Magazine of the

Autumn 2023
 Autumn 2023

CONTENTS
4 Project Profile:
Natural Encounters Conservation Fund

Glanmor House, Hayle

5 Blue-throated Macaws:
Steady Progress to Secure their Recovery

8
Cornwall TR27 4HB UK
info@[Link] +44 (0)1736 751026 Feathers in Dark:
[Link]
Unraveling India’s Bird Seizure Report

ABOUT THE WPT

Capture for the live-bird trade,
11 Parrot Conservation Grants:
First Reports

14
habitat loss and other factors
put wild parrots at risk. Nearly Kākāpō:
30% of all parrot species are The Parrot of the Night
considered by IUCN to be at

19
risk of global extinction.
115 Seized Parrots

11
As an international leader in parrot Amazons confiscated from trade recovering in Mexico
conservation and welfare, the

22
World Parrot Trust works
with researchers, in-country PsittaNews
organisations, communities
and governments to encourage Parrot news and updates
effective solutions that save parrots. WPT contacts

24
14
Since 1989 the WPT has grown to
become a global force that moves Parrots in the Wild
quickly to address urgent issues Red-tailed Amazon
and support long-term projects.
Over that time WPT has led or
aided conservation and welfare
projects in 45 countries for more
than 80 species of parrot.

CHARITY INFORMATION
United Kingdom: # 800944
United States: EIN 62-1561595
Canada: BN 89004 1171 RR0001

ON THE COVER

Blue-throated Macaw © Fundación CLB

The pulp of fruits of Attalea and Acrocomia palms are the

preferred food of critically endangered Blue-throated

19
Macaws. The birds occasionally open unripe nuts to
Editor: Desi Milpacher access the liquid inside.
Layout, Design & Production: Michelle Kooistra
Fulfillment: Prospect Handling Ltd.
Learn more in Blue-throated Macaws: Steady Progress to
The World Parrot Trust does not necessarily endorse Secure their Recovery, Page 5.
any views or statements made by contributors to
PsittaScene, and will consider articles or letters from
any contributors on their merits. Visit [Link]/
psittascene for Guidelines. Anyone wishing to reprint
PsittaScene articles in full or in part needs permission
from WPT and the author/photographer(s) and must
state that it was copied from PsittaScene.
All contents © World Parrot Trust
Autumn 2023 [Link] 3
| PE rdoi to
j e cr ti aPl r o f i l e
Leave a Legacy
Partner Spotlight:

“
give today: The Blue-throated Macaw
help protect the
world’s parrots lives in our southern area
Natural Encounters Inc. (NEI) is a for-profit
with its beautiful song
Together, we can ensure
organization dedicated to promoting wildlife wild parrots will continue fills the trees with charm,
conservation through educational and engaging to grace the skies of future
programs designed to improve animal welfare and generations to come.
training practices. Founded by Steve Martin, a its blue beard its yellow chest
renowned pioneer in the field of animal training and
behaviour, NEI brings together the most experienced,
Be part of our global
community dedicated
how beautiful she looks
cross-disciplinary behaviour management training and to saving parrots. showing her brilliance,
program development team available to support the
diverse needs of the zoological community. Visit us online at:
[Link]/donate.
she is so brave she rises at
Starting in 1976 with a ground-breaking bird show
at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, Steve’s innovative dawn she returns to her
Galah © Corey Raffel

approach of showcasing free flight birds with a

compelling conservation message has inspired bedroom just at dusk.
thousands of people to appreciate the diversity and
beauty of nature. Since 1991, NEI has continued on
with Steve Martin’s vision by offering a wide variety Let’s take care of our macaw
of services as well as informative programs at zoos
and other venues across the United States and abroad. with CLB Foundation
NEI’s team of professional animal educators use as it is found in danger
positive reinforcement techniques to train animals to
demonstrate their natural behaviours, while delivering of extinction.
carefully crafted dialogue and choreography that
highlight the challenges and solutions for wildlife
~ Renata Melgar Sanchez
conservation.
Student, Loreto, Bolivia
Working in partnership with the World Parrot Trust
NEI, through the Natural Encounters Conservation
Fund, participates in a variety of conservation
projects to protect and restore the habitats of globally
threatened parrots, as well as to raise awareness and

BLUE-THROATED MACAWS:
involve local communities in their conservation.

