i. ee 5 Beirne Danger Plea Forahnd, Biker ents ~ Sain Yesu blenn Nhe | | Near A." Cal Bhor * Xerox Colour Print & Lamination & Spiral Binding * Print Out Stationary * Golden Emboising Binding Prvprictr Aru Tupe (0822535978) { Student Naan Sujet, + qe 4 Book oF PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING AND ALGORITHMS For BBA (CA) : Semester -1 (credit - 02) ‘As Per New Syllabus, Effective from June 2019, ‘Abhijeet D. Mankar Price € 170.00 NONIBAL!Contents... 4 Introduction to Problem Solving 2. Simple Arithmetic Problems 4. Algorithms Using Arays Sorting and Searching Chopter 1... ssa Introduction to Problem Solving Contents .. ; 1 cont 111 eke ctalan aaaaa] 2 4-526 112 een Shing 1122 lon Shing Se 1123 lon Sting Tee eer Delmer Ge Aeshna 134 Mag end Daotenins ct 142. Foret mb 14a Aberage 144 Umsice Apt Compe 15 =r Cond 152 Tie Cogley 152 Spee Conley 154 p'O'Netain age Ati an FlononePly etegnenng Aetna 6BA(C)-N__12_ edits ein eg “poem any sustonin when you hve tring pal at oF retons, ante aesto cet asaton oars i + Apron 2 stuaton tat confonts someon, that equles seluion, nf hic | the path the sen ot naly acon, | + problem if question estan tat mata you osc or san Thi imps rat ou art noes to sl th ros Se arn that ou te | ‘auch fer away tf» elton Whar» quetonf 3 podem orn ea epends onthe rr knoe ofthe rb set + Specialy, th tk of ding the eben cnt eight you kn (et en dt ad wate you mato tn (ett he eas Two apectot problem: 1. The detains for eng with the lds and the sat parts of poten Cito an 2 Te apo for delng wth he conte and the eppocuny amas of the pen. | 1 robin sain i procs of dng 2 latin for parla geben. -4 Definition of Problem | + We cin ine pole 84 ste of dai or eating a dite gos rom a preet con +A polo an ene or obtaclewheh mts cut to ane od get ppt or pepo on + -Poben eet stanon conn ore hat stuns oR + Aproleniss question aston nies er coniterton or zal. 4.4.2 Problem Solving + Problem soir the seul proces of saing iformaton rte 8 han ‘suson and generating arpa response epons + Teun gol of protien sohing fo ove oben # eho ta bat ihe he ue, + The te 2 ube offre metal procs t wor sng problem-ohing These irc 1 Petepalyecogtting a probir, 2 Repesring the protonia memory 3. Comer elaart inforaton tat apesto the cretion, ety sect apf roe 5. ibang and decting te rly, ition Prolansoing he process of wang tough deta of a problent0 rach sour: Felonsohing 3 mal proes tht cles diconn, aang a sting Freleng hog process cite: 1 Undestae he rb ammunition and ants) 2. Pana solo mong nd dso 3. Gay out plan coe generation 4 amie the esr acura sng nd quay assure, Fig L2 hase sige man dul with wich we sociale number of. hich hes thi! grea apn of the stum Te main ade ees 3 be OF ‘orn rds which an rub sel 234 expec. TE] fies 1 a zs] ()° [esl}= Fig LiL of probe singPipl ctPopunning its BBA 1b ong IEEE /rrotiem Solving Stops + Generate are widely cepted tps nthe problem sehing process own inrg.i2 em tn i. 1.2: Probe soking process + bien sohing steps ese belo: A, Defining dentin) the problem: Io sinost ey problem sohing rrathodoegy the is sep is defrng ot Wentyng te prota Rithe ast cu aa the os porto al the tps ile grain the sen sottat he fous onthe re totlem an nat nits ymptons. Dering the Solute We fen Wink of sing a pol” inthe sn of rang go ny 20th the poem ong et Th ced ison nd of ‘sso bat its et the ony in Some probs aot be mite erie: we ae never Ht elite ash a the wea onautamebie tes rt ‘earence of les We can, bower reste sluons o”teatnents tt wil mae ech ofthe rls ess har 2. Gather facts Some men of getting data