CLASS WORK

Week of December 11 to 15
Dear student, it is very important that you have the textbook of
Philosophy in the classroom; so that they can respond reflectively and autonomously to the
activities provided by the book. It is important that you review your answers that
the following will be detailed with the help of your teacher:
Page 46 WORK MY WIT
Organize the words to form a concept of logical connectors.
Propositions that are atomic are formed from propositional operators.
composed - allow.
Logical connectors are operators that allow the formation of propositions.
composed of propositions that are atomic.
Page 47 I ANALYZE AND SOLVE
What is the purpose of symbolic logic?
The purpose of symbolic logic is to provide a formal and precise framework for
the analysis and evaluation of arguments and propositions.
Page 48 ICT
What are logical connectors?
Logical connectors are words or symbols used in logic to
connect propositions and form compound propositions. These connectors
allow building more complex propositions from simpler propositions
simple, and they are used to express logical relationships between propositions.
Some examples of logical connectors are "and", "or", "if...then", "if and only if".
no, among others.
Page 49 MEANWHILE IN THE WORLD
In what way does logic become the initial condition of computer science?
modern?
Logic provides a formal and precise framework for analysis and evaluation.
of arguments and propositions, which is fundamental for design and the
computer system programming.
What is your opinion on machines replacing human beings?
The replacement of humans by machines is a complex issue that
it requires a careful analysis of its social, economic, and ethical implications.
Is there a possibility that artificial intelligence becomes self-aware?
What could be the dangers of this?
Unlike humans, a conscious AI could lack empathy or
emotional understanding, which could lead to insensitive or inhumane decisions
in ethically complex situations.
Page 50 ACTIVITIES
1.Explain: why do we say that symbolic logic is formal.
Symbolic logic is formal because it focuses on the form and structure of the
reasonings, using symbols and formal rules to represent and
manipulate propositions, and a metalanguage to talk about language
used.
2. Elaborate examples of language and two examples of metalanguage.
Examples of language:
The cat is on the table.
This is an example of language, as the phrase describes a concrete situation.
using words and grammatical structures to communicate a message.
The equation x + 2 = 5 has the solution x = 3.
 In this case, a mathematical statement is presented that describes a relationship.
between variables and numbers, using a specific mathematical language.
Examples of metalanguage:
In the proposition 'p → q', p and q represent simple propositions and →
it represents the conditional connective.
Here metalanguage is used to talk about the language used in logic
propositional, explaining the meaning of the symbols and their relationship with the
propositions.
In the logical formula∀for all x, if P(x) then Q(x)∀x represents the universal quantifier,
P(x) and Q(x) are predicates, and → is the conditional connective.
This example uses metalanguage to explain the structure of a formula.
logic in the context of predicate logic, identifying the elements and their
function within the formula.
3. Investigate who the main philosophers of symbolic logic are. (Just respond)
what is in bold)
The main philosophers associated with the development of symbolic logic are:
1. Gottlob Frege: Considered one of the founders of symbolic logic and the
analytical philosophy. In his work 'Begriffsschrift' (1879), he introduced the concept of
function and argument, laying the foundations for the development of predicate logic
and first-order logic.
2. Bertrand Russell: Together with Alfred North Whitehead, he developed the 'Principia
Mathematics" (1910-1913), a monumental work that sought to establish the foundations of
mathematics in symbolic logic. Russell also made important
contributions to predicate logic and type theory.
3. Alfred North Whitehead: Collaborator of Russell in the 'Principia'
Mathematica, where it was proposed to formalize mathematics based on logic.
symbolic. His work influenced the later development of logic and philosophy of the
mathematics.
4. Ludwig Wittgenstein: In his work 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' (1921),
Wittgenstein addressed fundamental questions about logic and language.
proposing a theory of meaning based on symbolic logic.
These philosophers made significant contributions to the development of logic
symbolic and laid the groundwork for its application in various fields, including the
philosophy, mathematics, and artificial intelligence.
4. Answer: What is the difference between mathematical calculation and calculation of
propositions?
The main difference between mathematical calculus and propositional calculus
the first is used to solve mathematical problems, while
the second is used to analyze the validity of arguments and reasoning
in logic.
5. Answer: What is the difference between bivalent logic and multivalent logic?
The difference between bivalent logic and polyvalent logic lies in the
number of truth values assigned to the propositions: two in the
case of bivalent logic (true and false) and more than two in the case of the
multivalent logic.
6. Express in symbolic form (p, q, r and connectors) the following propositions:
a. Kant's book is not for beginners.
Symbolic expression: ¬p
Where ¬ represents negation and p represents the proposition 'The book of
Kant is for beginners.
 Either we manage to win the match or we go down to the B league.
Symbolic expression: p ∨ q
Where ˅ represents the disjunction (or) and p represents the proposition
We managed to win the match, while q represents the proposition.
We're going down to the B.
c. The engineer accepts the contract only if they pay him the advance.
Symbolic expression: r → p
Where → represents implication (if...then), r represents the
The proposition 'The engineer is paid the advance', and p represents the
The engineer accepts the contract.
The day is sad so it is gray.
Symbolic expression: p → q
Where → represents the implication (if...then), p represents the
The proposition 'The day is sad', and what the proposition 'The day is
gray.
The provided space is good only if they put up a sign.
Symbolic expression: q → p
Where → represents implication (if...then), q represents the
proposition 'They put up a sign', and p represents the proposition 'The space
provided is good.
Page 52 ICT
What are the types of propositions studied in mathematical logic?