By fostering a sense of wonder and respect for all What will be your legacy?
Steady progress to secure their recovery
living beings, NEI aims to empower audiences to take
action for the preservation of our natural world and to
Let your dedication to parrots live on!
ensure the survival of parrots in the wild.
Leaving a legacy gift to the parrots through by Desi Milpacher and Rafael Mounzon
your estate may be one of the most All photos © Fundación CLB
Learn more about National Encounters Inc. at:
fulfilling contributions you will ever make.
[Link].
Visit our website at [Link]/legacy
or contact an office near you (see page 23.)
4 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 5
 B lue-throated Macaws are found in a small range in
El Beni, or Beni Department, in Bolivia. They inhabit
seasonally flooded savannah, which is characterized by
on artificial nest construction
and monitoring.
been engaged through conservation
outreach programming and
messaging. The annual Blue-throated
Using two new specialised phone Macaw festival in Loreto attracted
swampy areas and forest islands where many palm trees apps, the team collects observational dozens of people of all ages with
grow. These medium-sized birds with the turquoise and locational data of wild Blue- special performances for the adults
‘beards’ face serious challenges, many of which are now throated Macaws on one of them, and drawing and poetry contests for
while the other helps them conduct the young.
related to issues with breeding and habitat loss.
social surveys to collect data from
local residents on sightings, counts Conservation Loros en Bolivia and
Since 2002 the World Parrot Trust has supported the often complex
and behaviors of the macaws. In the local communities are looking
work of saving these critically endangered birds in Bolivia. The
2019 and 2022, fire specialist Eric to the future for the Blue-throated
phrase ‘it takes a village’ is literally the truth here — the community
Horstman gave forest fire prevention Macaws and other wildlife of these
members of Gran Mojos (GMMPA) and Pampas de Yacuma
and mitigation workshops to GMMPA special protected areas. They hope
Municipal Protected Areas dedicate their time and passion to save
members (see PsittaScene Autumn to increase the amount of preserved
Blue-throated Macaws with the local organisation Fundación CLB
2022). This was particularly important wild spaces and to create a vital
(Conservation Loros en Bolivia or Parrot Conservation Bolivia).
as changes in climate have resulted interlinked network of the current
in an increase in frequency and protected areas and new ones. Other
In 2023, these committed people carry on. There is much to do,
intensity of fires throughout the goals are to complete excursions into
beginning with monitoring and identifying chicks that have
macaws’ range, resulting in a loss of the northern part of the birds’ range
fledged — an important step to adulthood — during the current
vital nesting and food trees. to confirm any changes from historic
breeding season. The number of Blue-throated Macaws leaving
observations of the population.
the nest to forge lives as adults has become more reassuring. This
Along with fieldwork, education and
is due to intensive on-the-ground work to boost breeding success
outreach have played a huge role in With determination and new
in various ways. Beginning in October 2022, work began to install
linking communities and fostering conservation actions, the Blue-
50 nest boxes in new areas as well as areas known to have macaw
pride in local wildlife. CLB-led school- throated Macaw team and their local
populations, for a total of 96 boxes available for birds to raise
age programs and ecotourism allies are seeing encouraging results.
chicks.
workshops for landowners have People of all ages in the Beni region
centred on presenting and are coming together to work for
Through the end of 2022 and early 2023 the CLB team were
supporting the Blue-throated Macaw their special wildlife, especially the
actively monitoring over 40 occupied nests, ID ringing nestlings,
as a flagship species for the Beni Blue-throats, and are enthusiastic to
and providing supplemental feedings to ten vulnerable chicks
savannah. Thousands of people have continue into the future.
in four nests in Gran Mojos. One happy discovery: a new nest
was found in the population’s southern range. And although the
breeding season officially ended in April, there was one more
surprise — field workers discovered two chicks that had hatched
near the beginning of July. The chicks have done well, with the
field team certain that they would fly out of the nest as of the
end of August. The data that CLB is collecting is new, such as the
foodstuffs that the parents are working so hard to find for the
chicks is now different than that of the rainy season, when the
other pairs’ chicks hatched.
Macaws’ range to look for more
The team keeps close track of the adults as well. In an important birds and prospective pairs, to
first, a survey was completed across the southern part of the confirm active nests and provide
macaws’ range in November 2022, a concerted effort that required the ongoing monitoring and
counts at ten locations by 16 staff and volunteers from the any nest or chick protection
community. The total numbered 34 (+ or - 5) adult birds, while interventions they may need.
birds in one known area were unfortunately not sighted or heard.
Happily though, the macaws began nesting where they never The work includes learning, too.
had before, thanks to the team placing nest boxes in new areas. In the last year, CLB staff and
All in all, with technical support from the WPT, the team covered GMMPA rangers have completed
a remarkable 4800 square kilometres with 42 separate surveys. training, with the help of WPT’s
Healthy Blue-throated Macaw chicks wait for their parents to return
A future aim is to survey wider areas within the Blue-throated Field Conservationist Jack Haines, © Fundación CLB

6 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 7

 “
Rose-ringed Parakeets
at market, India

interview

FEATHERS IN DARK:
Unraveling India’s Bird Seizure Report
Indian PhD scholar Ms. Sharda Kalra and her PhD advisor
Dr. Asha Poonia teamed up with Ms. Alisa Davies and
Dr. Rowan Martin from the World Parrot Trust to publish new
research on the bird trade in India. In this research, they used
information gathered from news reports of seizures of birds in

© JezPhotos, Getty Images

India to understand the trade networks in India and beyond.
WPT caught up with the team members to ask a few questions
about their research.

Starting with Sharda, having strong connections with species that are categorized as rates have been recorded; this trade and ownership indicates that officials also plays a significant
could you give us a Nepal for trade in native species, Near Threatened; the Alexandrine means that the numbers of birds many enter the country through role in illegal wildlife trade,
summary of what you did in whereas West Bengal was a centre Parakeet (Palaeornis eupatria) and reported in trade are likely a illegal routes. Once in the country, undermining legislative changes.
this study? for trade in non-native species. Red-breasted Parakeet (Psittacula fraction of the birds taken from determining the provenance of There are reports that some seized
alexandri) were frequently the wild. Cramped and stressful non-native species is challenging birds find their way back into the
Well, bird trade in India is extensive. This sounds interesting. reported in seizures, followed by conditions and non-adherence to and this has seen a boom in trade illegal trade. Addressing these
While it provides livelihoods for Could you brief us which Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura biosecurity measures also increase in exotic species, including CITES issues is crucial to effectively curb
some people, it also involves birds are highly traded and why punctulata) and Common Hill Myna the risk of spreading infectious listed species. We found a higher illegal bird trading and protect
unregulated and illegal activities in India? (Gracula religiosa), indicating the diseases such as avian chlamydia volume and network complexity native and exotic species in India.
that threaten both native and possible threat posed by trade [psittacosis] or bird flu, some of of trade in birds native to India,
exotic species and pose health We found [that] parrots (Psittacidae to native species. For non-native which could pose significant risks which likely reflect differences How has the Indian bird
risks to people and wildlife. So, we and Psittaculidae) were the most [species] Lovebirds (Agapornis spp.) to human health, agriculture in how these species are treated trade affected/interacted
set out to understand the trade frequently reported group of were most common. and the survival in the wild of under the law rather than overall with that of surrounding
routes and the species involved birds in trade, likely due to their threatened species. trade volumes. In 2020, a Voluntary countries?
using media reports of bird trade high demand as pets on the black Moving to Dr. Martin, what Disclosure Scheme saw the
seizures from 2010 to 2020. We market. Besides keeping as pets, were some of the most In your opinion, what registration of 32,000 exotic pets. Other work by WPT has revealed
took this approach as there was parrots are also traded in India surprising or alarming trends impact is legislation There is a need for strengthened how South Asia and India in
no centralized database of this for superstitious beliefs such as revealed in the report? having in India on bird trapping legislation on the keeping, particular are important centers
information and examining media- for astrology and belief-based and illegal trade? breeding and sale of exotic species, of demand for wild birds in
reports can be a cost-effective way medicine, etc. Parrot astrology or The media reports highlighted especially highly threatened international trade and how lax
of gathering data. We ended up Parakeet fortune-telling is very numerous welfare issues, including India’s Wild Life Protection Act, CITES-listed species. The number of regulation and enforcement in
collecting 182 reports covering 109 popular in the Indian states of birds being hidden in pipes, shoes 1972, treats native and exotic seizures rose over the study period, some neighboring countries
seizure events, involving 25,850 Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. or garments and the taping of species differently. The Act which may indicate increased trade means that they have become
birds. Out of the 58 identified It is a type of astrology traditionally beaks and feathers to prevent prohibits trade and ownership of or increased enforcement efforts. hubs for illegal trade into the wider
species, 18 were native to India, practiced [for] centuries using noise. Large groups of birds were native species, while exotic species We could not find any official region. Our study revealed that
while 40 were non-native. Uttar mainly Rose-ringed and also shown being kept together in can be imported under license. government seizure data and there Indian states have porous borders
Pradesh and West Bengal were Alexandrine parakeets and involves close confinement. Some reports Although official figures report are concerns about the capacity like Uttar Pradesh, which shares
identified as significant trade the birds to pick up Tarot-like described birds dying during India has imported very few CITES of rescue centres to handle seized a border with Nepal and West
hotspots, with Uttar Pradesh fortune cards. Two native Indian transportation, and high mortality listed birds, the scale and scope of birds. Corruption among public Bengal, which shares a border with