aioe ay tems. (seat seunpin (@) Daas the ri thro (6) Gathevonpsnt of ihe Peel etPennng Arne: [PBICA_13._ ota eben sehing, 3 Generate atemate options: On oy 16 ery pote soln ito reeset ‘he problem eternal Fst, By represen the rte, wil See infomaton hts relevant ecg he gal the al te, te cpentors and retire Operators are acions hat carg nil ate of he rblerm im arotios The you may exter tar 2 pe of pabiem, Seep sir Santon, ante often ar emuting the sean an at ae obi ioee Some of tole ured re (Systematic ia ae err. (Prods (teases (Faction etd (0) Noone saved Implament and Evaluate: Make + it of the trent ops tht you have geerted, Sele ote of mote sons otons om wear the top of out to fy Does te son meet te gas and conairs set by te peblem? Frequent the beter epon for plantain i the rune” te of punber ttre chice Manise the inp of the slur The evan of your implore i ot boat on nha o ot you food he ses. Bl on “thr rt urge are me, 5. Monitor the soliton e-psy measur to confi ht change has aken ce (Chaco tht the charged ot espe aot e (i) Pevie sudentifooatn ard wang so that hage can ake pe and be ssaned (elect onthe problem song process utd Wht would you have Sone ‘een, IEEE protiom SoWving Techniques Tare ae mary appches to problem sking. depenng onthe nit of the poten ard he peop ved the pel, ig. 13 shows rou problem sing ives Pesos ip oe ee ee ee Taredersnonee | [Barannsann | [Boardman] Fi. 13: Various robe sing bigseect sri Myotis A640: 18 __ invent tig (9 al and Error Method chia + “Than ee ol by enor e's gtr mato of pi shin fo abaning owing, bth potion iowedp an aowhon + Inte of comput sce. the mtd ie cal genete at Ts Er spre smote sues wth simple prclens. + Til an Ener speach can be een 3 an of thet bi approach fe prin ‘ping ad contd wih an apprise ong ih arto + tear er gpesch to protien sling aes ning ruber of erent seen and ung ot tose a do net wok +The apgrosh an bea goed opin you Rae 2 eyed numberof pone lite + Ticmeties cen sty pape we fav fe oweeein th rb re Feats of Ta and Ear Method 1LSaution-oventa Ts nd eror make no tempt oor why «eon wens merch tats slsion 2 Problem-spece Tel and eror malas no stant to gear 2 lon to he probs 2. Nonoptima: Tl and eros an stomp to fi ton nt uns, and rere best ton, | Node te Imani ila enor an proce hare thee ie 0 lnowecge tte ‘évanapes: 1 syt0 implement 2 Thsmethods bata suaons whee ou have more sts. Dindrantage 1 Tie consuming because feed on each ad eve (0 rastorming Method Technique + ‘Srinsoming 2 grup creatitytevave dsged te greats slg runt of ‘due forth slot pb, + rinsorming is pole sing eign that ues a group of peopl to sve a pieiem “uo of bsitonmng eson to wa a group to define 3 peclen a fd + ransormig gro imolies grup woking tetas ideas. ing he mes thas as plement hose eso jing tase des. Pisin steaming zoe JBRACA<|__17__ itn Ptio Sling + storing en stn nthe otc, hen wot group meso cone am ate aliens, + Rica rmios of ares problem aio in which a meer of group sportneously Contbut erosion of pol, 4 + Bastin wae «group people pt scion and nes we wth the Approach of rastorming: Tete se fut bs nlsinbrarstomieg 1 Combin and Improve idee spose issn ola bt and more empl et than erly genet es sone. baled ost thelr of en by a reel esd. 2. Noctis oon empha hata ouptrattoming, citisn shoud be puto tlt of edt ating what right be wong Wh a de, the uti foas on extend or lng sein ite orale test stage of the process. fy suspending judgment one crates 2 sppotive oosphre ore prtians el eee generate ns es. 2%. Fees on quntity ule a mess of ecancng degen predutn aning to fectte poten soling Prawh