Solved Question Answers
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SECTION B - Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Two fundamental teachings of Shankara philosophy:
- Advaita Vedanta - Belief in non-dualism, i.e., the soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman)
are one.
- Maya - The material world is an illusion; only Brahman is the ultimate truth.
2. Ground realities faced by Raslunda Devi (from her autobiography):
- She experienced poverty and social restrictions.
- She fought against gender discrimination and inequality.
SECTION C - Short Answer Type Questions
1. Harsh conditions of service under the Delhi Sultans:
- Heavy taxation and forced labour.
- Harsh punishments for disobedience.
- Long working hours and poor treatment.
(Statement is valid - historical records show that peasants and soldiers often faced such hardships.)
2. Responsibility of running a democratic government:
- The chief minister and cabinet are responsible for state governance.
- Example: In West Bengal, the education minister handles education policy, while the health
minister manages hospitals and medical services.
SECTION D - Long Answer Type Questions
1. Significance of revenue collected by Zamindars in Mughal administration:
- Revenue supported imperial treasury and funded the army.
- Revenue helped in maintaining roads, forts, and public works.
- Prosperity of the empire depended on regular revenue collection.
2. Statement: "People in power like the chief minister and other ministers have to take action in a
democracy" - Example:
- If there is a flood, the disaster management department must provide relief, while the health
department ensures medical aid.
SECTION E - Case Based Questions (Q16)
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and women's upliftment:
- He worked to promote widow remarriage.
- Helped establish schools for girls.
- Challenged child marriage and social evils.
Q17. Before large kingdoms emerged, people worshipped their own gods/goddesses. Later
changes:
- Rise of Brahmanical system with rituals and privileges.
- Ideas from Buddhism and Jainism challenged caste-based privileges.
- Bhakti movement emphasised devotion over rituals.
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SECTION B - Very Short Answer Type Questions
30. Human learn new ways to use and change environment:
- Through agriculture, industrialisation, and technological innovations.
31. Large deposits of loess in China:
- Found in the Loess Plateau region.
SECTION C - Short Answer Type Questions
32. Promenade - shade-tolerant vegetation:
- Shade-tolerant plants grow where sunlight is limited, such as under taller trees.
- They adapt by having large leaves to absorb maximum light.
33. Earthquake focus and epicentre:
- Focus: The point inside the Earth where the earthquake originates.
- Epicentre: The point on the surface directly above the focus.
- Maximum damage occurs near the epicentre due to intense seismic waves.
34. Difference between crust and core:
- Crust: Outer solid layer, 5-70 km thick, made of rocks.
- Core: Innermost layer, made of iron and nickel, extremely hot and dense.
SECTION D - Long Answer Type Questions
35. Amazon Basin changes:
- Deforestation for agriculture, cattle ranching, and logging.
- Changes in rainfall patterns affect indigenous life.
- Biodiversity under threat.
36. Meanders leading to ox-bow lakes:
- Meanders form due to lateral river erosion.
- When a meander loop is cut off, it forms an ox-bow lake.
(Diagram included below)
SECTION E - Case Based Questions
i. Desert dust as a major source of pollution:
- Dust storms carry fine particles that pollute air and cause respiratory problems.
ii. Effects of Global Dust Belt:
- Dust travels long distances, affecting weather, climate, and human health.
iii. Ecosystem:
- A system where living organisms interact with each other and their physical environment.