8 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 9

Alexandrine Parakeets are highly sought after, with large numbers being traded every
year. © Neil Bowman, Getty Images

PARROT CONSERVATION GRANTS:

Bangladesh, play very important Why were you interested Could you give a few FIRST REPORTS
roles in bird smuggling of native in India for this work? recommendations from Our coverage of the Parrot Conservation Grant awardees continues with new progress reports
and exotic birds. your study?
coming in about the projects and parrots supported by the WPT/NECF initiative.
Well, India has become a region of
Coming to Alisa, were concern for illegal wildlife trade, Let me give a point-wise reply:
there any specific regions including birds, and the volume
or areas in India that were of such trade is increasing. The 1. Educating consumers on ECO-Earth finding that enabled the team to share
highlighted in the report as country’s large population and responsible parrot purchasing Crusaders intelligence with the Forestry Department.
hotspots for bird poaching? low per capita income create and ownership is essential to Organisation Earth Crusaders Organisation has
strong economic incentives for curb the growth in demand for trained over 165 frontline forestry staff
West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar engaging in illegal wildlife trade. these birds. Asian parakeets on wildlife and CITES laws and how to
and Tamil Nadu states had the Rising incomes in urban areas also are found in India, handle confiscations, and has educated
most seizures, out of which West drive demand for exotic pets as 2. Enforcement efforts should Nepal, Sumatra, communities about wildlife legislation.
prioritise building capacity Sri Lanka, parts of Southeast Asia, China ECO has provided workshops and
Bengal appears to be a key trade status symbols. But, while there
and smaller islands in the Philippine bird and nature walks to more than
hub and transit point for both the is evidence of a thriving internal at key transit locations and Sea in many forest types, from dry 200 students to educate them about
native and exotic bird trade. Uttar trade in exotic species, there was routes in India and neighboring forests and rainforest to mangroves and parakeets and encourage them not to
Pradesh also appears to be a key little information on trade routes. countries to disrupt illegal cultivated areas. trap and trade birds. ECO has also been
destination and transit point for trade networks effectively. able to enforce laws in some of the
Many of these parrots, particularly
the trade in native species from Dr. Poonia, did you find divisions where they have conducted
Alexandrines, are at risk from the brutality training programmes, and have mobilised
multiple other states, and it acts this investigation 3. International cooperation will of wildlife trafficking and other threats. ground staff to catch poachers and other
as a gateway for trade in native interesting? What was most be necessary to combat cross- The eastern Indian state of Odisha is middlemen involved in poaching.
species between them and Nepal. challenging part for you? border trafficking. particularly vulnerable to native bird
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were trade, as it borders with countries where In all, more than 100 parakeets were
destinations for trade in exotic Well, I came in touch with ‘Parrot 4. Training for law enforcement active illegal trafficking occurs. There, seized. With the support of the state
species from Myanmar, Bangladesh Researchers Group’ and took up and civil service staff in Alexandrine and other parakeets are forestry department, the team has seized
traded for their ability to mimic the over 200 birds (70% parakeets, 30%
and directly from Thailand and this study. We had already done the investigations, evidence-
human voice despite the fact that they other birds), some of which are still being
African countries. analysis of CITES listed birds trade gathering, prosecutions and are protected under India’s wildlife rehabilitated, and others fit enough to
in India from 1975-2019, which was handling of live animals. protection law. be returned to the wild. Rescue cages
So, have you identified published in “International Journal have been provided to the division
any bird markets in India of Ecological Economics and 5. Where trapping is negatively In a first-of-its-kind project in Odisha, headquarters where newly confiscated
during this study? Statistics” and [the] present study impacting wild populations Earth Crusaders Organisation (ECO) aims birds are sent to recover.
was a valuable follow-up to many and local communities to prioritise the protection of parakeets
from illegal trafficking and learn about While the team was collecting evidence
Yes, we actually have, including of the questions that study raised. have few economic
their status in the wild. The team has on threats to parakeets they discovered
weekly pet markets in Chennai alternatives, community- uncovered data on how many bird that local farmers were using plastic
(Tamil Nadu), Crawford Market in Definitely, it was so fun working based conservation initiatives species are being traded, finding that the nets to protect crops from birds. The
Mumbai (Maharashtra), Russell together from such [an] amazing focusing on developing Vernal Hanging Parrot (Loriculus vernalis) birds were getting badly entangled in
Market in Bangalore (Karnataka), team from different parts of the alternative livelihoods should and three parakeet species Alexandrine the nets and either hunted by feral dogs
Jama Masjid market and Chakla world. As the team never sat be developed. (Palaeornis eupatria), Ringneck or taken and sold by poachers. ECO has
area in Delhi, Gallif street market together physically, we tried to (Alexandrinus krameri) and Plum-headed created a Quick Response Team, which
(Himalayapsitta cyanocephala) are targets involves community members in rescuing
in Kolkata (West Bengal), Mulki understand others’ point of view Sharda Kalra et al., “Insights from the for trappers. ECO also took part in a parakeets and other birds from the
Bazaar and MehboobChowk bird through mails, and that I guess Media into the Bird Trade in India: An
first-time confiscation of Red-breasted farmers’ crop netting. The rescued birds
Analysis of Reported Seizures,” Oryx,
market in Hyderabad (Telangana), was a bit challenging. I must September 11, 2023, 1–9, [Link] Parakeets (Psittacula alexandri), and are then repatriated to the wild. These
org/10.1017/s0030605322001594.
Mishrikar toll market in Patna say, Dr. Martin as an established identified trading routes, potential areas and other activities are inspiring people to
(Bihar), Bahelia Toil market in expert on Aves, gave his very Asha Poonia, “Trends in CITES Listed
of nest robbing and selling venues. participate and to change their attitudes
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and important inputs while Alisa Davies Bird’s Trade in South Asian Countries in towards the birds: Odisha residents also
View of Evolution of Indian Laws during
Nakhas market in Lucknow (Uttar successfully helped to tackle all the Last Four Decades,” SciForum, March Zeroing in on key locations with the celebrated World Parrot Day for the first Top: Alexandrine Parakeet being rescued from crop netting
Middle: A confiscation in Odisha
16, 2021, [Link] help of local informers, where trade and time in 2023, where 40 students visited an
Pradesh) to name a few. technical challenges of the study. bdee2021-09480. nest poaching occurs, was an important open aviary for talks on parakeets.
Bottom: Training frontline staff to fight trafficking
All photos © ECO

