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CHEMISTRY
atoms first

Julia
Burdge
Jason
Overby
[Link]
 Periodic Table of the Elements
Main group Main group

Period 1A Group
number number 8A
1
18
1 Key 2
1 H He 1
Hydrogen 2A 6 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
1.008 Atomic number Symbol Helium
2 C 13 14 15 16 17 4.003
3 4 Carbon 5 6 7 8 9 10
Name 12.01 Average
2 Li Be atomic mass B C N O F Ne 2
Lithium Beryllium An element Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 Transition metals 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
Al Si P S Cl Ar 3
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.99 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 4
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 5
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 6
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 7
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
(223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (293) (294)
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58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Metals Lanthanides 6 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 6
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
Nonmetals
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Metalloids Actinides 7 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 7
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

At the time of this printing, the names of elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 had not yet been formally approved by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
 List of the Elements with Their Symbols and Atomic Masses*
Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass† Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass†
Actinium
This Book
Ac
is Available
89 (227)
on [Link]
Mendelevium Md 101 (258)
Aluminum Al 13 26.9815386 Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Americium Am 95 (243) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Antimony Sb 51 121.760 Moscovium Mc 115 (288)
Argon Ar 18 39.948 Neodymium Nd 60 144.242
Arsenic As 33 74.92160 Neon Ne 10 20.1797
Astatine At 85 (210) Neptunium Np 93 (237)
Barium Ba 56 137.327 Nickel Ni 28 58.6934
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Niobium Nb 41 92.90638
Beryllium Be 4 9.012182 Nihonium Nh 113 (284)
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98040 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067
Bohrium Bh 107 (272) Nobelium No 102 (259)
Boron B 5 10.811 Oganesson Og 118 (294)
Bromine Br 35 79.904 Osmium Os 76 190.23
Cadmium Cd 48 112.411 Oxygen O 8 15.9994
Calcium Ca 20 40.078 Palladium Pd 46 106.42
Californium Cf 98 (251) Phosphorus P 15 30.973762
Carbon C 6 12.0107 Platinum Pt 78 195.084
Cerium Ce 58 140.116 Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Cesium Cs 55 132.9054519 Polonium Po 84 (209)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 Potassium K 19 39.0983
Chromium Cr 24 51.9961 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90765
Cobalt Co 27 58.933195 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Copernicium Cn 112 (285) Protactinium Pa 91 231.03588
Copper Cu 29 63.546 Radium Ra 88 (226)
Curium Cm 96 (247) Radon Rn 86 (222)
Darmstadtium Ds 110 (281) Rhenium Re 75 186.207
Dubnium Db 105 (268) Rhodium Rh 45 102.90550
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.500 Roentgenium Rg 111 (280)
Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678
Erbium Er 68 167.259 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
Europium Eu 63 151.964 Rutherfordium Rf 104 (267)
Fermium Fm 100 (257) Samarium Sm 62 150.36
Flerovium Fl 114 (289) Scandium Sc 21 44.955912
Fluorine F 9 18.9984032 Seaborgium Sg 106 (271)
Francium Fr 87 (223) Selenium Se 34 78.96
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Silicon Si 14 28.0855
Gallium Ga 31 69.723 Silver Ag 47 107.8682
Germanium Ge 32 72.64 Sodium Na 11 22.98976928
Gold Au 79 196.966569 Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Sulfur S 16 32.065
Hassium Hs 108 (270) Tantalum Ta 73 180.94788
Helium He 2 4.002602 Technetium Tc 43 (98)
Holmium Ho 67 164.93032 Tellurium Te 52 127.60
Hydrogen H 1 1.00794 Tennessine Ts 117 (293)
Indium In 49 114.818 Terbium Tb 65 158.92535
Iodine I 53 126.90447 Thallium Tl 81 204.3833
Iridium Ir 77 192.217 Thorium Th 90 232.03806
Iron Fe 26 55.845 Thulium Tm 69 168.93421
Krypton Kr 36 83.798 Tin Sn 50 118.710
Lanthanum La 57 138.90547 Titanium Ti 22 47.867
Lawrencium Lr 103 (262) Tungsten W 74 183.84
Lead Pb 82 207.2 Uranium U 92 238.02891
Lithium Li 3 6.941 Vanadium V 23 50.9415
Livermorium Lv 116 (293) Xenon Xe 54 131.293
Lutetium Lu 71 174.967 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Magnesium Mg 12 24.3050 Yttrium Y 39 88.90585
Manganese Mn 25 54.938045 Zinc Zn 30 65.409
Meitnerium Mt 109 (276) Zirconium Zr 40 91.224
*These atomic masses show as many significant figures as are known for each element. The atomic masses in the periodic table are shown to four significant figures, which is
sufficient for solving the problems in this book.
†Approximate values of atomic masses for radioactive elements are given in parentheses.
At the time of this printing, the names of elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 had not yet been formally approved by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
This Book is Available on [Link]

