ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

Rotational dynamics: it is the study of rotational motion having to do with

tell another movement that is occurring with the rigid body.
Colloquially speaking, the dynamics of rotation is a branch of physics that
studies the rotational movements of solids in relation to the forces that
they provoke them.

For example, the rotation of the earth with respect to its

translational movement.

Rotation is the movement of change of orientation of an extensive body.

so that, given any point on it, it remains at a distance
constant of a fixed point. In a three-dimensional space, for a movement of
Rotation given, there is a line of fixed points called the axis of rotation.
Angular velocity is expressed as the angle rotated per unit of time and
it is measured in radians per second. Other units that can be used are
Hertz (cycles per second) or revolutions per minute (rpm). Commonly
denoted by the letters: u. Rotation is a vector property of a
body. The representative vector of angular velocity is parallel to the
The direction of the axis of rotation and its sense indicate the direction of rotation.
being the clockwise direction negative and the counterclockwise direction positive. In
Frequency is also used as a scalar measure of speed in some occasions.
of rotation.
The degree of temporal variation of the angular frequency is the acceleration.
angular (rad/s²) for which the symbol is often used.
Period and frequency: These parameters are from
frequent use in rotating systems at speed
constant. The period is the inverse of the frequency and represents the time that
it takes to make a complete revolution. Period and frequency are represented
respectively as:
Period:
Frequency
Moment of inertia:

The moment of inertia is a quantity that accounts for

What is the mass distribution of a body or a system of particles?
around one of its points. This concept plays a role in the movement of
rotation plays an analogous role to that of inertial mass in the case of motion
rectilinear and uniform.

Given an arbitrary axis, for a system of particles it is defined as the sum

the products of the masses of the particles that make up a system, and
the square of the distance of each particle to the chosen axis. Represents the
inertia of a body to rotate. It is mathematically expressed as:

For a body of continuous mass (Continuous medium), the above is generalized.

like:

The subscript V of the integral indicates that one must integrate over the entire volume.
of the body.

This concept plays an analogous role in rotational motion to that of

inertial mass in the case of uniform rectilinear motion. Thus, for example,
the second law of Newton: it has an equivalent for rotation:

where:

it is the moment applied to the body.

it is the moment of inertia of the body with respect to the axis of rotation and

it is the angular acceleration.

The kinetic energy of a body in motion with velocity v ,

while the kinetic energy of a body in rotation with speed
angular ω is Where I is the moment of inertia with respect to the axis of
rotation.
The conservation of momentum or linear momentum has to do with
equivalent to the conservation of angular momentum:

The angular momentum vector has the same direction as the velocity vector.
angular

Moments of inertia of simple bodies

Moments of inertia of some solids. In the case of spheres or cylinders.

Filled, the inner radius is zero. M is the mass of the solid.

Let's remember that the inertia of a body depends on its mass; the greater the mass,
more mass, greater inertia and with less mass, less inertia. But the inertia of rotation
it does not depend exclusively on the mass of the body, but on the distribution
of the mass around the axis of rotation. If in a body most of the mass
it is located far from the axis of rotation, the rotational inertia will be very high and
it will be costly to make it spin or stop its rotation. On the contrary, if the mass is
concentrated near the axis of rotation, the inertia will be less and it will be easier
rotate it or stop its rotation. The way mass is distributed in
The relationship to its radius of gyration is known as the moment of inertia (I).

ANGULAR MOMENTUM
We have already talked about the existence of an axis of rotation when a body
it is spinning but it must be taken into account that a body that is spinning
it always tends to maintain this axis of rotation, this is due to a
Characteristic of rotary systems known as angular momentum (L).
The angular momentum points in the direction of the axis of rotation, producing a
certain stability of rotation on that axis. The angular momentum depends on the moment
inertia (I) of the object and angular velocity ω ) and is expressed in the

next form:

L= I ω [ ]
kg m2
s

Thanks to the existence of angular momentum, we can find an explanation.

of why it is easy to maintain balance on a moving bicycle and this
It is because when the wheels spin, they have angular momentum.

ROTATIONAL WORK:

Linear mechanical work is defined as the product of a displacement by

the component of the force in the direction of the displacement.

T = F x s. T = F s cos θ.

And the units of linear mechanical work are N.m = Joule.

Now let's consider the work done in rotational displacement under

the influence of a resulting torque moment. Consider the force F that
acts at the edge of a pulley of radius r, as shown in the following figure:
 t=0

θ
F

t=t
r

WORK AND POWER IN ROTATIONAL MOTION.

The effect of that force is to rotate the pulley through an angle θ,

while the point at which the force is applied moves a distance s. The
the arc distance s is related to θ through the equation:

s = r θ. (1)

Thus, the work of the force F is by definition:

Work = Fs = F r θ. (2)

But Fr is the torque due to the force, therefore the work

the rotational is given by:

Rotational work = τ θ.