10 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 11

 Association piloted by Hāloa Production with
the support of the Direction of the Wild Sun nesting cavities in the southern Nicoya
Rima’Ura Peninsula. They have developed a list of
Environment French Polynesia (DIREN), Rescue Center
NZ Parrot Trust (World Parrot Trust New 20 suitable sites to place nestboxes and
Kuhl’s Lorikeets
Zealand), Rima’Ura Association and The iconic thus far have installed seven, plus three
(Vini kuhlii), or
Bird Habitats Australia, is determining Scarlet Macaw placed at the Wild Sun Rescue Center.
Kura, are native
which nest options Kura prefer. The (Ara macao) Since 2019, with their local partners at
to Rimatara,
ranges from AsoProapa, the team has released 35
Tabuaran and study will compare three choices —
southern Mexico to Pacific Costa Rica, Scarlet Macaws in the area. The newly-
Teriana islands in the South Pacific. Thermal Haven nest boxes, log hollows
through southern Panama down into placed nestboxes will help provide
Recently they were re-established on (created from naturally-felled trees) and
northern South America where it is them enough nesting sites to
the island of Atiu in the Cook Islands. renovated cavities — which have been
scattered through Colombia, Guianas, begin breeding.
Found in mixed horticultural woodland, set up at five different sites on specially
forested valleys growing coconuts and chosen trees in areas with confirmed Ecuador and Mato Grosso, Brazil.
village gardens, these lorikeets feed on The nests will be closely monitored and
lorikeet populations.
seeds, flowers and leaves. With its population declining, the Scarlet protected from poachers. So far there
Macaw faces considerable pressure from has been activity (birds seen exploring
A number of other tools, including inside the boxes for an extended time or
This tiny lorikeet is IUCN Endangered monitoring cameras and protective trapping and habitat destruction. The
population of subspecies cyanoptera spending time around them) in three of
due to a number of issues — a roof covers for nests, are being tested.
totals about 4,000 birds, having become the seven installed boxes and two of the
vanishingly small range, predation The study’s results will provide valuable
extinct in a number of areas in Central three at Wild Sun. One pair is possibly
from Black Rats (Rattus rattus), and insight on Kuhl’s Lorikeet breeding and
America. Heavy illegal trafficking and breeding.
competition and attacks from Common will drive future management programs.
Myna (Acridotheres tristis). In addition, The team doesn’t have long to wait for deforestation has historically
many of the large trees on Rimatara threatened it and continues today, To engage the public in monitoring
new data: as of May 2023, the lorikeets
have been lost to agriculture. New Top: A prototype log hollow and a Thermal Haven nest box with the loss of nesting cavities a critical and protecting the macaws the team
have been observed excavating cavities
work, however, aims to help alleviate Bottom: A lorikeet exploring a natural nest cavity factor in its recovery. has produced and distributed an
near one of the nest sites in preparation All photos © Association Rima’Ura
some of these threats: a comparative information pamphlet to encourage Top: Building the nest boxes
for the breeding season, which lasts Bottom: Scarlet Macaws in a custom-built home
study on nesting habitat preferences, Wild Sun Rescue, in a project in Costa the local community to share macaw
from September to March. All photos © Wild Sun
Rica, is assessing potential natural sightings with the centre.

