the structure of graphite.
Solution
In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three
other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds within
a layer. The layers of carbon atoms are held together
by weak van der Waals’ forces only.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
(e) With reference to the structure of sodium
chloride, discuss the electrical conductivity of
sodium chloride at 25C and 900C respectively.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
Solution
At 25C, the ions in sodium chloride are held in a
fixed position. There are no mobile ions for
conducting electricity. At 900C, sodium chloride
melts and the crystal structure collapses. The ions in
it become mobile and hence it can conduct electricity.
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27.3 Properties of ice
Example 27.2
(f) Only one of the above substances is soluble in
heptane. What is this substance? Explain why it is
soluble in heptane.
Solution
This substance is iodine. This is because the
intermolecular forces between iodine molecules and
those between heptane molecules are of comparable
strength.
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