INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS RELEVANT TO INFRASTRUCTURE

INVESTMENT AND FINANCE.

PRESENTED BY ATWEMEREIREHO ALEX: 2023- 08- 22863 AND ISIKOTIMOTY:
2024-01-24828
LECTURER: DR. PAUL A. AIDONOJIE

Abstract
Infrastructure development is critical for economic growth and poverty alleviation, particularly
in developing countries such as Uganda. International organizations play essential roles in
facilitating infrastructure investment by providing financial resources, technical assistance, and
policy guidance. This paper examines key international organizations involved in infrastructure
investment and finance in Uganda, highlighting their frameworks, contributions, and examples of
successful projects. It also discusses the implications of these interventions for Uganda's
sustainable development goals.
1. Introduction
Infrastructure encompasses essential services such as transportation, energy, water supply, and
communication systems, which are crucial for economic and social development. In Uganda,
inadequate infrastructure has been a bottleneck for growth, prompting the need for significant
investment. International organizations have been instrumental in addressing these infrastructure
gaps through various financing mechanisms. This paper focuses on the World Bank, the African
Development Bank (AfDB), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), examining their
impact on Uganda's infrastructure landscape.
2. The World Bank Group
The World Bank Group is a principal player in financing infrastructure initiatives globally and
has been heavily involved in Uganda's development. Its multifaceted approach targets sectors
that are essential for economic growth and poverty alleviation, making it a critical partner for the
Ugandan government.1
2.1 Role and Mechanisms
The World Bank employs a variety of mechanisms to support infrastructure development in
Uganda, including:
 Financial Instruments: The World Bank provides a mix of grants, low-interest loans,
and credits tailored to the specific needs of projects. These financial instruments are

1
World Bank, ‘Uganda - Transport Sector Development Project’ (2010) https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-
operations/project-detail/P084502.
 designed to reduce the financial burden on the Ugandan government while ensuring that
projects are sustainable in the long term.
 Technical Assistance: Beyond financial support, the World Bank offers technical
expertise to help design and implement projects effectively. This includes capacity
building for local institutions, knowledge sharing, and best practices from around the
world.
 Policy Guidance: The World Bank works closely with the Ugandan government to align
infrastructure projects with national development plans and poverty reduction strategies.
This collaborative approach ensures that projects are not only financially viable but also
contribute to broader economic and social goals.
 Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): The World Bank encourages the establishment of
PPPs to leverage private sector investment in infrastructure. This model can enhance
efficiency and innovation in project delivery, ultimately leading to better outcomes for
communities.
The World Bank’s comprehensive approach aims to create synergies between various sectors and
ensure that infrastructure development contributes to sustainable economic growth while
addressing the needs of the most vulnerable populations.
2.2 Case Study: Uganda's Transport Sector
One prominent project that exemplifies the World Bank’s involvement in Uganda is
the Transport Sector Development Project (TSDP), launched in 2010 with a loan of $150
million. The TSDP was designed to address the critical infrastructure gaps in Uganda's transport
sector, which had been a significant bottleneck for economic growth and regional integration.
Objectives of the TSDP:
 Enhancing Road Infrastructure: The primary goal was to rehabilitate and upgrade key
road networks to improve connectivity across the country.
 Facilitating Trade Routes: By focusing on major transport corridors, the project aimed
to enhance trade efficiency and reduce transportation costs, which are crucial for both
local and international trade.
 Improving Road Safety: The project also included components aimed at improving road
safety, which is critical in reducing accidents and fatalities on Uganda’s roads.
Key Achievements:
 Rehabilitation of Major Roads: The TSDP successfully rehabilitated several critical
roads, including the Kampala–Masaka highway. This highway is a vital route
connecting the capital city to the southwestern region of Uganda, facilitating the
movement of goods and people.
 o Impact on Travel Times: The rehabilitation efforts led to a significant reduction
in travel times. For instance, travel time on the Kampala–Masaka route decreased
by approximately 30%, allowing for quicker access to markets and services.
 Economic Impact: Improved road infrastructure has had a transformative impact on
local economies. Farmers and traders can now transport their goods to markets more
efficiently, leading to increased sales and income. This has been particularly beneficial
for rural communities that rely on agriculture.
 Job Creation: The TSDP also contributed to job creation during the construction phase,
providing employment opportunities for local workers and supporting the economy.
 Enhanced Road Safety: With improved road conditions and safety measures
implemented as part of the project, there has been a noted decrease in road accidents,
contributing to safer travel for Ugandan citizens.
Broader Implications:
The TSDP aligns with Uganda’s broader national development strategies, including the National
Development Plan II, which emphasizes the importance of infrastructure in achieving
sustainable economic growth. The project not only supports immediate economic activities but
also lays the groundwork for future investments in other sectors, such as tourism and
manufacturing, by improving access and connectivity.
The World Bank Group's role in Uganda, particularly through initiatives like the Transport Sector
Development Project, underscores its commitment to fostering sustainable infrastructure
development. By providing financial resources, technical assistance, and policy guidance, the
World Bank helps Uganda address critical infrastructure challenges, ultimately contributing to
economic growth and poverty reduction. As the country continues to develop, the lessons learned
from the TSDP can inform future projects and strategies, ensuring that infrastructure investments
are both effective and sustainable.
3. African Development Bank (AfDB)
The African Development Bank (AfDB) plays a crucial role in mobilizing resources for
infrastructure development across Africa, with a particular focus on critical sectors such as
energy, transport, and water resources.2 The AfDB's initiatives are vital for supporting regional
economic growth and improving the quality of life for millions of people.
3.1 Role and Mechanisms
The AfDB employs several mechanisms to facilitate infrastructure development:
 Financial Instruments: The AfDB offers a range of financial instruments, including
loans, equity investments, and grants, tailored to the needs of specific projects. This
flexibility allows the bank to support both public and private sector initiatives.
2
African Development Bank Group, ‘Energy for Rural Transformation - Uganda’ (AfDB) https://www.afdb.org
  Technical Assistance: In addition to financial support, the AfDB provides technical
assistance aimed at enhancing project design and implementation. This involves capacity
building for local stakeholders, knowledge sharing, and the incorporation of best
practices from successful projects across the continent.
 Regional Focus: The AfDB emphasizes alignment with regional development strategies,
ensuring that projects contribute to broader goals like reducing poverty, promoting
sustainable development, and fostering regional integration.
 Environmental Sustainability: The AfDB is committed to promoting environmentally
sustainable practices in its projects. This includes conducting environmental and social
impact assessments to mitigate negative effects on ecosystems and communities.
Through these mechanisms, the AfDB enhances its ability to drive meaningful infrastructure
development, contributing to the interconnected goals of economic growth, poverty alleviation,
and environmental sustainability.
3.2 Case Study: Energy Sector Initiatives
A prominent example of the AfDB’s contributions to Uganda is the Energy for Rural
Transformation (ERT) project.3 This initiative reflects the bank's dedication to enhancing
energy access in rural areas, where the lack of reliable electricity is a significant barrier to
economic development and improved living standards.
Project Overview:
 Commencement: The ERT project began in 2001 and was designed to address the
energy needs of rural communities in Uganda.
 Funding: The AfDB, along with other partners, committed approximately $50 million to
the project, enabling a range of interventions aimed at expanding electricity access.
Key Objectives:
1. Expand Electricity Access: One of the primary aims of the ERT project is to increase
access to electricity in rural areas, where only a fraction of the population had reliable
energy sources.
2. Promote Off-Grid Solutions: The project focuses on off-grid energy solutions, such as
solar energy systems, to provide sustainable and adaptable electricity options suitable for
rural communities.
3. Support Economic Development: By improving access to electricity, the project aims to
stimulate local economic activities, such as agriculture, small businesses, and education,
ultimately contributing to poverty alleviation.
Achievements:

3
Energy for Rural Transformation Project, Uganda, Project Appraisal Report, African Development Bank.
  Installation of Solar Energy Systems: The ERT project facilitated the installation of
numerous solar energy systems across rural Uganda. 4 These systems have provided
electricity to households, schools, and health facilities, leading to significant
improvements in quality of life.
 Impact on Economic Activities: Access to electricity has enabled communities to
engage in various economic activities. For example, it has allowed for the refrigeration of
perishable goods, enhancing local markets. Small businesses have been able to operate
more effectively, and households benefit from increased study time for children due to
improved lighting.
 Quality of Life Improvements: With better access to energy, rural communities have
experienced enhanced living standards. Improved health services, through better-powered
clinics, and the ability to engage in income-generating activities have led to overall
community development.
 Capacity Building: The project also included training programs to empower local
communities in the management and maintenance of solar systems, ensuring
sustainability and resilience.