Wild Bird Trust Twenty-four acoustic recording units

will be deployed to collect about 8,000 Young The team’s first actions were to interview
Pioneers for 100 people in different localities of
The Cape Parrot hours of non-breeding season Cape
Development northern Benin to gain an idea of where
(Poicephalus Parrot calls across the Amathole forest,
the birds are found. Next was to find
robustus) is a range of densely forested mountains
out how these parrots are captured and
found only in situated in the Eastern Cape province. Senegal Parrots
used by local people. Using photographs
Afromontane Currently, 18 Wildlife Acoustic Song (Poicephalus
of the parrots and questionnaires, the
mistbelt forest in South Africa. It is Meter minis are in operation at 42 senegalus) occur
team travelled to 12 districts surrounding
mainly a forest canopy dweller, coming sites across four forests, with four in most countries in West Africa. These
or near protected areas in northern
to the ground only to drink, and roosts more areas to be surveyed soon. The sociable birds are usually seen in pairs but
Benin where over 450 individuals were
communally in flocks of up to 20 in large team has forged partnerships with also in flocks up to 20 or more to feed on
surveyed, taking into account their sex,
Eucalyptus or Podocarpus trees. Harvard University, the K. Lisa Yang flowers, buds, fruits and sometimes crops.
age, religious beliefs/affiliations and
Center for Conservation Bioacoustics at
ethnic group. Interviewees were then
With fewer than 2,000 left in the wild, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, University The Senegal Parrot is one of two parrot
questioned on their knowledge of the
the Cape Parrot is critically endangered of KwaZulu-Natal and the University species found in Benin. Unfortunately,
habitat where the parrots are found,
nationally and globally Vulnerable, of Pretoria. Coupled with LiDAR there are little data available on the uses,
threats to the birds, uses by people and
with habitat loss and degradation data (which captures topographical distribution and habitat of these parrots
price when captured and sold.
being the main threats to its existence. information), these data will be used to there and overall there is concern that
Compounding the issues there is a lack investigate Cape Parrot habitat use and wild populations throughout the species’ Senegal Parrot © Vera Shestak, Getty Images
determine habitat quality. The results showed that the Senegal
of up-to-date information on the status large range are declining.
Parrot is used as food (83.96%), in magic
and condition of Cape Parrot forest,
or spiritual rituals (33.63%), in folk
which has hindered its conservation. Scattering these acoustic devices has Young Pioneers for Development, an
medicine (11.43%), for aesthetics or
provided the opportunity for two NGO based in Benin, has launched
pets (16.92%). The survey also found
A new project aims to address this general staff members to train as field a project which will contribute to
that the parrots damage crops. The
gap by developing a long-term assistants. They have quickly learned conservation of Senegal Parrots by
majority of respondents, however,
habitat monitoring plan for the most to operate GPS trackers to successfully providing reliable baseline data on their
(nearly 55.4%) also noted that wild
important forests, with the WPT/NECF deploy and retrieve the recording units ecology in Benin. Their goals are to assess
populations are decreasing.
Parrot Conservation Grants initiative deep in the forest, an important first Top and bottom: Installing an acoustic recording unit and the distribution, abundance and habitat
supporting the pilot study phase of step towards building the team’s marking the GPS location. preferences of the species there and
this effort. eco-ranger capacity. All photos © Wild Bird Trust
assess the locals’ knowledge of the birds. Top: A map shows locations of surveys and protected areas
Bottom: Conducting interviews with local people
All photos © Young Pioneers for Development
The WPT and NECF are pleased at the progress made by these groups for parrot conservation.
We look forward to providing more updates in future issues of PsittaScene.
12 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 13
 KĀKĀPŌ:
Whenua Hou / Codfish Island the night with no guarantee of mating. It’s quite a
May 2022 different story for the females. Female Kākāpō are
solo mothers. They incubate their eggs and raise
I’m standing on a rock near the summit of the their young alone. Other parrots form pair-bonds
island, looking down at the canopies. The forest is that in many cases are for life. These nocturnal
THE PARROT OF THE NIGHT so thick and so vast that it resembles the feathered parrots are also un-birdlike. “Their traits are so
back of a giant mythical bird. Not a bad spot for a unusual they are hard to believe: they’re a bird, but
by Luis Ortiz-Catedral, Ph.D lunch break, but too soon the break is over. Time they certainly don’t behave like one!” says Andrew
WPT Director, Oceania Region to get back on the track and continue with the Digby, Science Advisor for the Kākāpō Recovery
task at hand. I am on Whenua Hou helping staff Program from the Department of Conservation
Photos © Jake Osborne from the Department of Conservation provide (DOC), New Zealand.
supplementary food for a giant green parrot: the
Kākāpō, a bird so rare that it truly resembles the I leave my rocky outpost and continue hiking,
stuff of legends. heading towards the next feeding station. Here
The forest on Whenua Hou… The Kākāpō…softly-feathered with a face
and there, I find Kākāpō footprints in the mud, the
humid soil yielding beneath the weight of these
dark green...but not at first. resembling an owl…a loose translation of
their scientific name “Strigops habroptila.”
incredible birds. I stop in my tracks and pick up a
Kākāpō feather and perform a little ritual known

At first, it is emerald, a dusky I believe, however, that Māori better captured

the essence of the Kākāpō in their name. Kākā
to every visitor on the island: I take a whiff, and
there it is…the musky, sweet and grassy scent of
meaning “parrot” (as in other Polynesian and Kākāpō, once described as the smell of a musty
emerald. But not quite. Jade, Austronesian languages), and pō, meaning violin case. The faint scent reminds me of a
darkness or night: Kākāpō, the parrot of mouldy rose. For all I know, there’s a Kākāpō right
perhaps (‘Pounamu’, in Te Reo the night. The Kākāpō is a parrot…but rather
un-parrotlike. The word “parrot” evokes
next to me, sitting still amongst the vegetation, its
plumage blending in the ever-changing greenery,
Māori). But not solid jade... images of shrieking birds in tropical regions,
often flying in large groups or at least in pairs,
listening to my fading footsteps.

their bright plumage colouring the skies like The conservation story of Kākāpō is one of
more like translucent jade... feathered fireworks. But Kākāpō are flightless tragedy and hope. The bird has long-held
and predominantly nocturnal. These ancient significance among Māori. Kākāpō feathers
the forest on Whenua Hou: its birds, which can weigh up to four kilograms, are
also lek-breeding*.
were used to weave intricate capes, their fatty
meat preserved in baskets made of tree-bark
colour ever-changing. The wind There is no pair-bond among Kākāpō. They are
and kelp fibres. By the time European settlers
came to New Zealand in the late 1700s, Kākāpō

picks up, and the branches of

solitary giants roaming the night forests. Males were still abundant in the South Island.
attract females using a deep “booming”
call. After mating, males and However, within a century the Kākāpō
old trees move. Tree crowns, females go their separate
ways. For males, this means
was considered a species at risk
of disappearing due to the
ferns and epiphytes sway. continuing their entrancing
booming, trying to attract
ecological changes brought
by the introduction of alien

The forest turns a vibrant moss and mate with as many

females as they can.
species by European
settlers, which brought
Only a subset of males rabbits to New Zealand
green; millions of leaves flutter mate, the rest of them where they quickly
continue booming into became pests.
revealing their pale undersides.
*Lek breeding is a reproductive A close-up of mossy green
system where males congregate Kākāpō plumage.
in a specific area (lek) and
compete to attract and mate with
as many females as they can.

