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SQL Different Statement Queries

The document outlines the four main types of SQL statements: Data Definition Language (DDL) for managing database structure, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for handling data within tables, Data Control Language (DCL) for managing user permissions, and Transaction Control Language (TCL) for controlling transaction processes. Each type includes specific commands with defined purposes, such as creating, modifying, or deleting database objects, manipulating data, managing access controls, and ensuring data integrity during transactions. Examples of commands for each category are provided, illustrating their functionality.

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Swastik Pradhan
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15 views3 pages

SQL Different Statement Queries

The document outlines the four main types of SQL statements: Data Definition Language (DDL) for managing database structure, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for handling data within tables, Data Control Language (DCL) for managing user permissions, and Transaction Control Language (TCL) for controlling transaction processes. Each type includes specific commands with defined purposes, such as creating, modifying, or deleting database objects, manipulating data, managing access controls, and ensuring data integrity during transactions. Examples of commands for each category are provided, illustrating their functionality.

Uploaded by

Swastik Pradhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Data Definition Language (DDL)


Defines and manages the structure of database objects.

Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME, COMMENT

Purpose: Create or modify tables, indexes, views, and other schema objects.

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)


Handles the manipulation of data within existing tables.

Examples: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE

Purpose: Query, add, modify, or remove data in tables.

3. Data Control Language (DCL)


Manages permissions and access controls for users.

Examples: GRANT, REVOKE

Purpose: Assign or remove privileges to users or roles.

4. Transaction Control Language (TCL)


Controls the processing of transactions in the database.

Examples: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, SET TRANSACTION

Purpose: Manage changes made by DML statements, ensuring data integrity. for
all the functions in the above give brief description of what they do.

Here is a brief description of the main Oracle SQL statement types and their key
functions:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)


 CREATE: Used to create new database objects such as tables, views, indexes, or
functions. For example, CREATE TABLE creates a new table, and CREATE FUNCTION
creates a new function in the database.
 ALTER: Modifies the structure of an existing database object. For example, ALTER
TABLE can add, remove, or modify columns in a table, or change constraints.

 DROP: Deletes an existing database object, such as a table, view, or function, from
the database permanently.

 TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table or cluster, but keeps the table structure
for future use. This operation is faster than DELETE and cannot be rolled back.

 RENAME: Changes the name of a database object, such as a table or view. All
associated constraints, indexes, and grants are transferred to the new name.

 COMMENT: Adds or modifies a comment associated with a database object, which


is stored in the data dictionary for documentation purposes.

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)


 SELECT: Retrieves data from one or more tables or views. It is the primary query
statement in SQL.

 INSERT: Adds new rows of data into a table. You specify the table and the values
for each column.

 UPDATE: Modifies existing data in a table. You can update one or more columns for
rows that meet a specified condition.

 DELETE: Removes existing rows from a table based on a specified condition.

 MERGE: Performs insert, update, or delete operations in a single statement,


typically used to synchronize two tables (also known as "upsert").

3. Data Control Language (DCL)


 GRANT: Gives specific privileges to users or roles, such as the ability to select,
insert, update, or delete data in a table.

 REVOKE: Removes previously granted privileges from users or roles, restricting


their access to database objects.

4. Transaction Control Language (TCL)


 COMMIT: Saves all changes made in the current transaction permanently to the
database.
 ROLLBACK: Undoes changes made in the current transaction, reverting the
database to the last committed state.

 SAVEPOINT: Sets a point within a transaction to which you can later roll back,
allowing partial rollback of a transaction.

 SET TRANSACTION: Specifies characteristics for the current transaction, such as


isolation level.

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