PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
TEACHER: MS. AIRA JANE V. VILLA
Learning Competency:
• Differentiates kinds of variables and their uses.
ANALYZE THIS SITUATION
Factors That Influence Low Academic Performance
VARIABLES
VARIABLES
• may take different
forms.
• anything can be a
variable.
Something that a
researcher is
interested in.
VARIABLES
The variables can also be classified according to their nature.
The diagram below shows the different classifications:
Quantitative Variables
also called numerical variables, are the
type of variables used in quantitative
research because they are numeric and
can be measured. Under this category
are discrete and continuous variables.
VARIABLES
The variables can also be classified according to their nature.
The diagram below shows the different classifications:
Category
Discrete Variables
are countable whole numbers. It does not
take negative values or values between fixed
points. For example: number of students in a
class, group size and frequency.
Example: Grade 12 Hydrangea – 42 students
EXAMPLES:
Discrete Variables
Class No. of Establishments No. of children in the
Attendance in an area family
VARIABLES
The variables can also be classified according to their nature.
The diagram below shows the different classifications:
Category
Continuous Variables
take fractional (non-whole number) values
that can either be a positive or a negative.
Example: height, temperature
EXAMPLES:
Continuous Variables
AGE
TIME TEMPERATURE
Two Levels of Measurement
• Interval
• Ratio
• Interval - are quantitative variables
where the interval or differences
between consecutive values are equal
and meaningful but the numbers are
arbitrary. Other examples of interval
data would be year and IQ score.
Example of Interval
Year Temperature
• Ratio - is similar to interval. The only
difference is the presence of a true
zero value. The zero point in this scale
indicates the absence of the quantity
being measured. Examples are age,
height, weight and distance.
Example of Ratio
Income
Weight
While interval and ratio data can both be
categorized, ranked, and have equal spacing
between adjacent values, only ratio scales
have a true zero. For example, temperature
in Celsius or Fahrenheit is at an interval scale
because zero is not the lowest possible
temperature.
VARIABLES
The variables can also be classified according to their nature.
The diagram below shows the different classifications:
Qualitative Variables
also referred to as Categorical Variables
are not expressed in numbers but are
descriptions or categories. It can be
further divided into dichotomous,
nominal or ordinal.
VARIABLES
The variables can also be classified according to their nature.
The diagram below shows the different classifications:
Category
Dichotomous Variables
consists of only two distinct categories or
values, for example, a response to a question
either be a yes or no.
EXAMPLE:
Dichotomous Variables
VARIABLES
The variables can also be classified according to their nature.
The diagram below shows the different classifications:
Category
Nominal Variables
simply defines groups of subjects. In here,
you may have more than 2 categories of
equivalent magnitude.
Values which cannot be organized in a
logical sequence.
EXAMPLE:
Nominal Variables
VARIABLES
The variables can also be classified according to their nature.
The diagram below shows the different classifications:
Category
Ordinal Variables
• denotes that a variable is ranked in a
certain order. This variable can have a
qualitative or quantitative attribute.
• a value which can be logically ordered or
ranked.
EXAMPLE:
Ordinal Variables
OTHER
VARIABLES
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Extraneous/Antecedent Variable
Independent Variable
• presumed to cause changes in
another variable
• usually manipulated in an
experiment
Dependent Variable
• variables that change because of
another variable
• usually affected by the manipulation
of the independent variable
Extraneous/Antecedent Variable
• variables that are already existing
during the conduct of an experiment
• these variables could influence the
results of the study
A teacher wants to find out if the type of background music
affects students’ concentration. She divides the class into
three groups. One group studies with classical music,
another with pop music, and the last group studies in silence.
After 30 minutes, she gives them the same reading
comprehension test.
Independent variable: Type of background music
Dependent variable: Reading comprehension test scores
Extraneous variable: Students’ prior reading ability, noise
outside the classroom, mood, or amount of sleep
A group of students wanted to know if the type of hero used
in Mobile Legends affects the number of kills a player can
get. They observed three groups of players: one group only
used Assassins, another used Tanks, and the last group used
Mages. After playing 5 ranked matches, they recorded the
total number of kills for each player.
Independent variable: Hero Types
Dependent variable: Number of kills in 5 ranked matches
Extraneous variable: Player skill level, team composition,
internet connection, enemy strength