14 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 15

 the species has gone from 51 to 247. Such recovery requires
an enormous human effort. Throughout the year, DOC staff
conduct Kākāpō health checks, transmitter changes and
upkeep of gadgets.

During breeding season, dozens of DOC staff, zoo vets and

volunteers put in thousands of hours of work looking after
Kākāpō. The bird’s behaviour can signal when intervention
is needed, as Andrew explains, “The data received from the
remote monitoring devices allows us to interpret activity
information daily. So, for example, if a bird’s activity levels
drop or change significantly, we learn about it remotely
and can then follow up with investigations in the field.”
Technology is thus allowing DOC to fine tune management
and maximise Kākāpō survival. Another key aspect of the
success of the program is the strict quarantine required
for goods and people on Kākāpō islands. This system is
in place to prevent the introduction of stowaways, which
could easily hide in crates and backpacks.

In the late 1800s, mustelids (ferrets, weasels Trust affiliate, has supported Andrew’s team to
and stoats) were introduced to control them. advance the passive monitoring of Kākāpō. This
The introduction of mustelids failed to control includes installing backpack-style transmitters
rabbits, but instead accelerated the decline of on Kākāpō and putting up trail cameras. These
New Zealand native fauna. Coupled with the transmitters are connected to a network which
effects of rodents and cats introduced towards the listens to and collects data on individual birds and
end of the 18th century, this invasion of mustelids their location and movements. Their movements
had catastrophic consequences for native fauna, are also tracked passively via trail cameras placed
which had evolved in the absence of mammalian in front of the very feeding stations I am refilling
predators. Kākāpō were not spared. Their only during my hike through Whenua Hou.
defence against predators — sitting still, playing
Kākāpō — was no match for the furry hunters. By Camera stills offer a glimpse into the nocturnal
1980, just over 100 Kākāpō remained, and most antics of Kākāpō. Andrew explains to me how

T
of them were males. these gadgets are helping his team in the race to
conserve the species. “For almost three decades hese solitary parrots
The last refuges for the solitary giants were our programme has relied on an intensive and have a slow life cycle;
offshore islands where mustelids and feral cats individual-bird-focused management approach. they reproduce only
had not been introduced or could not swim But as the population grows it’s infeasible to every two to four years, chicks
to. So the decline continued — by 1995 the continue at the same level of intensity. Technology reach sexual maturity at age
number had dropped to just 51 individuals. is key to being able to achieve a successful new six, females can lay up to four
Since the mid 1990’s, DOC staff have tried phase of sustainable Kākāpō management.”
eggs but rarely raise more than
innovative approaches to conserve Kākāpō:
from supplementary feeding to help females These solitary parrots have a slow life cycle; they one young. Considering these
raise young, to artificial insemination and remote reproduce only every two to four years, chicks issues, it is nothing short of
monitoring. Nowadays, there are 247 Kākāpō reach sexual maturity at age six, females can lay extraordinary that in less than
alive. “There are so few, that each bird is known up to four eggs but rarely raise more than one Top: Trail camera captures a male Kākāpō booming.
30 years, the species has gone
Bottom: A Kākāpō dives into a supplemental feed hopper.
by its name and distinct character,” says Andrew. young. Considering these issues, it is nothing Trail photos © Department of Conservation, New Zealand from 51 to 247.
The New Zealand Parrot Trust, a World Parrot short of extraordinary that in less than 30 years,

16 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 17

 115 SEIZED PARROTS
by Marcela Franco MSc, DVM, WPT Veterinarian and Field Researcher and Desi Milpacher, WPT Editor

Mexico City is a central point for trafficking illegally trapped birds to be sold on site or distrib-
uted to other states. On May 15, 2023 officials from the Attorney General’s Office of Mexico

T
he future of the species certainly
looks brighter: as more Kākāpō City carried out a large operation involving several private homes in the municipality of
hatch, and as the Predator- Iztapalapa. The residents were suspected of carrying out illicit activities and illegally keeping
Free 2050 plan gains momentum, the
chance of establishing more Kākāpō animals for trade. Officers found drugs such as cocaine and marijuana, and seized about
populations on the mainland grows.
1,000 birds of different species. Five men were arrested.

