Q3 a) An account holder of a bank visits “Passbook printing kiosk” to print the pending records on the

passbook. During the interaction, the user has to select a few options from many, enter account
number details. Categorize what all interaction styles are covered and not covered in the above
example. [5]

When an account holder uses a passbook printing kiosk, multiple interaction styles come into play.
The covered interaction styles are: - Menu selection – the user selects from available options such
as “Print Pending Transactions”. - Form filling – the user enters account details like account
number. - Direct manipulation – the user interacts with a touchscreen by tapping buttons. The not
covered interaction styles are: - Command line interface (CLI) – no typing commands. - Natural
language interface – no voice/text conversation. - WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer) – only
partial menus, not full desktop style. ■ The kiosk mainly uses menu selection, form filling, and direct
manipulation, while CLI, natural language, and complete WIMP features are not covered.

Q3 b) Correlate the relationship between HCI and Ergonomics. [5]

Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) designs systems to be efficient and user-friendly. Ergonomics

Q3 c) Consider yourself a designer. Which 5 most important individual differences will bother you
while designing any product or interface for all. [5]

Important individual differences include: 1. Age differences – children vs elderly. 2. Education &
literacy – tech-savvy vs beginners. 3. Physical abilities – vision, hearing, motor skills. 4. Cultural
background – colors, icons mean different things. 5. Cognitive style & memory – fast vs slow
learners. ■ A universal design must adapt to these five key differences to ensure inclusiveness.

Q4 a) Organize the following three scenarios with reference to the fastest to slowest response time by
human without any disability with right justification. [5] i) Touching the base of hot iron. ii) Applying
brakes to red signal. iii) Loud noise of firecracker within proximity to ears.

Response times differ: - Touching hot iron → Reflex via spinal cord → fastest. - Firecracker noise
→ Startle reflex via auditory system → second fastest. - Applying brakes → Requires perception &
decision → slowest. ■ Final order: Hot iron (fastest) → Firecracker noise → Braking (slowest).

Q4 b) An interface designer should make the design more intuitive instead of making it ambiguous as
it reduces user’s memory load. Discuss any two applications which satisfy the above statement. [5]

Two examples of intuitive design: - Google Search: Simple search box, no training required. -
Smartphone Icons: Camera icon for photos, Trash bin for delete. ■ Intuitive design reduces
memory load by using familiar cues and symbols.

Q4 c) Write a long-term memory model script for the following case. Owner went to Veterinary doctor’s
clinic along with the dog. [5]

Memory script: - Event stored in episodic memory (personal experience). - Knowledge about
dogs/clinics in semantic memory. - Future visits recall this structured event. ■ The vet visit is stored
as episodic memory linked with semantic knowledge.

Q3 a) Describe and explain structure of memory with diagram. [5]

Memory is structured as: - Sensory Memory: Raw input for milliseconds. - Short-Term Memory
(STM): Holds 7±2 items, lasts 20–30 sec. - Long-Term Memory (LTM): Permanent, unlimited
storage. Diagram: Input → Sensory → STM → LTM. ■ STM is temporary, LTM is permanent and
vast.

Q3 b) Write a short note on “Models of interaction”. [5]

Models of interaction include: - Command line model: text-based commands. - Menu selection
model: choosing from options. - Form fill-in: structured data entry. - Direct manipulation: icons,
drag-and-drop. - Natural language: speech/text input. ■ These models define how users and
systems exchange information.

Q3 c) Consider yourself an interface designer. Articulate 5 most important individual differences which
will bother you while designing any product or interface for all types of humans. [5]

The same five differences apply as earlier: 1. Age group. 2. Education & literacy. 3. Physical
abilities. 4. Cultural background. 5. Cognitive style. ■ These differences ensure inclusivity in
design.

Q4 a) “Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; positive affect can make it easier to do
difficult tasks”. Support your opinion with relevant example. [5]

Negative affect (stress, anger) → simple tasks become difficult (e.g., mistyping password). Positive
affect (calm, happy) → complex tasks become easier (e.g., solving puzzles faster). ■ Positive
emotions enhance performance, negative emotions hinder it.

Q4 b) List and explain in short, the two sub-types of Long-Term memory. [5]

- Declarative (explicit memory): Facts & events, e.g., birthdays. - Procedural (implicit memory):
Skills & habits, e.g., cycling. ■ LTM is divided into declarative and procedural memory.

Q4 c) Consider yourself an interface designer. What measures will you take to reduce number of
“Human errors” committed by users while using the interface. [5]

Measures: - Provide clear feedback (e.g., 'Enter 10 digits'). - Offer undo/redo. - Use confirmation
dialogs. - Keep design consistent. - Add auto-fill/auto-correct. ■ Errors reduce when the system
guides, prevents, and corrects users.

Q3 a) “Human emotions play an important role in designing a GUI for any application” Elaborate your
answer with example. [5]

Human emotions influence motivation and usability. - Positive GUI: friendly icons, colors → user
confidence. - Negative GUI: harsh error messages → frustration. - Example: A smiling success icon
increases satisfaction. ■ GUI design must engage emotions positively.

Q3 b) What is WIMP interface? Explain how to use its elements to design user interface. [5]

WIMP = Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer. - Windows: Manage multiple tasks. - Icons: Visual
representation of actions. - Menus: Organized options. - Pointer: Navigate easily. ■ WIMP makes
UI graphical, intuitive, and user-friendly.

Q3 c) List five human senses and identify those that are most important to HCI. [5]

Five senses: Sight, Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste. Important to HCI: Sight (visual displays), Hearing
(audio alerts), Touch (haptics). ■ HCI mainly uses visual, auditory, and tactile senses.
Q4 a) List different interaction styles. Explain command line interface with advantages and
disadvantages. [5]

Interaction styles: Command line, Menu selection, Form filling, Direct manipulation, Natural
language. Command line interface: - Advantages: Fast for experts, powerful. - Disadvantages: Hard
for beginners, error-prone. ■ CLI is efficient but not user-friendly for novices.

Q4 b) Explain the concept of Ergonomics with example. [5]

Ergonomics designs tools to match human comfort and safety. Example: Adjustable office chair
reduces back strain, keyboard with wrist rest prevents injury. ■ Ergonomics ensures safe, efficient,
and comfortable human use of systems.

Q4 c) Differentiate between human short-term memory and long-term memory. [5]

- Short-Term Memory (STM): Stores ~7 items for 20–30 sec, temporary. - Long-Term Memory
(LTM): Unlimited storage, permanent. ■ STM is short-lived and limited, LTM is long-lasting and
vast.