The AfDB’s Energy for Rural Transformation project demonstrates its commitment to
enhancing energy access in Uganda and reflects its broader goals of promoting
sustainable development and regional integration in Africa. By focusing on off-grid
solutions and investing in rural energy infrastructure, the AfDB not only contributes to
economic development but also improves the quality of life for millions of people. This
case illustrates the pivotal role that international financial institutions can play in
addressing critical infrastructure needs, particularly in underserved regions.
4. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
The International Finance Corporation (IFC), as the private sector arm of the World Bank Group,
plays a significant role in mobilizing private investment for infrastructure projects in developing
countries.5 The IFC aims to foster economic development by promoting private sector growth,
which is essential for sustainable development and poverty reduction.
4.1 Role and Mechanisms
The IFC utilizes a variety of mechanisms to enhance private sector participation in infrastructure
development:
 Financial Instruments: The IFC provides a comprehensive range of financial products,
including loans, equity investments, and mezzanine financing. These options help to meet
the specific capital requirements of different infrastructure projects.
4
Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, ‘Energy Sector Report’ (2022).

5
  Advisory Services: Alongside financial support, the IFC offers advisory services to help
private sector entities design and implement infrastructure projects. This includes
assistance with project structuring, regulatory compliance, and operational improvement.
 Risk Mitigation Instruments: To enhance the viability of projects and attract more
private sector investment, the IFC provides risk mitigation instruments such
as guarantees and insurance products. These instruments help to offset perceived risks
associated with investments in developing countries, making projects more attractive to
private capital.
 Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): The IFC actively promotes public-private
partnerships to leverage private investment for public infrastructure projects. By
facilitating collaboration between the public and private sectors, the IFC aims to improve
service delivery and enhance project sustainability.
Through these approaches, the IFC effectively mobilizes private sector resources, expertise, and
innovation, driving infrastructure development in developing countries.
4.2 Case Study: Kampala’s Water Supply Development
One notable project that highlights the IFC’s engagement in infrastructure development is
the Kampala Water Supply and Sewerage Project.6 This initiative aims to improve water
distribution and address the urban water supply challenges faced by Kampala, Uganda’s capital
city.
Project Overview:
 Investment: The IFC committed approximately $15 million to the Kampala Water
Supply and Sewerage Project, focusing on enhancing the efficiency and reliability of
water distribution networks.7
Key Objectives:
1. Enhance Water Distribution: The primary goal of the project is to upgrade existing
water supply infrastructure, thereby improving access to clean and safe drinking water for
the urban population.
2. Reduce Water Loss: A significant component of the project involves implementing
measures to reduce water loss across the distribution network. This includes identifying
and fixing leaks, improving metering, and optimizing reservoir management.
Achievements:

6
Uganda National Water and Sewerage Corporation, ‘Annual Report 2022’ (2022).
7
International Finance Corporation, ‘Kampala Water Supply and Sewerage Project: Project Overview’
(IFC) https://www.ifc.org
  Improved Water Access: The project has successfully improved access to clean water
for thousands of residents in Kampala, addressing a critical public health issue in the city.
By expanding distribution networks, the project has facilitated greater access to potable
water for both households and businesses.
 Reduction in Water Loss: Through infrastructure upgrades and improved management
practices, water loss in the distribution system has decreased significantly. This not only
ensures that existing supply is used more efficiently but also reduces the environmental
impact associated with excessive water extraction.
 Public Health Benefits: Reliable access to clean water has profound public health
implications. The project has contributed to decreasing waterborne diseases, improving
community health outcomes and enhancing quality of life.
 Urban Resilience: The improvements in water supply contribute to greater urban
resilience, particularly in the face of climate variability and population growth. By
ensuring a more reliable water supply, the project helps the city better manage challenges
related to urbanization and climate change.