O
f the confiscated birds, Due to the chicks’ poor condition or older, plus one juvenile and
44% were parrots of and early stage of development, one adult. As they grew and their
The conservation of Kākāpō is a each Kākāpō with backpack-style Half-awake I decided to investigate. different species and it was necessary for them to be plumage developed, seven species
testament to the kiwi ingenuity transmitters and GPS units — which In the darkness, while looking for of those, 115 Amazona parrots kept for a month in Mexico City were identified: Yellow-headed
and applied, creative science for were developed with support from my headtorch I heard something were taken into custody by the to stabilise them and provide the Amazon (Amazona oratrix), Green-
conservation. It is also an ambitious NZPT/WPT — provided us with resembling footsteps in the leaflitter. Secretariat of Citizen Security clinical and nutritional care they cheeked Amazon (A. viridigenalis),
venture: “Our vision is to return the confidence and peace of mind A penguin — that was my first thought through the General Directorate of required. Of the 115 birds received, Lilac-crowned Amazon (A. finschi),
the distinctive sound of Kākāpō to make this milestone a reality. The as I poked my head outside the tent, Animal Surveillance Brigade (BVA). most were between two and three White-fronted Amazon (A. albifrons),
weeks of age with some younger Northern Mealy Amazon
‘booming’ throughout Aotearoa / technology allows us to track the still half-dreaming. My midnight Since then, Dr. Patricia Escalante, (A. guatemalae), Red-lored Amazon
New Zealand.” says Andrew. As I birds’ locations and activity levels visitor was no penguin, but a Kākāpō of the Institute of Biology of the (A. autumnalis) and Yellow-naped
write this article, a new chapter in the remotely. From this data we learn chick, Stefan, a handsome lad with a National Autonomous University of Amazon (A. auropalliata).
remarkable recovery of the species is how they are adapting to their new perfectly round face. More owl than Mexico (UNAM), has led a group of
unfolding: a small group of Kākāpō environment, how they interact with parrot. I stood there, smiling, looking people committed to the recovery, From day one, medical personnel
has been released at Sanctuary the fence, and to detect any health at the bird move slowly around the rehabilitation and release of the and volunteers worked 24 hours
Mountain Maungatautari, a fenced concerns.” tent grunting, nibbling, exploring its birds. Among the pillars of this a day to feed, treat and provide
mainland forest free of introduced surroundings. group are the organization “Vuela a clean environment for the
con Loros”, which coordinates all chicks. Biosecurity measures
predators in the North Island. The future of the species certainly
the administration, fundraising, helped reduce disease transmission
looks brighter: as more Kākāpō Eventually the chick slowly walked
outreach and coordination of among the birds. The birds were
In the 1970s-1980s the remaining hatch, and as the Predator-Free into the forest and disappeared in divided into three groups: stable,
volunteers, and the Mexican
mainland Kākāpō were evacuated 2050* plan gains momentum, the silence into the darkness, under the Association of Veterinarians under observation (mild disease
to offshore sanctuaries in a bold chance of establishing more Kākāpō beckoning fires of the stars. Specializing in Companion and signs) and clinically unwell.
conservation move not free of populations on the mainland grows. Wild Birds A. C. (AMMEVEAVES),
controversy. Now, these magical birds which supports the group with Each of the sick parrots had a
are roaming once again on mainland On my second to last night on specialized veterinarians. treatment record, were weighed
soil. Conservation tech has played Whenua Hou, I was woken up by *Predator Free 2050 is a plan developed daily and fed according to their
by the New Zealand Government to nutritional requirements.
a central role in this ambitious new something pressing softly against remove mustelids, rodents and possums
phase, as Andrew explains: “Fitting my head, something outside my tent. from the country by the year 2050. Illegal bird vendor with an Orange-fronted Conure
(Eupsittula canicularis) with head painted yellow to © Marcela Franco
disguise it as a Yellow-headed Amazon.

18 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 19

 In general, the birds showed malnutrition,
dehydration, crop stasis (a failure of the
crop to empty properly) and respiratory
signs. Stress lines caused by poor nutrition
were seen in the birds’ feathers. The diet
provided by the traffickers is unknown, but
it was likely not adequate due to the cost of
special chick-rearing formula, or a lack of
proper food preparation. Bacteriological
and faecal samples were taken from the
sick parrots to determine which diseases
were present. The team found Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia
coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus
sp. and Proteus mirabilis, with E. coli being
the most common. For example, a Yellow-
headed Amazon chick tested positive for
E. coli and Streptococcus sp. and a White- Opposite page, top: Mainly Red-lored Amazon chicks, day 1 of arrival. Orange arrow shows a Yellow-headed Amazon and green arrow shows a Green-cheeked Amazon.
Opposite page, bottom: Red-lored Amazon, one month after arrival. Current page, top left: Yellow-headed Amazon chick at UMA Nanciyaga eating solid food.
fronted Amazon had P. mirabilis. Thankfully, Current page, top right: At UMA Nanciyaga, parrots are kept in an outdoor aviary so they can acclimatise to their environment. All photos © Marcela Franco
both markedly improved with treatment.
The birds received environmental
enrichment and other forms of care,
including UVB radiation (for vitamin
D3 production), warm water baths,
temperature-controlled environments using However, as the days went by, rehabilitation of these birds. supported this rescue were at
thermal plates and heat bulbs, special diets, some individuals became sick due Women from the local community the same time receiving parrot
deworming and antibiotic medications, to uncontrollable environmental have also provided much-needed chicks in their clinics for medical
nebulisations (inhaled medicine therapy) factors: torrential rains, wind help. Support from donors has attention.
and more, with 94% of the birds surviving a and very high temperatures and been constant and varied, from
Sadly, the number of parrots in
month after the team received them. humidity. A change in their water kitchen supplies to medicines and
this seizure represents a very
source led to many of them to cages. Without them saving the
Once the parrots were stable, they were small fraction of the number that
stop drinking even though a filter birds would have been difficult.
transferred to Veracruz where they began are currently being trafficked
was installed to avoid the high
to adapt to the humid tropical climate Efforts to return these birds to in Mexico. In addition, only a
mineral content. Finally, contact
as well as begin their rehabilitation. The their natural habitat are ongoing, small number of birds survive
with environmental pathogens
transfer by road was done at night to avoid but it is important to emphasize transport due to poor conditions
could not be controlled because
the hottest hours of the day. The parrots that these individuals are evidence and handling during their capture
of the enclosures’ exposure to the
were placed in kennels lined with towels of an environmental crime that, and transfer. A lack of personnel
outside. As of now, three-quarters
and covered with blankets to protect them according to Mexican law are and resources for environmental
have survived.
from possible drafts. During the trip the under the control of the judge inspections, law enforcement and
outside temperature and the birds were The World Parrot Trust has closely presiding over the case. When awareness among the general
closely monitored. During the first hours followed all of the activities carried these birds can be released public are the causes of ongoing
of sunlight, the team regulated the rising out, from the first care the parrots remains uncertain and is why parrot trafficking in the country.
temperature with air conditioning or received to their rehabilitation and outside support is still required to
Meanwhile, a few problems remain
by spraying the birds lightly with water, eventual release to each species’ keep these birds healthy and ready
for the confiscated group – the
gradually increasing the temperature as natural range. The WPT has helped for release.
fight against infection continues,
they reached their new environment. by providing support, advice,
Illegal trafficking of species in and the weather has wreaked havoc
veterinary care and basic meals for
Upon arrival, the birds were fed and Mexico continues despite the 2008 on some of the buildings where the
some of the volunteers at Veracruz.
placed in their new enclosures. Clinical ban on the purchase and sale of birds are housed. But as of October
observations continued, along with feeding To date, more than 20 avian native parrots. In addition to these 2nd there are 86 birds remaining,
and more environmental enrichment. Some veterinarians and more than 100 birds extracted from the Mexican waiting for further rehabilitation
of the birds still had respiratory signs or volunteers from different fields, rainforest, to date the sale of once they are all able. They are
were otherwise recovering, but the climate biology, veterinary medicine, parrots still occurs in the popular recovering and growing well and
of the new site suited them very well and architecture, administration markets of Mexico City. Likewise, the signs for their eventual release
they recovered completely. and art, have participated in the several of the veterinarians who are positive.