Chemistry
ATO M S F I R S T
T H I R D ED I T IO N

Julia Burdge
C OL L E G E O F W E ST E R N I DA HO

Jason Overby
C OL L E G E O F C H A R L ESTO N
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CHEMISTRY: ATOMS FIRST, THIRD EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Burdge, Julia. | Overby, Jason, 1970-

Title: Chemistry : atoms first / Julia Burdge, College of Western Idaho,
Jason Overby, College of Charleston.
Other titles: Atoms first
Description: Third edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2017] |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016033779 | ISBN 9781259638138 (alk. paper) | ISBN
1259638138 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QD31.3 .B87 2017 | DDC 540—dc23 LC record available at [Link]

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not
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[Link]/highered
This Book is Available on [Link]

To the people who will always matter the most: Katie, Beau, and Sam.
Julia Burdge

To my wonderful wife, Robin, and daughters, Emma and Sarah.

Jason Overby
 About the Authors This Book is Available on [Link]

© McGraw-Hill Education © McGraw-Hill Education

Julia Burdge received her Ph.D. (1994) from the Jason Overby received his B.S. degree in chemistry and
University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. Her research and dis- political science from the University of Tennessee at Martin. He
sertation focused on instrument development for analysis of then received his Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from Vanderbilt
trace sulfur compounds in air and the statistical evaluation of University (1997) studying main group and transition metal
data near the detection limit. metallocenes and related compounds. Afterwards, Jason conducted
postdoctoral research in transition metal organometallic chemis-
In 1994 she accepted a position at The University of Akron in try at Dartmouth College.
Akron, Ohio, as an assistant professor and director of the
Introductory Chemistry program. In the year 2000, she was ten- Jason began his academic career at the College of Charleston
ured and promoted to associate professor at The University of in 1999 as an assistant professor. Currently, he is an associate
Akron on the merits of her teaching, service, and research in professor with teaching interests in general and inorganic
chemistry education. In addition to directing the general chem- chemistry. He is also interested in the integration of technology
istry program and supervising the teaching activities of graduate into the classroom, with a particular focus on adaptive learning.
students, she helped establish a future-faculty development Additionally, he conducts research with undergraduates in inor-
program and served as a mentor for graduate students and ganic and organic synthetic chemistry as well as computational
post-doctoral associates. Julia has recently relocated back to organometallic chemistry.
the northwest to be near family. She lives in Boise, Idaho; and
she holds an affiliate faculty position as associate professor in In his free time, he enjoys boating, exercising, and cooking. He
the Chemistry Department at the University of Idaho and is also involved with USA Swimming as a nationally-certified
teaches general chemistry at the College of Western Idaho. starter and stroke-and-turn official. He lives in South Carolina
with his wife Robin and two daughters, Emma and Sarah.
In her free time, Julia enjoys horseback riding, precious time
with her three children, and quiet time at home with Erik Nelson,
her partner and best friend.

iv
This Book is Available on [Link]
Brief Contents
1 Chemistry: The Science of Change 2
2 Atoms and the Periodic Table 38
3 Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms 66
4 Periodic Trends of the Elements 124
5 Ionic and Covalent Compounds 162
6 Representing Molecules 210
7 Molecular Geometry, Intermolecular Forces, and Bonding Theories 246
8 Chemical Reactions 308
9 Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 350
10 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 414
11 Gases 470
12 Liquids and Solids 530
13 Physical Properties of Solutions 574
14 Entropy and Free Energy 618
15 Chemical Equilibrium 654
16 Acids, Bases, and Salts 716
17 Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria 774
18 Electrochemistry 828
19 Chemical Kinetics 876
20 Nuclear Chemistry 940
21 Environmetal Chemistry 974
22 Coordination Chemistry 1002
23 Organic Chemistry 1026
24 Modern Materials 1080
25 Online Only Chapter: Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds
26 Online Only Chapter: Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals

Appendix 1 Mathematical Operations A-1

Appendix 2 Thermodynamic Data at 1 ATM and 25°C A-6
Appendix 3 Solubility Product Constants at 25°C A-13
Appendix 4 Dissociation Constants for Weak Acids and Bases at 25°C A-15
v
 Contents This Book is Available on [Link]

List of Applications xviii

Preface xix

1 CHEMISTRY: THE SCIENCE OF CHANGE 2

1.1 The Study of Chemistry 3
• Chemistry You May Already Know 3 • The Scientific Method 3
1.2 Scientific Measurement 5
• SI Base Units 5 • Mass 6 • Temperature 7 • Derived Units:
Volume and Density 9
1.3 Uncertainty in Measurement 12
• Significant Figures 12 • Calculations with Measured Numbers 13 •
Accuracy and Precision 16 • Thinking Outside the Box: Tips for
Success in Chemistry Class 18
1.4 Using Units and Solving Problems 18
© Prof. Ali Yazdani/Princeton University • Conversion Factors 18 • Dimensional Analysis—Tracking Units 19
1.5 Classification of Matter 22
• States of Matter 22 • Mixtures 23
1.6 The Properties of Matter 24
• Physical Properties 24 • Chemical Properties 24 • Extensive
and Intensive Properties 25

2 ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 38

2.1 Atoms First 39
2.2 Subatomic Particles and Atomic Structure 40
• Discovery of the Electron 40 • Radioactivity 42 • The Proton and
the Nuclear Model of the Atom 43 • The Neutron 44
2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes 46
2.4 Nuclear Stability 48
• Patterns of Nuclear Stability 48
© Science Photo Library/Science Source 2.5 Average Atomic Mass 50
• Thinking Outside the Box: Measuring Atomic Mass 51
2.6 The Periodic Table 52
2.7 The Mole and Molar Mass 54
• The Mole 54 • Molar Mass 55 • Interconverting Mass, Moles,
and Numbers of Atoms 57
vi
 CONTENTS vii

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3 QUANTUM THEORY AND THE ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS 66
3.1 Energy and Energy Changes 67
• Forms of Energy 67 • Units of Energy 68
3.2 The Nature of Light 70
• Properties of Waves 70 • The Electromagnetic Spectrum 71
• The Double-Slit Experiment 72
3.3 Quantum Theory 74
• Quantization of Energy 74 • Photons and the Photoelectric
E ect 75 • Thinking Outside the Box: Everyday Occurrences of
the Photoelectric E ect 76
3.4 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 79
• Atomic Line Spectra 79 • The Line Spectrum of Hydrogen 80
© 2013 International Business Machines Corporation
3.5 Wave Properties of Matter 87
• The de Broglie Hypothesis 87 • Di raction of Electrons 89
3.6 Quantum Mechanics 90
• The Uncertainty Principle 90 • The Schrödinger Equation 91
• The Quantum Mechanical Description of the Hydrogen Atom 92
3.7 Quantum Numbers 92
• Principal Quantum Number (n) 92 • Angular Momentum Quantum
Number (ℓ) 93 • Magnetic Quantum Number (mℓ) 93 • Electron
Spin Quantum Number (ms) 94
3.8 Atomic Orbitals 96
• s Orbitals 96 • p Orbitals 96 • d Orbitals and Other Higher-
Energy Orbitals 97 • Energies of Orbitals 99
3.9 Electron Configurations 100
• Energies of Atomic Orbitals in Many-Electron Systems 100 • The
Pauli Exclusion Principle 101 • The Au au Principle 101 • Hund’s
Rule 102 • General Rules for Writing Electron Con gurations 103
3.10 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 105

4 PERIODIC TRENDS OF THE ELEMENTS 124

4.1 Development of the Periodic Table 125
4.2 The Modern Periodic Table 128
• Classi cation of Elements 128
4.3 Effective Nuclear Charge 131
4.4 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements 132 © Dzhavakhadze Zurab Itar-Tass Photos/Newscom

• Atomic Radius 132 • Ionization Energy 134 • Electron A nity 137

• Metallic Character 140
4.5 Electron Configuration of Ions 143
• Ions of Main Group Elements 143 • Ions of d-Block Elements 145