The Kampala Water Supply and Sewerage Project exemplifies the IFC’s commitment to
enhancing urban infrastructure through private sector engagement. By providing financial
resources and advisory services, the IFC has played a pivotal role in improving water
supply in Kampala, addressing public health challenges, and contributing to the city’s
long-term resilience. This case underscores the importance of private sector participation
in achieving sustainable infrastructure development goals in developing countries.
5. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)
The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) plays a pivotal role in
promoting economic and social development across the African continent. While its primary
focus is on the development of policy frameworks, UNECA significantly influences
infrastructure investment discussions, fostering a conducive environment for sustainable
development.
5.1 Role and Mechanisms
The UNECA’s involvement in infrastructure development encompasses several key mechanisms:
 Policy Assistance: UNECA assists African member states, including Uganda, by
providing guidance and recommendations aimed at creating an enabling policy
environment for infrastructure investments. This involves the development of national
policies that align with broader regional and continental goals.
 Research and Reports: UNECA conducts extensive research and publishes reports on
various infrastructure topics, including transport, energy, and ICT. These reports provide
critical data and insights that help member states shape their infrastructure strategies.
  Capacity Building: UNECA supports capacity building for government officials and
stakeholders involved in infrastructure planning and management. This training equips
them with the skills necessary to develop and implement effective infrastructure policies.
 Facilitation of Stakeholder Dialogues: UNECA organizes conferences, workshops, and
forums that bring together policymakers, private sector actors, and civil society to discuss
infrastructure investment issues. This dialogue promotes collaboration and knowledge
sharing among stakeholders.
 Technical Expertise: By leveraging its extensive network, UNECA connects member
states with technical expertise, funding opportunities, and best practices. This helps
countries like Uganda to enhance their infrastructure investment strategies.
Through these mechanisms, UNECA aims to facilitate the development of sustainable
infrastructure that supports economic growth and addresses social challenges faced by member
countries.
5.2 Example: The African Regional Action Plan for Transforming the Transport Sector
A significant initiative that highlights UNECA's influence in transport infrastructure planning is
the African Regional Action Plan for Transforming the Transport Sector.8 This plan is part
of the broader African Union Agenda 2063 and aims to develop a sustainable and integrated
transport system across the continent.
Key Aspects of the Action Plan:
 Focus on Sustainable Transport: The action plan emphasizes sustainable transport
solutions that promote economic integration, environmental sustainability, and social
inclusiveness. It encourages member states to prioritize investments in public transport,
road safety, and infrastructure maintenance.
 Regional Collaboration: The plan advocates for regional collaboration among African
countries to enhance cross-border transport infrastructure and services. It recognizes that
regional integration is vital for economic growth and provides a framework for
cooperative investment initiatives.
 Technical Guidelines: UNECA provides technical guidelines and best practices through
the action plan that assist countries in developing their transport policies and
infrastructure projects. These guidelines focus on innovative financing mechanisms,
effective governance, and stakeholder engagement.
Impact on Uganda:
Uganda has significantly benefited from the African Regional Action Plan. The following
highlights its impact:

8
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, ‘African Regional Action Plan for Transforming the Transport
Sector’ (UNECA, 2019) https://www.uneca.org
 1. Guided Infrastructure Planning: The action plan provides a framework that has
informed Uganda's national transport policies and infrastructure investment strategies.
This alignment helps the country prioritize projects that support regional connectivity and
economic development.
2. Access to Technical Expertise: By participating in UNECA-led initiatives, Uganda has
gained access to technical expertise in transport planning and management. This
assistance has enhanced the capacity of local institutions to design and implement
effective transport projects.
3. Attracting Funding from International Partners: The focus on regional collaboration
and alignment with the action plan has enabled Uganda to access funding from various
international partners. Such partnerships have been essential for financing critical
transport projects, including road construction and rehabilitation.
4. Promoting Sustainable Practices: The emphasis on sustainability in the action plan has
encouraged Uganda to adopt more environmentally friendly practices in its transport
sector, including investments in clean public transport options.
5. Strengthened Regional Integration: The action plan has contributed to enhancing
Uganda’s transport links with neighbouring countries, facilitating trade and movement of
goods and people across borders, which is crucial for economic development.

The African Regional Action Plan for Transforming the Transport Sector exemplifies UNECA's
significant role in shaping transport infrastructure development in Uganda. By providing
guidelines that promote sustainable investment and regional collaboration, UNECA is helping
Uganda navigate the complexities of transport infrastructure planning, ensuring that its
investments not only meet national needs but also contribute to broader regional goals.
6. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays a crucial role in supporting infrastructure finance
globally, particularly in developing countries, by providing economic analysis, policy advice,
and capacity-building measures. Through its assessments and recommendations, the IMF seeks
to create a conducive environment for infrastructure investment, which is essential for economic
growth and development.

