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Dr. Ahmed El-Kotory

Lecture(13)
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Week Topic Done

Numbers definition
1
Properties of Real Numbers (1)
Properties of Real Numbers (2)
2
Solving The Linear Equation & inequality (1st Degree) In One Variable
3 Sets and relations (1) Assignment
4 Sets and relations (2) &Functions Quiz
Functions Mid-Term Exam (1)
5 Polynomial Functions
Linear Functions (1 st Degree)
Quadratic Functions (2 ed Degree)
6 Exponential functions
Logarithmic functions
Logarithmic functions
7
Derivative Of Functions Assignment
8 Counting Principle (Permutations And Combinations) Quiz
9 Permutations And Combinations Mid-Term Exam (2)
10 Sequences And Series (1)
11 Sequences And Series (2)
12 Revision
13 Final Exam
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2 Quizzes (15 minutes)(Lecture 5, 10) 15

2 Assignments Online(Lecture 4,11) 15

 Midterm-1 written Exam (Lecture 7) 15

 Midterm-2 written Exam (Lecture 12) 15

 Final written Exam (Lecture 15 or16) 40

 Total 100
 Extra Activity 10
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 Lectures Notes

 Home work

 Assignments

 Quizzes

 Self-Study (Search via Google ,….etc)

 Interaction & Participation in the lecture

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Sequences and Series

GOALS
When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:

ONE: Find the nth term of an arithmetic sequence

TWO: sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic series

THREE: Find the nth term of a geometric sequence

FOUR: sum of a finite geometric series

FIVE: sum to infinity of a convergent geometric series

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Remember that
Arithmetic sequences
• An arithmetic sequence is sometimes called an arithmetic
progression.
• In an arithmetic sequence, the difference between consecutive
terms is constant.
5, 7 , 9, 11, …….
+2 +2 +2 This sequence is arithmetic. The difference between
consecutive terms is +2.The sequence is increasing.

12.5, 10, 7.5, 5, …….

- 2.5 - 2.5 - 2.5 This sequence is arithmetic. The difference between
consecutive terms is-2.5.The sequence is decreasing.

The formula for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence

where
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) × 𝑑 • 𝑇𝑛 is the nth term
• 𝑎 is the first term
• 𝑑 is the common difference
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Remember that Arithmetic series

An arithmetic series is the sum of the terms of an arithmetic
sequence.( the partial sum)
𝑆𝑛 Is used for the sum of the first n terms of a series

𝑛 where
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝐿) • 𝑎 is the first term
2
• L is the last term
• n Number of terms
• 𝑆𝑛 is the sum of n terms

Note: L is the last term = 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) × 𝑑

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) × 𝑑])=
2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) × 𝑑)
2
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Geometric sequences
• A geometric sequence has a common ratio between consecutive
terms.
• A geometric sequence is sometimes called a geometric progression.
• To get from one term to the next you multiply by the common ratio
2, 4, 8, 16, …….
×2 ×2 ×2 This is a geometric sequence with common ratio
2.This sequence is increasing..
𝟓, −𝟏𝟎, 20, -40, …….
×-2 ×-2 ×-2 Here the common ratio is-2. The sequence alternates
between positive and negative terms.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
, , , , …….
𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟖 𝟓𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
× × 𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 × This is a geometric sequence with common ratio
𝟑 𝟑
This sequence is decreasing but will never get to
zero..
Note: A geometric sequence with a common ratio | r |<1 converges.
This means it tends to a certain value.
You call the value the limit of the sequence.
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The formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 𝑛−1 where
• 𝑇𝑛 is the nth term
• 𝑎 is the first term
• 𝑟 is the common ratio
Example:
Find the 10th terms in the following geometric sequences:
a) 3, 6, 12, 24 …..
b) 40, -20, 10, -5, …..
Answer:
𝑎 is the first term 𝑎 = 3
a) 3, 6, 12, 24 ….. 𝑟 is the common ratio 𝑟 =
6
=
12
= ⋯.= 2
3 6

10th terms 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑇10 = (3) 210−1 𝑇10 = 1536