Mathematical logic primarily studies categorical propositions and
hypothetical propositions, which are used to establish relationships between
sets and to prove mathematical theorems and propositions.
Page 57 ACTIVITIES
7.Define what the truth value is in logic.
The truth value is the property of a proposition of being true or false.
false, and it is fundamental in logic to evaluate the validity of arguments and
reasonings.
8.Explicalas cinco operaciones fundamentales con un ejemplo de cada uno.
The five fundamental operations in logic are negation, conjunction,
the disjunction, the conditional, and the biconditional. Next, each is explained
one of them with an example:
1. Negation (¬p): The negation of a proposition consists of forming a new
proposition that negates the initial one. For example, if p represents the proposition "It is hot"
If it is sunny, then the negation of p (¬p) would be "It is not sunny."
2. Conjunction (p ^ q): The conjunction of two propositions consists of forming a
new proposition that is true only when both propositions are
true. For example, if p represents the proposition "It is sunny" and q represents the
It is hot
heat
3. Disjunction (p ˅ q): The disjunction of two propositions consists of forming a
new proposition that is true when at least one of the propositions is
true. For example, if p represents the proposition 'It is sunny' and q represents
proposition "It's hot", then the disjunction p ˅ q would be "It's sunny or it's hot"
heat
4. Conditional (p → q): The conditional of two propositions consists of forming
a new proposition that establishes a relationship of implication between them. By
example, if p represents the proposition 'You study a lot' and q represents the
 the proposition 'You pass the exam', then the conditional p → q would be 'If'
You study a lot, so you pass the exam.
5. Biconditional (p ↔ q): The biconditional of two propositions consists of forming
a new proposition that is true if both propositions have the same
truth value. For example, if p represents the proposition 'It is sunny' and q
represents the proposition 'It does not rain', then the biconditional p ↔ q would be 'It is cold'
sun if and only if it does not rain.
9. Formalize the following reasoning, first identify the propositions,
assign them a variable
(p, q, r), establish its logical form.
Sunni Muslims are the majority in Qatar and a minority in Yemen.
Propositions:
The Sunnis are the majority in Qatar.
Sunnis are a minority in Yemen.
Logical form: p ^ q (conjunction)
We are more reflective, or we are less cautious.
Propositions:
We are more reflective.
We are less cautious.
Logical form: p ˅ q (disjunction)
If you don't have certain knowledge, you will make many mistakes.
You do not have certain knowledge.
You will make many mistakes.
Logical form: p → q (conditional)
The fact that peace is signed does not mean that violence ceases.
Propositions:
The peace is signed.
The violence stops.
Logical form: ¬(p → q) (negation of a conditional)
Being afraid is equivalent to being paralyzed.
Propositions:
To be afraid.
To become paralyzed.
Logical form: p ↔ q (biconditional)
If you study and come to class, then you will get good results.
Propositions:
You study.
You are coming to class.
You will have good results.
(p and q) → r (conditional)
10. Create the truth table for the following reasoning:
not (p implies q)∨(¬p∧¬q) (p→q∧If not q, then not p
¬(p→q)∨ (¬p∧¬q)
p∨ (¬p∧¬q) |
|---|---|--------|----|----|---------------------|
|T|T|F|F|F| F |
|V|F|V|F|V| V |
|F|V|F|V|F| V |
|F|F|F|V|V| F |
2. (p→q∧If not q, then not p
 | p | q | (p→q∧¬q) | ¬p | (p→q∧¬q) → ¬p |
|---|---|----------|----|----------------|
|V|V|F|F| V |
|T|F|T|F| V |
|T|F|T|F| V |
|F|F|F|V| V |
11. Abstract the logical form of the following reasoning and create the truth table
and check if they are valid:
If Bernardo went to class, he met Cristina. But he did not meet Cristina;
therefore, Bernardo did not go to class.
Propositions:
Bernardo went to class.
Bernardo met Cristina.
Logical form: p → q, ¬q → ¬p
Truth table:
p
|---|---|-------|----|----|---------|
|V|V|V|F|F|V|
|T|F|F|T|F|F|
|F|V|V|F|V|V|
|F|F|T|T|T|T|
The reasoning is valid, as the logical form ¬q → ¬p is a tautology.
In April, it rains or it is cold in Quito. It doesn't rain, so it is cold.
Propositions:
In April, it rains in Quito.
In April, it is cold in Quito.
Logical form: p ˅ q, ¬p → q
Truth table:
p
|---|---|-------|----|--------|
|V|V|V|F|V|
|T|F|T|F|T|
|F|V|V|V|V|
|F|F|F|T|F|
The reasoning is valid, as the logical form ¬p → q is a tautology.
If the river overflows, there will be flooding. Then, if there is no flooding, the river does not
overflows.
Propositions:
The river is overflowing.
There is flooding.
p → q, ¬q → ¬p
Truth table:
p
|---|---|-------|----|----|---------|
|T|T|T|F|F|T|
|T|F|F|T|F|F|
|T|F|F|T|F|F|
|F|F|V|V|V|V|
The reasoning is valid, since the logical form ¬q → ¬p is a tautology.
Democracy works if there is popular participation. There is no popular participation;
 therefore, democracy does not work.
Propositions:
Democracy works.
There is popular participation.
Logical form: q → p, ¬q → ¬p
Truth table:
p
|---|---|-------|----|----|---------|
|T|T|T|F|F|T|
|T|F|T|T|F|F|
|F|V|F|F|F|V|
|F|F|T|T|T|T|
The reasoning is invalid, since the logical form ¬q → ¬p is not a
tautology.
Develop a comment and a summary of the texts read.
The texts read provide an introduction to propositional logic,
presenting fundamental concepts, analysis methods, and examples
practical tools to understand and apply logic in problem solving
reasonings. In addition, they pose questions that invite reflection on the
impact of logic on society and technology.
Page 58 CHALLENGE
MASTER THE SYMBOLISM OF PROPOSITIONS
1. Establish the logical form of the following propositions:
Study with awareness. →p
I will get good grades in Philosophy. q
I am going to play sports every weekend
I will feel very eager.
In addition, the following compound propositions are presented:
If I am going to play sports every weekend, then I will feel with
a lot of desire)
2. q⇔ I will get good grades in Philosophy if and only if I study with
conscience
3. p → (q∧ If I study with awareness, then I will get good grades.
in Philosophy and I will feel very enthusiastic)
4. (¬p∧ If I don't study with awareness and I go to do sports every weekend
during the week, so I won't get good grades in Philosophy)
5. p → (q∧ If I study with intention, then I will get good grades.
in Philosophy and I am going to play sports every weekend)
6. ¬(q∧ It's not the case that I will get good grades in Philosophy and I am going to
to play sports every weekend
7. ¬(p → r) (It is not the case that if I study conscientiously, then I will do)
sports every weekend