Role of the IMF in Infrastructure Finance

1. Economic Analysis: The IMF conducts in-depth analyses of member countries'
economies, focusing on fiscal performance, macroeconomic stability, and growth
potentials. This analysis helps identify gaps and opportunities for infrastructure
investment.
 2. Policy Advisory: The IMF advises countries on fiscal policies and budget management,
emphasizing the efficient allocation of resources. By recommending adjustments to
expenditure and revenue policies, the IMF aims to optimize budgets for infrastructure and
development projects.
3. Capacity Building: The IMF provides technical assistance and training to government
officials in member countries. This support helps enhance the ability of national and local
governments to plan, finance, and execute infrastructure projects effectively.
4. Promotion of Sustainable Development: The IMF encourages countries to adopt
sustainable fiscal policies that prioritize infrastructure investments, essential for long-
term economic growth and resilience. This includes emphasizing projects that yield
significant social and economic returns.
5. Debt Management: The IMF provides guidance on managing public debt sustainably.
By promoting sound fiscal management practices, the IMF helps ensure that countries
can finance necessary infrastructure without risking macroeconomic stability.
Example: The IMF's Role in Uganda
In the context of Uganda, the IMF’s influence on infrastructure finance is particularly evident.
The organization has engaged with Uganda through various programs and consultations,
emphasizing the importance of infrastructure investment for sustainable economic growth. 9
Key Contributions:
1. Budget Optimization: The IMF has advised the Ugandan government on optimizing its
budget to allocate more resources to crucial infrastructure sectors, such as transport,
energy, and water supply. For example, the IMF’s recommendations have led to the
prioritization of infrastructure projects in national budgets, thus facilitating investment in
essential infrastructure development.
2. Support for the National Development Plan: The IMF has aligned its advice with
Uganda's National Development Plan (NDP), which includes ambitious infrastructure
goals. By supporting sound fiscal policies that facilitate substantial investment in
infrastructure, the IMF has helped Uganda work towards achieving the targets set out in
its NDP.
3. Capacity Building Initiatives: The IMF has conducted workshops and training sessions
for Ugandan officials to build capacity in areas such as project appraisal, fiscal
management, and infrastructure financing. This support has enhanced the skills of local
authorities, making them more adept at managing public investment projects.

9
International Monetary Fund, ‘Uganda: Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the
Executive Director for Uganda’ (IMF, 2022) https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2022/cr22321.pdf
 4. Economic Surveillance and Reporting: Through regular Article IV consultations, the
IMF provides Uganda with feedback on its macroeconomic policies, including those
related to public investment. This surveillance helps ensure that Uganda maintains fiscal
discipline while pursuing its infrastructure development objectives.
5. Encouraging Private Sector Participation: The IMF's advocacy for transparent and
predictable regulatory frameworks has encouraged private sector participation in
Uganda’s infrastructure sector. This includes promoting public-private partnerships
(PPPs) as a viable financing model for infrastructure projects.
6. Focus on Investment in Energy and Transport: The IMF has specifically highlighted
the need for infrastructure investments in energy and transport sectors, which are critical
for Uganda's economic transformation. This focus is essential in facilitating growth by
ensuring that the infrastructure can support industries, trade, and domestic consumption.
Through its advisory role and economic analysis, the IMF significantly influences the fiscal
policies of countries like Uganda, creating an environment conducive to infrastructure
investment. By emphasizing budget optimization, capacity building, and sustainability, the IMF
helps Uganda enhance its infrastructure, which is vital for achieving long-term economic growth
and development.
7. United Nations Agencies
United Nations agencies play a significant role in promoting sustainable development and
enhancing infrastructure in developing countries. Two notable agencies involved in this
endeavour are the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Each agency approaches infrastructure
development from different angles, focusing on sustainable urban development and industrial
growth, respectively.
7.1 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
The UNDP collaborates with countries to implement projects that support sustainable
infrastructure development, aiming to improve the quality of life in urban areas through
sustainable practices.
Key Initiatives and Impact:
 Sustainable Cities Initiative: The UNDP's Sustainable Cities Initiative is designed to
support cities in developing sustainable urban infrastructure. This program helps local
governments enhance urban planning, promote environmental stewardship, and improve
public services.
 Urban Infrastructure Improvement: In Uganda, the UNDP has supported initiatives
aimed at improving urban infrastructure in cities such as Kampala. Projects may include
enhancing waste management systems, improving transport networks, and ensuring
access to clean water and sanitation.
  Capacity Building: The UNDP provides technical assistance and training to government
officials and local stakeholders, equipping them with the skills needed to develop and
implement sustainable urban policies. This approach fosters local ownership and
sustainability of projects.
 Focus on Inclusivity: The UNDP emphasizes the importance of inclusive urban
development. In Uganda, this means ensuring that marginalized communities have access
to the benefits of urban infrastructure projects, such as safe housing, transportation, and
public services.
Example in Uganda:
In 2023, the UNDP worked on the Kampala Urban Resilience Building Project. This initiative
aimed to enhance the city’s resilience to climate change and urbanization pressures while
improving urban infrastructure. Key components included upgrading drainage systems to prevent
flooding, enhancing public transport, and promoting green spaces. By integrating sustainability
into urban planning, the project not only improved infrastructure but also fostered a healthier
living environment for residents.
7.2 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
UNIDO focuses on facilitating industrial development and creating the necessary infrastructure
to support industrialization in developing countries.
Key Initiatives and Impact:
 Nexus of Industrialization and Infrastructure: UNIDO emphasizes the
interdependence of industrial growth and infrastructure development. It supports projects
that create the infrastructure necessary for industries to thrive, including energy,
transport, and communication networks.
 Renewable Energy Infrastructure: A significant area of UNIDO's focus in Africa,
including Uganda, is the establishment of renewable energy infrastructure. This initiative
is crucial in providing sustainable energy solutions that enable industrialization without
exacerbating climate change.
 Capacity Development and Technology Transfer: UNIDO works with local
governments and industries to build capacity and transfer technology. This ensures that
countries can sustainably develop their own industrial sectors through the use of
renewable energy and efficient technologies.
Example in Uganda:
In Uganda, UNIDO has been instrumental in the Sustainable Energy for Industrial
Development Project. This initiative focuses on promoting renewable energy sources, such as
solar and biomass, to power local industries. By establishing mini-grid systems and training local
entrepreneurs in renewable energy technologies, UNIDO has facilitated access to sustainable
energy solutions for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Through this project, several local industries have been able to reduce their energy costs and
improve productivity, thereby contributing to economic growth and job creation. The initiative
has also helped Uganda transition towards a more sustainable energy landscape, ensuring that
industrial development does not come at the expense of environmental degradation.
Both the UNDP and UNIDO play essential roles in supporting infrastructure development in
Uganda through sustainable practices. By focusing on urban resilience and renewable energy,
these UN agencies contribute to the overall economic growth and sustainability of the country,
addressing critical infrastructure needs while promoting environmental stewardship.

8. Conclusion
International organizations have become central to infrastructure investment and finance in
Uganda, addressing critical deficits and contributing to the country’s economic development.
Through strategic partnerships, these organizations have supported projects across various
sectors, including transport and energy, which are crucial for sustainable development.
Continued collaboration between Uganda's government and international organizations is
essential to overcome remaining infrastructure challenges and drive comprehensive economic
growth.
 References
1. World Bank, ‘Uganda - Transport Sector Development Project’
(2010) https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P084502 accessed
12 November 2023.

2. African Development Bank Group, ‘Energy for Rural Transformation - Uganda’

(AfDB) https://www.afdb.org
3. Energy for Rural Transformation Project, Uganda, Project Appraisal Report, African
Development Bank.
4. Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, ‘Energy Sector Report’ (2022).

5. International Finance Corporation, ‘Kampala Water Supply and Sewerage Project:

Project Overview’ (IFC) https://www.ifc.org
6. Uganda National Water and Sewerage Corporation, ‘Annual Report 2022’ (2022).
7. World Bank Group, ‘Water Supply and Sanitation in Uganda: Sector
Brief’ https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/uganda/overview
8. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, ‘African Regional Action Plan for
Transforming the Transport Sector’ (UNECA, 2019) https://www.uneca.org
9. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, ‘Infrastructure Development in Africa:
A Policy Framework’ (UNECA, 2020).
10. Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Works and Transport, ‘Transport Sector Development
Plan, 2020-2025’ https://www.transport.go.ug.
11. International Monetary Fund, ‘Uganda: Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff
Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Uganda’ (IMF,
2022) https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2022/cr22321.pdf
12. International Monetary Fund, ‘Fiscal Policies for Sustainable Growth in Uganda’ (IMF,
2021).
13. Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development,
‘National Development Plan III (2020/21 – 2024/25)’ https://www.finance.go.ug
14. United Nations Development Programme, ‘Kampala Urban Resilience Building Project’
(UNDP, 2023) https://www.undp.org/uganda/projects/kampala-urban-resilience-building-
project.
15. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, ‘Sustainable Energy for Industrial
Development Project’ (UNIDO, 2022) https://www.unido.org/documents/energy-
industrial-development-uganda.
16. Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Local Government, ‘Urban Development
Policy’ https://www.mlg.go.ug.