20 [Link] Autumn 2023 Autumn 2023 [Link] 21

P s i t ta | N e w s
W P T C O N TAC T S
News
ONLINE
Free-flying UK Bird Event delicious food from various vendors and Gino Conzo: Dedicated Avian Veterinarian and WPT Colleague Passes
[Link]
Raises Funds for WPT dozens of free-flying parrots and their [Link]/WorldParrotTrust
people. A toy-making booth encouraged The World Parrot Trust was saddened [Link]/parrottrust
Parrots and people of all sizes and stripes people to make over 100 toys for the to learn of the loss of Dr. Gino Conzo, [Link]/world_parrot_trust
descended on the beautiful estate parrots housed at WPT’s Kiwa Centre UK, one of the first avian veterinarians
of Turvey House in Bedford, UK for a a rescue for birds in need. in Italy. In 2007, he spearheaded
unique event: a celebration of free- WPT veterinary assistance in Africa,
MAIN BRANCHES
flight, feathered companions and parrot A wonderful time was had by everyone, a treating a large confiscation of Grey
awareness, all to raise funds for the World new community feeling strong amongst Parrots at the Limbe Wildlife Centre UNITED KINGDOM (Main Office)
Parrot Trust’s ongoing conservation and the 500+ attendees. All in all, over £4,200 in Cameroon. He trained the resident Karen Whitley, Administrator
parrot care work. The one-day gathering was raised for parrot conservation and veterinarian there to deal with future Glanmor House, Hayle,
also celebrated one macaw in particular: Cornwall, TR27 4HB
welfare. We thank the sponsors of this confiscations.
Tel: (44) 01736 751026
Mia, of Mikey and Mia free-flying fame, event, without whom it would not have admin@[Link]
enjoyed her sixth birthday surrounded by happened: long-time WPT supporter He later traveled to Bulgaria, Uganda
human and parrot friends. UNITED STATES
Cemal of Phillo Flowers, Misland Capital, and the Democratic Republic of the Lauren Schmaltz, Administrator
Soho House, Heemskerk Flowers, J Van Congo whenever help was needed PO Box 985, Travelers Rest, SC 29690
During the day there were activities that Vliet London and Charlie and Grace ABOVE: Carlie Thomas, WPT Parrot Care with confiscated parrots. He trained Tel: (1) 864 610 2129
included face-painting, games, raffles, Hanbury of Turvey House. Communications Coordinator, and friend Dr. Davide De Guz, a very capable usa@[Link]
flower arranging and painting workshops, BELOW: Jack Haines, WPT Neotropics veterinarian but with no experience CANADA
Gino Conzo (far right) and team, taken at the Lwiro
educational talks given by WPT staff on Watch a recap of the event on YouTube: Regional Coordinator, gives a talk at the event with the challenges of managing Michelle Kooistra, Administrator
Primates Rehabilitation Centre in the DRC.
parrot conservation and care, lots of recently trapped Greys and other PO Box 41, 104 RPO Winfield S,
[Link]/turvey-wpt
Lake Country, BC V4V 1Z7
parrots. His guidance enabled Davide to take over in his stead, which has been Tel: (1) 250 800 3202
incredibly important for the parrots that the Trust is helping to save from the canada@[Link]
devastation of the wildlife trade. Gino was also the author of a very successful
Southern Asia parrot trade continues due to lack of regulation
book on avian medicine for birds in captivity. He will be greatly missed by both
his colleagues and clients for his great generosity and cheerful personality. The ADDITIONAL BRANCHES
The study mentioned in the India trade article featured in this issue has again
WPT family would like to extend our condolences to his family and friends.
highlighted how lax regulation of wildlife imports in neighbouring countries,
Africa Rowan Martin
particularly Bangladesh, together with porous land borders, create opportunities
africa@[Link]
for illegal trade within southern Asia. Since 2021 WPT has been working with
partners in Bangladesh to strengthen enforcement and improve permitting Australia Carolyn Pradun
processes to prevent illegal trafficking (see PsittaScene Autumn 2022.) australia@[Link]

Benelux Ruud Vonk

Read more:
benelux@[Link]
[Link]/learsbangladesh
Belgium Ronald Coens
belgium@[Link]

Brazil André Saidenberg

15th Annual Parrot Lovers Cruise brazil@[Link]

February 6 - 16, 2024: Caribbean Islands Indonesia Charlotte Foxhall

indonesia@[Link]
Imagine cruising crystal blue waters while experiencing
Italy Cristiana Senni
some of the most magical sightseeing in the world! Join csenni@[Link]
fellow parrot lovers aboard the Caribbean Princess for
ten days of enlightening seminars and exciting excursions Japan TSUBASA
japan@[Link]
visiting a variety of stunning locations, all while supporting 2024 Parrot Wall Calendars
parrot conservation. Don’t miss out — contact Carol Netherlands Ria Vonk
Enjoy a year’s worth of your favourite birds as depicted by some of the world’s
Cipriano to book your cabin today. netherlands@[Link]
best wildlife artists with our Artist’s Edition calendar or fall in love with candid
Book today! images of parrots in the wild with the Photography edition. Sale proceeds help NZ/Oceania Luis Ortiz-Catedral
8 carolstraveltime@[Link] to protect parrots from trafficking and habitat destruction. oceania@[Link]
( 1-510-200-5665 (USA) Latin America Rosa Elena Zegarra
Get yours while supplies last:
centralamerica@[Link]
[Link]/shop
[Link] Sweden Maria Rogstadius
sweden@[Link]

22 [Link] Autumn 2023

 PARROTS IN THE WILD:
Red-tailed Amazon
(Amazona brasiliensis)
The handsome Red-tailed
Amazon lives in a restricted
range along the southeast coast
of Brazil. It favours lowland
forest and wetlands, foraging in
groups of up to 20 and roosting
in larger flocks.
© Corey Raffel

24 [Link] Autumn 2023