The angle θ must be expressed in radians in any unit system.

so that the rotational work can be expressed in lb.ft or joules (N.m).
Mechanical energy is generally transmitted in the form of work.
rotational. When we talk about the output power that they develop
machines, what we are interested in knowing is the speed at which the work is carried out
rotational. Therefore, the rotational power can be determined by dividing
both sides of the equation (3), by the time t required for the moment
the torsion τ results in a displacement θ:

Power = work = τ θ

t t

Since θ/t represents the average angular velocity ω

ROTATIONAL ENERGY:

Unlike Bohr's planetary atomic model where the levels of

The energy (quantized) of the hydrogen atom depends on the orbit (or better
said, of the energy level) in which the electron is with respect to the
atomic nucleus, in the sub-microscopic world there are other forms of energy that
They have nothing to do with the electron surrounding the nucleus. One of
they, which is directly related to the quantization of momentum
angular, it is the rotational energy that a molecule can have that consists of
two atoms that can be the same (as in the case of the oxygen molecule)
O2what can be somewhat different (as in the case of the molecule of
carbon monoxide (CO). When we talk about rotational energy, we are talking about
the angular momentum energy that the diatomic molecule has whose two
masses are rotating symmetrically around the vertical axis that passes through its
center of mass. By virtue of the quantization of angular momentum, this energy
it is also quantized, and interestingly the transitions between the levels
energy can also be presented through the emission of photons or
through the absorption of photons. We understand that by "jumping" a molecule
a diatomic from a low rotational energy to a high rotational energy makes it
acquiring a greater angular speed, while maintaining the distance between
the atoms of the molecule for this effect.

In order to find the values that the energy of a pair can take
atoms "connected" to each other, which are rotating around their center of
common ground, the first thing we must do is take as a starting point the
classical expression for the energy of a 'dumbbell' of masses. While
kinetic energy of translation of a particle moving in a straight line
is given by the relationship:

where the mass of the particle is the inertia of the same (its opposition to being
accelerated, thus maintaining its state of linear motion at a
constant speed), the rotational energy of a body will not be given in
function of its linear velocity but in terms of its angular velocity ω and in
moment of inertia function (its opposition to being accelerated along its
orbit) by the following relationship:

Since the angular momentum L of the body is equal to the moment of inertia I
of the same multiplied by its angular velocity ω, that is L = Iω, we can include
at the moment angular in this last relationship in the following way:

This is the classic equation that provides us with rotational kinetic energy.
To obtain the matrix quantum mechanical equation from it,
we simply replace the observables energy and angular momentum with the
matrix operators energy Hy angular momentum L, carrying out this
mode the following conversion:
Taking the expected values of both sides of the matrix equation,
we already have everything we need to obtain the quantized values that
you can take the rotational energy as a function of the quantum number
angular momentum:

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Huygens observed the behavior of the balls during a game of billiards, of

there it was established that "the sum of the kinetic energy of the balls before and after the

impact remained constant

The law of conservation of energy states that 'energy cannot be

created nor destroyed. It can transform from one form to another, but the
the total amount of energy always remains constant

AMOUNT OF MOVEMENT

The quantity of movement, linear momentum, impulse or momentum is one

fundamental physical magnitudeof typevectorialwhat describes themovementof a
body in any theorymechanics. Inclassical mechanicsthe amount of
movement is defined as theproductof themassof the body and itsspeedin
a specific moment. Historically, the concept dates back toGalileo
Galileoin his Discourses on Two New Sciences he uses the Italian term impeto,
whileIsaac Newtonuses the Latin term in Principia Mathematica
motion and force. Momentum is a word directly
taken from the Latin momentum, derived from the verb movere 'to move'.

The concrete definition of momentum differs from one formulation.

mechanics to another: inNewtonian mechanicsit is defined for aparticle
simply as the product of its mass by the speed, inmechanics
Lagrangiano Hamiltonianit admits more complicated forms insystems of
non-Cartesian coordinates, in thetheory of relativitythe definition is more
complex even when usedinertial systems, and inquantum mechanicsyes
definition requires the use of self-adjoint operators defined onspace
vectorialof infinite dimension.

In Newtonian mechanics, the most usual way to introduce the quantity of

movement as the product of the mass (kg) of a material body by its
speed (m/s), to then analyze its relationship with theNewton's lawsNo
however, after the development of modern physics, this way of doing it
it was not the most convenient to address this fundamental magnitude. The
The main defect is that this Newtonian definition hides the concept.
inherent to the magnitude, which turns out to be a property of any physical entity
with or without mass, necessary to describe theinteractionsThe current models
they consider that not only massive bodies possess momentum,
it also turns out to be an attribute of thefieldsand thephotons.

The quantity of motion obeys alaw of conservation, which means

that the total momentum of everythingclosed system(that is, one that does not
is affected by external forces, and whose internal forces are not
dissipators) cannot be changed and remain constant over time.

In the geometric approach to therelativistic mechanicsthe definition is something

different. In addition, the concept of linear momentum can be defined for
physical entities such as photons or theelectromagnetic fieldsthat
lack of rest mass

If we are interested in finding out the amount of movement of, for

example, a fluid that moves according to avelocity fieldit is necessary
sum the amount of movement of each particle of the fluid, that is, of each
differential of mass infinitesimal element: