pengthofSpherical Lenses 149
hysics- xI EXPERIMENT 3
Ocallength the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and vor between
and
PPARATUS
optical bench with three uprights (central upright fixed, two outer uprights with lateral
An lens with lens holder, two optical needles, (one thin, one thick) a knittíng needle
convex
OVement), ,a
scale.
metre
ndahalf
principal T H E O R Y
is.
The relation between u, v and f for a convex lens
callength 1 1 1 1 U-U
f f
shere, f= focal length of convex lens
u= distance of object needle from optical centre of the lens
aciding at U= distance of image needle from optical centre of the lens.
Note. According to sign-convention, u has negative value and vhas positive value. Hence, fcomnes positive.
r of the
RAY DIAGRAM
B'
m is the
2F A'
A F
F 2F C
Image
Object Needle
Needle
B
re of an
ersion
Fig. Focal length of convex lens.
length
PROCEDURE
To determine rough focal length
holder.
let). Mount the convex lens in lens
2. Go out in the open and face the lens distant tree or building.
towards
3. Obtain the image of the tree orthe building gon a white painted wall (screen) and move the lens
get a sharp image on the wall.
torward and backward to
150
4. Measure the distance between the lens and the
Comfprehensue PracticalPhy
wall (screen). This will
be
length of the lens. equalto the row
To set the lens
0
5. Clamp the holder with lens in afixed upright and keep the upright at
6. Adjust the lens such that its surface is vertical l and perpendicular to 50 cm mark.
bench. the length
of the
7. Keep theupright fixed in this position throughout.
To set the object needle
8. Take the thin optical needle as object needle (0). Mountitcin
) outer laterally
|
near zero end. moveable
9. Move the object needle upright and clamp it at a distance (in full cm)
obtained rough focal length of the lens. nearly 115 tima
10. Adjust height of the object needle to make its tip lie on horizontal line
centre of the lens. through the
11. Note the position of the index mark on the base of the object needle upright.
To set the image needle
12. With left eye closed, see with the right open eye from the other end of the
optical bend
inverted and enlarged image of the object needle will be seen. Tip of the image must lieix
middle 'of the lens.
13. Mount the thick optical needle (image needle) in the upright near the other end of theqp
bench.
14. Adjust the height of the image needle so that its tip is seen in line with the tip of the
when seen with right open eye.
15. Movethe eyetowards right. The tips will get separated. The image tip and theimage nedk
have parallax.
16. Remove the parallax tip to tip.
17. Note the position of the index mark on base of the image needle upright.
nedeu
18. Record the position of the index marks on the base of upright of the lens, theeobject
the image needle in the table against observation 2.
To determine index correction
objectne
19. Findthe index correction for distance between optical centre of lens anddtip ofthe descrie
as
and also for distance between optical centre of lens and tip of the image needle
To get more observations and 1.
Ry
20. Move object needle upright towards lens in steps of 1 cm to get 2a
observation
the experiment.
s t e p s
o f 1
21. Move object needle upright away from lens (from position of observation 2) in
toget observations 4, 5 and 6. Repeat the experiment.
22. Record all the observations as given ahead.
151
LengthofSpherical Lenses
pSERVATIONS
length of the given convex lens .. Cm
focal l needle X . . . Cm
of the knitting
Rough
llength
Actual
distance
between the object needle andthe lens
is placed between them y = .cm
Observed
needle
knitting
when
distance between the
image needle andthe
d
between them
Observed
Z=.sss. Cm
when
knitting needleeis placed
forthe object distance u,
lens X-y= ...Cm
correction
Index XZ = . Cm
correction
for the image distance U,
Index 1
Table for u, v; u and
V
Observed distance Corrected distance
Position of 1 1
OA =u OC=U
Serial
Object Lens Image
No.of needle
needle
Obs. C
A (cm) (cm) (cm )
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (6)
(cm) (Cm) (4a) (4b) (5)
(2c) (3a) (3b)
(1 (2a) (2b)
1
2.
3
4
5
6
CALCULATIONS
metho ds.
Calculations of focal length by graphical represent u alongX-axis and
v along Y-axis.
same scale to
w-v Graph. Select a suitable but the positive. Plot the various points
in this case, u is negative and vis
According to sign conventions, quadrant. The graph comes
and from
u observation table second
for differentsets of values of u graph between u and v.
hyperbola as shown in
Out to be a rectangular meeting the
of 45 with either axis (7.e.,bisectingYOX) and
angle
Draw a line OAmnaking an perpendicular on X- and Y-axes,
respectively.
A. Draw AB and AC (2f. 2£).
Curve at point
A. So, the coordinates of point A must be
same for point
The values of uand uwill be
because for a convex lens, when u =
2f, V= 2f.
OC = OB= 2f
Hence, AB = AC= 2f or
OB and
f= 2
Mean value of f=...... Cm
152 Comprekenslue hPractical P
GRAPH BETWEEN u AND V
Scale
X-axis :1cm =. cm of u
Y axis : 1 cm=.. cm of v
A v(cm)
45°
X B X
u (cm)
Fig. Graph between u andu. It is a rectangular hyperbola.
()
1
andGraph. Select asuitable but the same scale to represent 1 1 Expla
along X-axis and, alon3 Sar
1 1
Y-axis. By sign conventions is negative and is positive. Plot the various points for difere
u (iii)
1
sets of values of and 1 from the observation
table. The graph comes out to be astraighttlint
1
as shown in graph between and
The straight line cuts thetwo axes OX andOY at an angle of 45° at points Pand Qrespectireh
and making equal interceptson the axes. Measure the
distance OP and o0.
1
Then focal length,
LLength
gpherical,Lenses
153
GRAPH
Scale
BETWEENAND
X-axis :1cm =....cm1 of
Y-axis 1 cm = .... cm-1 of
1
(cm"')
X'
1
(om')
1 1
Fig. Graph between and It is a straight line.
Eplanation
Same as for concave mirror.
t) Another u-v Graph. Select a suitable but the same scale to represent u along X-axis
and valong Y-axis. Mark the points at distances u,, u, u,. . .etc. along the OX-axis and
e corresponding points at distances v,, U U,, ....etc. along OY-axis for different sets of
observations fromn the table.
Draw straight lines
joining3u, with u,; u, with u,; u, with v,j....etc. These lines willintersect at
point Kas shown in the following
Draw KL and KM graph.
perpendiculars on X- and Y-axes, respectively.
154 Comprekenswe Practical Physis
Facal
GRAPH BETWEENuAND V YA SOU
Scale
X-axis :1 cm=. cm of u 1
Y-axis :1 cm = . cmofv
(cm)
v
AIM
K(-f,)
LM
APP
45°
h 45°
X' -u,- u, u L X
m o v e
-u(cm) optic
a cor
Fig. Graph between u and u.
Then, f= OL = OM = .... cm. (by i
Explanation
Same as for concave mirror. the
Note. It will be better to choose any four suitable sets of (u, v) from the observation table. All the six sets d
observations may complicate the graph. leng
RESULT
The focal length of the given convex lens as determined from:
TH
1. focal length, f=
2. (u- v) graph =...... Cm we
3 graph =....cm
whe
and 4. (u-v) graph =.... Cm.
PRECAUTIONS
lens
1, Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as the centre ofthe
atleas
2. Parallax should be removed from tip to tip a
distance
by keeping eye at
30 cm away from the needle.
ofti
3. The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only image
inverted.
formed.
real,
4. Index correction for u and vshould be
applied.
