SECTION A 25 marks

(Answer all Questions)

1. State the scientific theory that explains the origin of human beings. (1mk)
 The Evolution theory/ Darwin.

2. State two uses of stone tools by early people during the Old Stone Age period. (2mks)
 For skinning animals after hunting.
 For digging uproots.
 For cutting meat.
 For sharpening wood.
 For scrapping animals skin.
 For killing animals during hunting.
 For protecting/ defense.

3. Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early Agriculture began. (1mk)
 The broadcasting method.

4. Name two metals that were used as currency in pre-colonial Africa. (2mks)

 Iron  Silver  bronze

 Gold  Copper

5. State one advantage of using the pipeline over vehicles in transporting oil. (1mk)
 The pipeline delivers oil faster than vehicles.
 It is safer to transport oil by pipeline than vehicles.
 The pipeline ensures regular/ continuous supply of oil.
 It is easier to maintain the pipeline than vehicles.

6. Give the two main items of the Trans-Saharan trade. (2mks)

 Gold
 salt
7. Give two Social functions of the ancient city of Athens in Greece. (2mks)
 It was a cultural center.
 It was an educational center.
 It was a sports center.
 It was a religious center.

8. Name the chartered company that was used to administer Tanganyika during the process
of Colonization. (1mk)
 The Germany East Africa Company.

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 9. Which was the main factor that unified the communities of the Shona Kingdom during
the pre-colonial period? (1mk)
 The Mwari (Ut/ Mlimo/ Religion.
10. Give one economic reason which made European to scramble for colonies in Africa.

(1mk)
 To obtain raw materials for the same industries.
 To search for market for their manufactured products.
 To acquire areas to harvest surplus capital.

11. State two functions of the Lukiko in Buganda Kingdom during the 19th Century. (2mks)

 It advised the Kabaka.

 It represented the wishes of the people.
 It assisted in settling disputes.
 It directed the collection of taxes.
 It was a law formulating body in the Kingdom.
 It assisted in the general administration.

12. State one way in which the Ndebele benefited after the British-Ndebele war 1893 to
1896. (1mk)
 The Ndebele /Udumas were made headmen.
 The Shona police were removed from Matebeleland.

13. Name one African County that was not colonized by the European powers. (1mk)
 Ethiopia
 Liberia

14. State two roles played by African chiefs in the British colonial administration in Algeria.

(2mks)
 They represented the colonial government at the local level.
 The recruited labour for public works.
 They communicated colonial government policies to the people.
 They heard cases in the local courts.

15. Name two communes in Senegal where the policy of assimilation was applied. (2mks)
 St. Louis
 Goree
 Dakar
 Rufisque

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 16. Give the main reason why the European powers held the Berlin conference of 1884 –
1885. (1mk)
 To discuss how to partition/ Share/divide Africa among themselves.

17. Name the, method of administration that was used to administer the Africans in Northern
Nigeria. (1mk)
 Indirect Rule.

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SECTION B
(Answer 3 Questions in this section)

18. (a) State three characteristics of micro lithic tools used during the Late Stone Age Period.
(3mks)
i). They were small in size.
ii). They were used to perform multiple tasks.
iii). They were sharp.
iv). They were efficient.
v). They were fitted with handles.

(b) Explain six challenges faced by early humans in hunting and gathering activities.

(12mks)
i). Attacks/ injuries by animals discouraged them as it posed threats to their lives.
ii). Scarcity of animals/fruits in some cases denied them regular supply of food.
iii). It was time consuming as it involved chasing the animals for long distance.
iv). Many people were required for the success of the activities.
v). It was tedious as animals ran faster than human beings/ wild fruits/ roots could
be found in far off areas.
vi). Poisonous fruits/ roots could be gathered leading to loss of life.
vii). Stiff competition with wild animals among human beings for food.

19. (a) Three ways through which early agriculture spread in Africa. (3mks)
i). Through trade.
ii). Through warfare.
iii). Through migration and settlement.
iv). Intermarriages.

(b) Explain six effects of early agriculture in Mesopotamia. (12mks)

i). Adoption of sedentary lives.
ii). It led to increased food production.
iii). It led to population increase.
iv). It led to development of towns/ urbanization.
v). Development of trade.
vi). Specialization/ division of labour.
vii). Emergence of social classes.

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 viii). Development of laws and government.
ix). It led to invention of writing which was called Cuneiform.
x). Education emerged.
xi). Important inventions were made.
xii). Development of religion.
xiii). Architecture developed due to advancement.
xiv). Mathematics and science.