be maou gusty brats quay. The ‘stunt it thatthe geste he rumbet of eas generat the ester the ‘hae of puna nd lective ston 4 Una ear weeome: To gi ood ng i of se ual i ‘ae ekemed Thy ay ope naw mays of ning ard prove bt sleons ‘an repr ees Thy can be generates by leo Fon anther pasrctne OF Setig ase aston ‘Vato ritering Tachique 1. Nominl group technique The nomial geup teique i & spe of tristan teenage: parca havea eau synthe proces. Iria ind o enna anes tof eae Prima sates to write oun thar es anorymouy Then he nocesor oles he cs rah Is voted onby the ep 2. Group pasting teblqu:Ec peso ne cel roup wes do oe len the then pass the lace of opto the et pron sock dacion wh is sae huh Tis ented eenbay gets ther ong ce of ner bck ys tis ly ht he ou lve extra eabeated fete 2. Team des mapping method Tem sa maoing maths of rtoming works bythe med of asscatn may improve calsbeaton ad nese the lot of des ns desea tal ards parcate nn es are ‘ejected,44 ectronebrntorming: Eaton baaormng # cpu atin ‘he manil traning Gran soming techie. tan Be dove vis ea ‘Seton rating alee mich ger op ta late on tpi than woué roraly be pesuve ina vader tainting ssn, LGatronie bintoming emits many of te probins of anda ‘ransorming no podictonlcking ad auton spreeron 5S. Diected bralestoming: raced besnstoriog ia vition on decroie bransorning balrating) debt above can be one mania o th empuie lvcngy. Dito brazing were won the sion nun prt the seson IF know, tat eta can be ued t Peto onan histo pros heres brining. each parker en neste of pera taine basting ueton {6 nia rnstorming: nial rrtoming isthe use f baring on * slay bas. Indiv restoring typical ins uch echigus a fe wig, espe, word assceton ana the spe web which va note {sing tein tick peopl gram thr toh Aaramages of rastormig: 1 Ey toundestind iki ot compa tei, 3 eoroted proper itis quay of generating ideas 4 trcoragas ete ntng netting out of te bar 5. Genrer ide and one that cn be ued ele, & Frvdesan pperuny or wdesped paripatn and nvlement Disadvantage of Sainstrming: 1 As this isa group ait, prtepans have to ste patent ag hve to spent ‘more tine by sng hae tl te rence by te 2 Medea or ive parties might dit Eu to expres th cy or rents a | (vide and Conquer Method Technique: +The nae dean conue is Bec the probes conquered by dig ito seri smaer pobl. + iit ad conqurisan approach to song spolo ati speci ee of mae cndsanays. + Indie ad conser one ser a pecblam by fit dering» subos tht hes ‘hing amar veson othe sue i of pre + nother words, ide and conueristhe epic use of reuson to save a problem, ingot Pagaonng Ages: EKH-| 38 maoductn Pon Seng + Thesivie rong sty aber problem by 1. tesing it imo sb problons ht thames eter snc othe me ‘ypeatroten, 2 Sohing tase sro independent, 3. peers combo hams Working Inverts by recast treaing down problem int to or more su pobens a the ‘sme or rested ype url hee armel reign soe ety, ‘Te soon tthe sb-poboms ethan combina ogi # soln othe ginal robe, ‘Divide and Conus doy tet ype of eurance aon between ‘uncions of edt cueson: a ried inte alr portins andthe el Is alia Dido and Conguertecrigue te bite of fick agorthms fr a Kinds of problems, sch a sorting (quick son marge sen) ard the te Fat Four Trarstorms FIs ppzaton to mumereal agents commonly kn 5 Binary sites ‘vantage f Ovid and Conqoar Tecnu 1 Solving sift probs: Die ss conquer 8 gamer tol fr sohing concen diet poten ot egies nyo breaking the pole nto "ub-potiens of Song the hil asad feng sub relers o the gral poten. 2. Algorithm eficncy: The dide-nt-orguer pation often MebeIn the ‘dover o efit goths 3. Parallelism Die and conquer ageths ar natuly adap or eecision in rutprocssor machines epecty sharedsmamcty syne. where, the ormnarcaton of eats betwee provers dos ot nted tobe pln In ‘anc, eae tt sub peti can be etd on diferent pres 4 Mamory sees ise snconguer srs natu tnd to make ect tse of mene aches The reson that one sgl sal enough tg al is abot can in pple, be sed whine ech thot ‘casing te domer min meno ‘Dladvantages of Die an Conque Technique: 1 Stow Racin: Te cura fhe repeats sre ca song that of Stang te al tack can cvs an aartge ofthe proach Te omer ‘ependsupn he implementation she wit ge enough recusereplete Ages 2. Complated fr simple probleme: Arter poten of «ide a conver rein tht forse pols ay emo comptes tan an teine| oro epecaly bre bw ae ae tb npemenig fr pavornce Pega deloment cy at of phased ad steps tat reflow by pl shea dem cop and mala 2 ro. ring your rogiom ving 2 sequence of saps rfred to as te pgm serdapnert Fig. tom regan delet ete Fig, L4 ropa deaapmenteele ‘The progr dewlpment eye naes loving steps Step 1: Define the Problem Te vy npr tat you unde the poten you ar tng tsb. Make se You aane pte speatatons nelly rom wht dt 0 Bengt no tm program and what oom Wat dt shal bea, ‘snow what proces est be doe tot Fin, determine ht the expects tpt suposed to be and st form the ‘stp 2 Design the rogram "her ar ver ways of dering program spn. Two commen methods a by Aonctrs ard pnocede 2 foncht 8 gph deciton of pop deg ts yn ambisons of ‘ios standard Bovenar symbol, We all we flowcharts to repent cal the base pregram contol seucUre Presdecode (erly Tae cede esrb progr Gsign ig Engh Prevococe * "vod the sn of» programming angge an tad, epi the deg ‘he peclen ston Poot Peng sep 3: Code the Program + To code 2 progam means to wee te design fom sep 2 no computer programming ange + Code the pogan by enteg tio your DES ero ay et aor co your emouter Sistem Mae aie tt you sete roan to Gk Ulery fo ‘terest step. 2 nthe nx tp of te progam dewlepmer nyu il evar te porn cede, cals he sae progam rhe sees ade oth compte for option 4 Compl and tink the Program The ony ngage 8 gn compe undentands i ts own machine lnguage [machine inguage mevucton 2 inaryades tact cone foe aNd one that conse compte a do respect ich 9381199 ach compute has a own maetce ngvage, The machine language or & Sun worst fleet em the machine ngage of Maco whe ierent fom the machine ngage of nM FC ands a Recaise racine ngage 0 ‘a, i eet owt ae fd errsin machine rue pa vines P(6N)-__181 oie Prt Sv 1 secu a computer unerands on own ade ange carat ext higher mie‘e! ging nscton ety, he corp ng oom (ales @ compiler, mst tare i el ad Nghe angus progr Ho auilent macht anuage programs Kcompie is pal tat ay one hee or miele! argue specie mace nguage + compile a wo mala cons (Checking tytn (Taste the codeine mec sncie ngings, 1 Foti chaste seuce preg fr sae aro Sac ero a he (yanmar ofthe prograriming anager ay fatal yt ee (a fos 0 see tthe comple dos not undeand the stent and cent "ene te satenent ro mucin ngusoe he comple wl sop 8 ret you of tera tond| + the compile fins no alee wants ahh ee nguge nsucton Ino ane oF more machin language ctor Ths mine npuoe son ofthe soars pogram thee progr, Step 5: eect the rogram ‘nce yu have comps an nth program ou are t ict the progam, + Bucting he progam sual ute snl. soe al you need dois ct. the eet option fom amen tek.Pilea Popmenig gene BAICN__us2__ tte ton ‘Step 6: Tet nd Debug th Progen + felfaproryam raze doe rt mean tht the progam corect. ven 2 program gies core res ug some dt, doesnot mean tet the | [poyea il ee core rite ing arta st ofdta ‘Thus foram sold be tested for Yaw posse st of dat and sh be sougged wire recites. ‘Analg i» ite tf pace ection for peroming a compattin oo hing pele Agri i © sequence of acest be proces for geting deed outt (alto ton gheninpt oroten An lg cin be tought of a5 the dtl inswetns for emg out sme ‘peabon, A compute pear fast flow a squene of erat nto 1 compl ths Thi secvenc of stuns clean goth se of Algerie 1 Ging the algnthns bse jou the prog can be developed in ay deed langge 2 An algr s epreseriation in single gh rguage ois eye 0 Uunerstand Sorbie ean be ay and ingly sled 3. Altice cing. Approaches fr Deiaing an Ago: 1 TopdownApprea&top-donn dein aproah tars by densi he mor components of the ste or preg decomposing then int the fone le ‘omporets rd iterating ut he dite ier of ol cones) achive In ine su th the tops made a eee a made at heal Fer xampie guage. Bottom-up Approx: & botom-p den approach sare with desing the ost base of priv components ahd proceeds to hgh level comgonets ‘Sarg fom he vey btm th pears tht provides ayer fatto se ingleranted ors alert ete can be wen ung wo methods. |. Recusv Algorithm: A ecusve alt sa lg which als sal wth mae (r nut aus whch obtain thereat te creat op by ‘oping the same operons for he sale sil pu. More gentay #2 felon canbe ses uting rekon to salves ofthe sone poten. ‘sth sale veins rouge to easy sable cae, ten oe co te ene orth sae robin ertive Algorithm: n these alot, th proces can cut eet on the iepusin ner tach deste eso, ‘risatPomemaig pom (6088. 138 4.344 Definition icin dine igor "st orton eshing pb. abet tn Sn + Asteo-bysepproceduteforsahing pate poble an ln, on + Ano can be dda proces that poms sme sequence of opens Inardertosohea ge ele An alot ss step ytsltion to oben” 1.3.2 Characteristics + yl mst seh flonng rates: 2 tnt Aegon mus ave se Fatt 2 ouput as produce on cutout eat 3 Defitenest + Exh instutin mt be der nd ditt. 4. Fnteness Te agerthm muster ter fe number of pe EHectveness + tach epson must be dite Ho shuld be fee ve pct be pa, 1.3.3 Types of Algorithms + Thevatousyper of algo re rte free, Ode andcenqur, Greet thm 2d eran Brut fre ago These se algrhns ta we vous ronsophiated approaches to see the press inhana Typ. hy ae ust for sal dons, de to lige crteads in sophie spreads bape are” 1 able so. ( Compsing the sunt numbers yd ion (@ Stand mat mtipaon (tne isequeri seach.‘inci Poganng 4 Am BIC _1__ itis Pte Soo es eg tons JOB, 2. Die and congue ago: Pops the mos famous alortinicpuradigm, iideani-Conuc bad en aning the rb ino two or mare anal s-egrans aig te sig Teulon or # they ar single eeu, racy) ond combing the sub grote {tn nto stan othe gal arabe ale f and noobie: 10 Marge Son ans Quskson (i) Tea Fourie, (i ei’ Ma tipo, Greedy spots red loin vs ke te coc tht sens be athe mon. TH ely ‘otal hice «ade wth he ope ea os oy ptm aon Scene guy agree guard to shy: roses a opi slaon Grant algrtee are oan apie contnatonsloptnzation probes ample of rey lero ine (lasso i's mal pring ve lgethn bisee' singlesouce shores pth agri, (utr od, Backtrack lpr: ching is used se cles a wich'a sequence of objets ssl fom = ‘ped set 1 sequence of decor rade in asec at of eancais 33 thatthe sequence esis sare roron Often the oo day ie olson rather than an optimal soon amples nse 0 apt Fi sec, Beers poten (Trg aspen robin, 41.34 Advantages and Disadvantages Aérantage: 1. -Anagothm ges lngugeeepencon yout te progam 2. estes proce of sono 9 gn robin, nich vey es and simple unestaa thas got df proce {1635 10S velop anal an than cone into Rea a hen iro compe progam 5. seat deta every sepingt toumlop enue Diadranages: 1 Rletine consi, 2.11 cambesome,a¢ an sgt is disp fst wich ie comered into fowchar td ten compute prom, + sluon of ee poiem soul be pain tatie mann 8 epopstep Sem Ts pling canbe symbol epreseried wth te use of wears. + Monch s gph rpenaion sprog eae alg lpebilem tobe saad + Honhat is an pret to which is us by programas and nat or acing ‘he vomatnfow ad the age oqenes for te proce + -Atouetar 2 daganmat epresetiton ht uate te sequin apuations ‘oe pelomed ooe the soon of prs, -Aflwebat desc ht opened in wha sequence) ae rnibd ts rave & cn pee Flowchart ate wed in anning degning, docmneting managing 8 poses or poyam veo as The puzose of foment to show fow ae sequen a see o be Peformes wo getasiton of probes, Principles of Flowcharting: 1 Peto repsetton of fucka makes K:# comenint method of ¢ promotes ipl accra anda to cnet ropramming takes cetiat ro path ise compete thot ary action bag ae [halo to dele programlogcad sae a dcunetation. isan imporor too for aning ard dering sew yar, compte profesional ue olin types of fonhas 1. System flowchart Used shay. Ts flonan shows aes process, sbstens eng and operate on dna te Program flowchart. Vd by computer tegen This four shows {rogram sruur logic ow and opretons petra a4.441 Definition + We cn dfn fonchart a "samba rpresanteton of ston to be gen ask prin + “Gap aprsetton of proces clad as Nowa 1+ Alon sper eesetatn of aor’ on “Poxctaniss pictorial mba representation ofa genplan’. * 4142 Flowchart Symbols + veh use sacl hoes to reper fret types factors or eps in prow + Foloig eb 2 sows tere fowcaring sls “able 1.1: lochating symbol Ssmbet | Nae tert) eal Co [pews Aopen con sep. © Prenat ‘it rs pon oes Oo Decision ‘A question or branch in the process. To [reid poses _[Atonay sentir ~ Jomo) [nner cn para xpa Oh sed rom oe Teen Adour ret Cin w ca ie conan. Peparion__[AReperton otup eco sp [evn tne ey OO [ecwacer Amp ono ptt ater CU __ [oreo comaaer | contusion at water pie a Menge (Storage) Merge maltiproces into one. LD [etc erecta messuenent. > ‘Symbol | Rane aert) Nesing Cl feet aa sarap smbainonch. Gimme acai (east) CO) Toovectacesssterage | Sorage ona ars dak ag ects erent ows Tater ces =| Anetra normal process 41.4.3 Advantages + Tetons advange of tochas fl 1. Proper Documentation Foch seve 3s. good program dcumenttn which isreded ovatus upon . 2 ‘ffent Coding: Te fowchas 2 a « gue or Burnt rng the sstms ays end rasan separ pas, | Efient Program Maintenance: Te intannce of opting program bcomes ‘yh the hop of fewer. hag he programm to pu ellos more ceca on ta pat ‘4. Proper Debugging Te toner has n debugpng proce, |. Cermunicatio: Fuchs are beter nyo commun he gi oem twaleoncemed {6 tectve Analysis Vth help of neha. prota canbe ane a are + Theciaératagesintatons of nena a3 fos 1 Los of techni deta Th ero wt sane co ay be os athe ‘eda detest how te gona 2 Complex lope: Sonsins the progam lg ie gut complete. ota ce, ouch beams comple sch. 3 Awations and Modetone: H ateons are cue, the och may recur earning comet | Reproduction: he owe gnbol ano be type raped of owcht beams rei, 5. Time consuming: Depng ond conetctng » orca tne ening Forchart eqies morte to cerstcta gatos EBKH.|__288 rset aig ompuson (iferenc) between Aiport and Flowchart ‘Alert Howat ee fs spe tos Hat ae needed ta | representation fan alot save probl, 72. An sort is decipin of Row ta] 2A ows cnt os squnce ‘ary eat & pros. An sgortken iss |_iracone rtd ager y anon ‘oe eps ose must be fellowed | to show the o¥der In whch te cnpete he proces. iractone rat be cae 3 A alain i preci le fre of] Each sect put oto The les) specting Now to she sone| ome xe dfrent shaper of poten. Algo i sapwse aay] depending upon what be ct | fe work be dons. is “© oti ges lngvge Independent | Howchan gies agial ow layout te program pte. program erpebien 5 arto pate 5 Dia upae {Le tne quedo anyon | Tne consaning to wit od an 6 4.5.4 What Is Complexity? + Conpety of an suet a fnton of se Ing of ie poe inne ‘ich teins now mh rning meena pce ede the grt ‘ro runtoconpiion 1 suppose Msn alg and ni he ea he pt dt, The tne a pce by he agrthm Meth to man mesure fo th eficency of MT te ranred by oun th mumbo ey eprsone arin ng sachs + The complet of en agartion M te etn whch geste ring me on crsorage req te agit tems fh sn norte nt, + Faquenty the storage spac require by a agri sey «muti of he dts size ts imped Dat he te “comply shall rele oe running Sine of he seemte, + banpe nt otogameng get BBA + Thee statement seated ne Tecondioni ches fo rom toa es {nd snetonf etcted mine 0 get opt The atl ruber of ements ‘reed ba 2 Wesy hat he cal ofthe oar os The nln rod tip die OF. 5 + Wipe ten computational compo ich ies chaacraton otha tine ore sce Iequrenentto robe epablem ys pts ager +f of he program eqs tro mah cosets ae tne comply an thar space compe. 41.5.2 Time Complexity +The in complesy oa rogram Fath the rout of compere ha it rede nto compleen + Tomeaue tne cpl ofan agit, we concent on developing ery the rnc coun ory sate Defnton: 1 Tinecomplesty "2 mesure ofthe amount tine eqledo uct an alge ok + Tete complet ofan algortimor pega the anout of tin it sed t ron tocompeton or + Tine completers, "the tne required forthe compute to run prog’. {The act tne il oped onthe inlenetaon a hearth, eraming \Gngnge opting te capaites fhe carpet eed te CPU spac other hrdare crcerstcpecinion aed son + Tereaare me complet of am goth oe connate on dawn ony the ‘reuency court forty Semen. T'igeriam at sea 2. Aperiam® + force Ltonsyp2 heaed loop feexe itonsiot feyetions pened 3. Moat ¢ loop + Fequengy cout of ae A 1. Feeney court of ago B i Frequency court alge cst + Tine cpiety of nton& Of est contain lane. Tne comp of» lop sconce a5 Of) the lacy vata Is nce or acer by ‘onan sour Tene corps of rad op aut the runber tes the lonemot ater sce ere the tne comply of goth AO, goth 8 i On, grt € is on + Tis sears we wil tein ony tase sttements which may have te geatt regency count1.8.3 Space Complexity + These conpesy of an art ox progr ihe aur memory tai ds tonntocomleton Detnion 1+ Space comply i ats te amount of mmr th propa algo computer nedsto run 2 on 1 The space complet of a algrte te aout of ema eqid to ete 6 couter >= 2 Gato tp 5 stp 8:Pie son ‘Step a0:Sop.Pinning Ato (EAIC.4 134th Shy pg mig pie JONAC9—_i8 Flowchart: Fs Tea ge pp Indl Tem and Common Dilfernc giv Find the N® term, Foxrane. tl tr 2, Canon fence 4 Ten er 26 10, 1k, dB, ae tee (rem conor bierece Algo Sepissan ep 2 en ail ter sit ep 3: firs Common arn CO step en nto as step: Poti step 6 tourer ‘Step 7 Clase =F + Supe Pnttt ‘Step Aa to counter ‘Step 101 outers oho an Got sep eT ae tern in rm sept apa as pro tent ends ring Mere Step 12:59 Flowchart : 6 Algor an flowchart pint a given sing digit uber te word. gorithm: Step tesa Step 2 Real he number Step 3 punber = Othe ge Ze Goto Sp 13 Step Ai uber = 1 ho One Gat taySpl ier = 2s pn Ws Gata SB supsten=a Sepia steno eco Sep 3 | Sn faye Cnr? Sp nue “Ahn pon tr, omg eee Step 8: if nmber = 5 then print ive, Goto Step 23, ‘Sp Gv nO Comte = Pte use ote Sap. 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