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𝑎 is the first term 𝑎 = 40

b) 40, -20, 10, -5, ….. −20 10 −1
𝑟 is the common ratio 𝑟 = = = ⋯.=
40 −20 2

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 𝑛−1 −110−1 −40

10th terms 𝑇10 = (40) 𝑇10 =
2 512

Example:
The 2nd term of a geometric sequence is 4 and the 4th term is
8. Given that the common ratio is positive, find the exact
value of the 11th term in the sequence
Answer:
𝑇2 = 𝑎 𝑟 2−1 = 4 𝑇2 𝑎 𝑟 2−1 𝑎 𝑟1 1 4 1
= = = 2= =
𝑇4 = 𝑎 𝑟 4−1 = 8 𝑇4 𝑎 𝑟 4−1 𝑎𝑟 3 𝑟 8 2
Solve these simultaneously to find a and r, use the
then find the11th term in the sequence.
𝑟2 = 2 𝑟= 2 positive
square root
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∵𝑟= 2
∵ 𝑇2 = 𝑎 𝑟 2−1 = 4
4
∴𝑎 2=4 ∴𝑎 =
2
the 11th term
4 11−1 4 10
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑇11 = 2 𝑇11 = 2
2 2
9 1 8 8
𝑇11 = 4 2 1
𝑇11 = 4 2 2 𝑇11 = 4 2 2 2

1
𝑇11 = 4 2 24

𝑇11 = 64 2
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Example:
What is the first term in the geometric progression 3, 6, 12,
24, ... to exceed 1 million
Answer:
𝑎 is the first term 𝑎 = 3
3, 6, 12, 24, ... 6 12
𝑟 is the common ratio 𝑟 = = = ⋯.= 2
3 6

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 𝑛−1

𝑇𝑛 = (3) 2𝑛−1 exceed 1 million 3 2𝑛−1 > 1,000,000

𝑛−1
1,000,000
Divide by 3. 2 >
3
𝑛−1
1,000,000
take logs of both sides log 2 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔
3
1,000,000
Divide by log 2. 𝑛 − 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔
3
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1,000,000
𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑛−1 > 3
log 2
𝑛 − 1 > 18.35

𝑛 > 18.35 + 1

𝑛 > 19.35 n has to be an integer

𝑛 = 20

𝑇20 = (3) 220−1 𝑇20 =1,572,864 exceed 1 million

𝑇19 = (3) 219−1 𝑇19 =786,432 Not exceed 1 million

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Geometric series
A geometric series is the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence.
( the partial sum)
𝑆𝑛 Is used for the sum of the first n terms of a series

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑟 < 1 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑟 > 1

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟 𝑟−1
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Example:
Find the sums of the following geometric series,
2+6+18+54+.. . (for 10 terms)
Answer:
2+6+18+54+.. . (for 10 terms)

the first term 𝑎 = 2

6 18
ratio 𝑟 = = =⋯=3
2 6
𝑛 = 10 terms

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟>1
𝑟−1

2(310 − 1)
𝑆10 = 𝑆10 = 59048
3−1
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Example:
Find the least value of n such that the sum of l + 2 + 4 + 8 +
... to n terms exceeds 2000000
Answer:
the first term 𝑎 = 1
2 4
ratio 𝑟 = = =⋯=2
1 2
𝑛 =? ? ? ? terms

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟>1
𝑟−1
1(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = exceeds 2000000 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔2,000,001 ÷ log2
2−1
𝑙𝑜𝑔2,000,001
2𝑛 − 1 > 2,000,000 Add 1 𝑛 >
𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2𝑛 > 2,000,000 + 1 Use log 𝑛 >20.93

𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝑛 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔2,000,001 ∴ 𝑛 = 21

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Sum to infinity of a convergent geometric series 𝑆∞

• Consider the sum of the first n terms of the geometric
series 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 +... The terms of this series are
getting larger, so as n tends to infinity 𝑆𝑛 also tends to
infinity This is called a divergent series.
• Now consider the sum of the first n terms of the
1 1 1
geometric series 1 + + + +…..The terms of this
2 8 16
series are getting smaller. As n tends to infinity, 𝑆𝑛 gets
closer and closer to a finite value 𝑆∞ , This is called a
convergent series.
• A geometric series is convergent if and only if |r| < 1,
where r is the common ratio.
• The sum of the first n terms of 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
a geometric series is given by: 1−𝑟
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The sum to infinity of a convergent ( 𝒓 < 𝟏) geometric

series is given by: 𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
Example:
The fourth term of a geometric series is 1.08 and the seventh
term is 0.23328.
a) Show that this series is convergent ,
b) Find the sum to infinity of the series.
Answer:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇7 𝑎 𝑟6 0.23328
𝑇4 = 𝑎 𝑟 4−1 = 1.08 = 3 = = 𝑟3
𝑇4 𝑎𝑟 1.08
𝑇7 = 𝑎 𝑟 7−1 = 0.23328 𝑟 3 = 0.216
3
Divide equation (2) by equation (1) to eliminate a. 𝑟= 0.216 = 0.6
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The series is convergent as |r| = O.6 <1.

sum to infinity of the series

𝑎 to find a
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
𝑎 𝑇4 = 𝑎 𝑟 4−1 = 1.08
𝑆∞ =
1 − 0.6 𝑟 = 0.6
5
𝑆∞ = 𝑎 (0.6)3 = 1.08
1 − 0.6
1.08 1.08
𝑆∞ = 12.5 𝑎 = 3
= =5
(0.6) 0.216
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Example:
For a geometric series with first term a and common ratio r,
S4 = 15 and 𝑆∞ = 16
a) Find the possible values of r.
b) Given that all the terms in the series are positive, find the
value of a.
Answer:

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 4 ) 4
𝑎
𝑆4 = = 15 (1 − 𝑟 ) = 15
1−𝑟 1−𝑟
𝑎
𝑆∞ = = 16
1−𝑟
𝑎
Solve equations simultaneously. Replace 1−𝑟 by 16 In equation (1).

1 − 𝑟 4 16 = 15
4
15 1 1 As all terms are
1−𝑟 = 𝑟4 = 𝑟= 1
16 16 2 positive so +2
Take the 4 th root
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1
Substitute 𝑟 = into equation (2) to find a
2

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑆∞ = = 16 = 16 = 16 𝑎=8
1 1
1−𝑟 1−
2 2
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Home Work
Solve each equation
Q1: For an arithmetic sequence 𝑇3 = 30 and 𝑇9 = 9.Find the first negative term in
the sequence.

Q2: The 20th term of an arithmetic sequence is 14. The 40th term is -6. Find the
value of the 10th term.

Q3:A sequences generated by the formula 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑝𝑛 + 𝑞 where p and q are

constants to be found. Given that 𝑇𝟔 =9 and 𝑇𝟗 = 𝟏𝟏,find the constants p and q
Q4:Find the sums of the following series
a) 3+7+ 11+14+...(20terms)
b) 30+27+24+21+... (40terms)
c) 5+7+9+ ... +75
d) 34+29+24+ 19+ ... + -111
Q5:Find how many terms of the following series are needed to make the given sums.
a) 5+8+11+ 14+... =670
b) 64+62+60+ ... =0
c) 34 +30+26+ 22+ ... = 112
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Q6:Find the sum of the first 50 even numbers.

Q7:The sum of the first three terms of an arithmetic series is 12. If the 20th term is-
32, find the first term and the common difference.

Q8:The numbers 3, x and (x +6) form the first three terms of a geometric sequence
with all positive terms.
Find: a) the possible values of x, b) the 10th term of the sequence.

Q9: If 3, x and 9 are the first three terms of a geometric sequence, find:
a) the exact value of x, b) the exact value of the 4th term.
𝟐
Q10: A geometric series has first term 5 and common ratio Find the value of S8
𝟑

Q11:Find the least value of n such that the sum 5 + 4.5 + 4.05 + ... to n terms
exceeds 45.

Q12: A geometric series has first term 10 and sum to infinity 30. Find the common
ratio.
−1
Q13 : A geometric series has common ratio and 𝑆∞ = 10. Find the first term.
3
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