20. (a) Give three roles of Tuaregs during the Trans –Saharan trade. (3mks)
i). They acted as guides to the traders.
ii). They provided security/ protection for the trade.
iii). They acted as the interpreters/ translators.
iv). They acted as middle men.
v). They maintained the oases and water wells.
vi). They provided accommodation/ shelter.
(b) Explain six Social consequences of the Trans-Atlantic trade. (12mks)
i). Some African cultures spread to USA.
ii). Depopulation as many people were shipped away as slaves and others died.
iii). Forced migration to the America/ Mullato population emerged in West Africa.
iv). Many slaves died before and after reaching America.
v). Led to the changes in social roles/ separation of families.
vi). The trade led to the origin of Negros (Black American)
vii). It exposed West Africa to many types of diseases.
viii). Led to emergence of a class of wealthy merchants who accumulated a lot of
wealth from the trade.
ix). Some trading centers later grew in to urban centers.
x). It brought about fear and insecurity among the communities.

21. (a) Give three early source of energy used by man before industrial revolution. (3mks)
i). Wind
ii). Water
iii). Wood
(b) Explain six problems hindering industrialization in the third world countries. (12mks)
i). Lack of adequate funds to invest in the industrial sector.

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 ii). Lack of adequate skilled manpower mainly because of the poor education
system.
iii). Poor means of transport and communication that have greatly hindered
transport of raw materials.
iv). Stiff competition from high quality and cheaply produced goods from developed
countries.
v). Political instability does not offer a conducive and enabling environment top
attract foreign investment.
vi). The third world centuries have been subjected to epidemic catastrophes.
vii). Rapid population growth rates called for massive expenditure on food
impetration.

SECTION C (30 marks)

Answer any two questions

22. (a) State five economic effects of the Shona in the 19th Century. (5mks)
i). They practiced iron working.
ii). They grew crops and kept livestock.
iii). They practiced fishing.
iv). They practiced gold mining.
v). Some practiced craftsmanship e.g. made cloth and carvings.
vi). They practiced trade.
(b) Describe the political organization of the Buganda Kingdom in the Pre-Colonial
period. (10mks)
i). The Kingdom was highly centralized and headed by the king/ Kabaka.
ii). The Kabaka was assisted in administration by the Katikiro, Omwanika and
Omulamuzi.
iii). The Kabaka strengthen his political position by marrying from every clan in the
kingdom.
iv). The kingdom was divided into counties (Sazas) led by the Saza chiefs.
v). The counties were further sub-divided into sub-counties called Gombolola
headed by Gombolola chiefs.
vi). The Gombololas were further divided into smaller divisions called Miluka led
by Miluka chiefs.

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 vii). The Kabaka also appointed some leaders to govern the Vassa States. These
governors were known as the Abatangole.
viii). The kingdom had a legislative arm called Lukiiko made up of clan heads and
other officials.
ix). The Kabaka was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

23. (a) Give three communities that were involved in the Maji Maji Rebellion.(3mks)
i). Zarame v). Bena viii). Wamwer
ii). Ngindo vi). Lugulu a
iii). Bunga vii). Matumbi ix). Pogoro
iv). Ngeni x). Ndebele

(b) Explain six causes of Lewanika’s collaboration with the British in the 19th Century.

(12mks)
i). He was influenced by a French missionary Francios Coillard who was
friendly to the British.
ii). He wanted British support against powers such as Germans, Portuguese and
Boers who were a threat to his empire.
iii). He recognized the British military superiority while his people were weak.
iv). He wanted to safeguard the independence of the Lozi.
v). He was urged by chief Khama of Ngwato in 1885 who had collaborated with
the British.
vi). He wanted to trade with the British where the Lozi would benefit by acquiring
European goods.
vii). Lewanyika wanted his sons to receive western Education and medicine.
viii). He wanted protection against the Ndebele who were expanding at a fast rate.
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 ix). He wanted British protection to secure his position in Baratseland.

24. (a) Give five roles of the Emirs during the British indirect rule in Northern Nigeria.
(5mks)
i). Collected tax.
ii). Solved minor disputes.
iii). Organized communal work.
iv). Recruited labour for European farm.
v). Maintained law and order.
vi). Supervision of duties.

(b) Explain five reasons why the British used direct rule in Southern Rhodesia.

(10mks)
i). The British found the Zimbabweans uncooperative.
ii). The British desired to fully control the economy of Zimbabwe and maximize on
profit generation through direct involvement.
iii). Existence of BSACO personnel on the spot who were familiar with the area as
well as the British system of government.

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 iv). Favorable climatic conditions and the expected mineral deposits attracted many
settlers who later provided the necessary personnel.
v). The British had enough finance to pay the administrators.
vi). They wanted to ensure complete control of the Africans to avoid resistance.
vii). The Shona and Ndebele resistance against British made them not to thrust the
Matebele chiefs nor use them as British agents.

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