2. Write the following compound propositions in words:

r⇒s
If I am going to play sports every weekend, then I will feel with
very eager.
q⇔p
I will get good grades in Philosophy if and only if I study diligently.
p⇒( q∧ s)
 If I study with awareness, then I will get good grades in Philosophy and
I will feel very eager.
(¬ p∧ r )⇒ not q
If I don't study consciously and play sports every weekend,
then I will not get good grades in Philosophy.
p⇒∧r )
If I study consciously, then I will get good grades in Philosophy and
I am going to play sports every weekend.
¬ ( q∧r )
It's not the case that I will get good grades in Philosophy and I am going to do
I play sports every weekend.
¬ ( p⇒r )
It is not the case that if I study thoughtfully, then I am going to play sports at all.
on weekends.
not p⇒(- q∧– r )
Not studying with awareness means I will not get good grades in
Philosophy and I am not going to play sports every weekend.

3. Create the truth tables for the following propositions:

Mortgage banks lower interest rates on loans to 6%
The sale of houses and apartments will experience a significant increase.
The demand for renting houses and apartments will decrease.
To create the truth table of the compound propositions, we must first
identify the logical connectors that relate them. In this case, none are provided
compound propositions, so we will assume we are asked to elaborate the table of
truth of the following compound propositions:

1. p → q
not r
The truth table for the compound proposition p → q is as follows:

p
|---|---|-------|
|V|V|V|
T
|F|V|V|
|F|F|T|
The truth table for the composed proposition ¬r is as follows:
r
|---|----|
T
F