Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
Cystitis (UTI)
Uncomplicated, responds well to antibiotic. Caused mostly by e coli. No casts present in ua c& s
pyelonephritis
kidney infection
Complicated
Iv atb to treat
Classic triad: vomiting, flank pain, fever
Casts are present in ua c& s
calcium oxalate
most common type of kidney stone
Most common site of renal calculus
Ureterovesicular junction
Gold standard diagnosis for renal calculus
Ct scan
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
True or false: all types of renal stones can be seen on ct scan
True
Kidney stones that pass on their own
< 0.5 cm
Kidney stones that cause obstruction
>1.0cm
goals of treatment for renal stones
manage acute pain
promote passage of stone
reduce stone size
prevent new stone formation
prevention of renal stone formation include which two elements
Citrate &
magnesium
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
Most common type of renal stone
Calcium stone
Calcium stones are treated with ________ to promote excretion of stone
Thiazide diuretic
Causes of struvite stones
UTI
bacteria : klebsiella, enterobacteria
which elements combine to make struvite stones?
ammonia, magesium, phosphate
Type of renal stone found in children, with genetic causing factor
Cystine stone
sudden loss of renal function, reversible , kidneys respond well to diuretics
acute renal failure (ARF)
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
labs - creatinine increased at least 50% from base line, decreased creatinine clearance
Acute renal failure
ARF stage that is identified by 1-3 days with elevated BUN and Creatinine, decreased urine
output
Onset
ARF stage identified by output <400ml/day, elevated BUN and Creatinine, Phosphate and
Potassium. May last 14 days
Oliguric
ARF stage identified by increased output , no waste secretion
Diuretic
ARF stage where renal function returns
Recovery
CKD stage is determined by......
GFR and albuminuria
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
Sudden and severe drop in blood pressure , injury occurs before the kidney, decreased blood flow
to glomerulus leads to low GFR, RAAS activation to increase sodium and water re-absorbsion .
Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule to take up sodium and water to increase blood pressure
Pre -renal injury
intra renal damage is caused by.....
toxins, inflammation, drugs, infection
example of intra renal damage
glomerulonephritis
Best way to differentiate between pre and intra renal damage
BUN & creatinine comparison
renal failure with sudden obstruction in urine flow, begins a s a pre renal issue, caused by
obstruction, occurs unilaterally,
post renal failure
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
- Metabolic acidosis.
- Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
- Drug toxicity
- Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
- Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
the progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as htn , diabetes
CKD /Chronic Kidney Disease
GFR <15 indicates what stage CKD
stage 5
GFR 15-29 indicates what stage CKD
stage 4
GFR 30-59 indicates what stage CKD
stage 3
GFR 60-89 indicates what stage of chronic kidney disease
stage 2
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
GFR 90-120 indicates what stage of CKD
stage 1
Warning signs of GERD
>50 yrs old, odynophagia, N&V, weight loss, melena, early satiety
Associated with GERD diagnosis, often asymptomatic
hiatal hernia
conservative treatment, suggestion is to eat small frequent meals and stay upright after eating
sliding hiatial hernia
Characterized by chronic intermittent epigastric pain, decreases after meals. Pain can occur in the
middle of the night and disappears by the morning , no risk of cancer, Caused by NSAID use
Duodenal ulcer
Characterized by increased pain after meals. Increased risk of cancer
Gastric ulcer
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
depression theory that states the cause of depression is decreased levels of serotonin,
norepinephrine and dopamine ( monamines)
monoamine deficiency theory
breaks in the integrity of the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, least likely to
occur in the large intestine
Peptic Ulcer disease
social anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or
scrutinized by others in social situations
consistent finding , enlargement of lateral and third ventricles and the widening of the
frontocortical fissures and sulci are characteristics of ....
Schizophrenia
the most common thyroid disorder
hypothyroidism
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
Released by the anterior pituitaty
TSH
Stage of schizophrenia that presents as withdrawn, seclusion, mimics depression
prodromal phase
Stage of Schizophrenia that presents as more severe symptoms of delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech
active phase
High TSH, low T4/TH, fatigue, diminished deep tendon reflexes=
primary hypothyroidism
cause of secondary hypothyroidism
pituitary malfunction, hypothalamic malfunction
Hypothyroidism symptoms
low metabolism, cold intolerance, weight gain, fatigue, weak pulse, decreased alertness
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
promotes the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the hypothalamus
hypothalamic-pituitary axis
hypothalamus and pituitary action to regulate the levels of certain endocrine hormones through a
negative feedback system
hypothalamus--> TRH--> Pituitary--> TSH--> Thyroid--> TH (T3&T4)
two categories of ophthalmopathy in graves disease
functional: lag, upward gaze
infiltrative: enlargement of ocular muscles
two most distinguishing factors of graves disease
pretibial myxedema
exophthalmos
hyperthyroidism/ grave's disease
abnormally high secretion of thyroid hormones
High TH and Low TSH, enlarged liver, hand tremors
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
hyperthyroidism
primary hyperthyroidism causes
Grave's Disease (most common cause)
Toxic Multinodular goiter
Thyroid Carcinoma
Toxic adenoma
Thyroiditis
Type of diabetes Caused by environmental factors
viral infections
[Link]
exposure to cows milk
lack of vitamin D
type 1 DM
insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly where?
liver, muscle, adipose tissue
Autonomic neuropathy complications of DM
gastrointestinal decreased mobility, decreased emptying
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
secrete glucagon
alpha cells
secrete insulin and glucagon
beta cells
secrete gastrin
delta cells
Secrete polypeptide hormones
F (pp) cells
close relation to insulin , regulates blood glucose by delaying gastric emptying and suppression f
glucagon secretion
Amylin
s/s of autonomic neuropathy
feeling full after small meal (satiety)
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
constipation
diarrhea
nausea after eating
blood glucose < 70
tachycardia
palpitations
diaphoresis
tremors
pallor
seizure
hypoglycemia s/s
most common cause of hyper calcemia
hyperparathyroidism
caused by a parathyroid gland tumor
primary hyperparathyroidism
increased PTH secretion in response to hypocalcemia, usually caused by CKD
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
causes distal 1/3 of radius to have decreased bone density, pathological fractures (Brown tumors)
, mental changes, fatigue
hypercalcemia
inhibits PTH secretion
hypomagnesemia
causes of hypomagnesemia in hypoparathyroidism (Inhibits PTH secretion)
Malnutrition, alcoholism, diarrhea, vomiting, polyuria
Hypocalcemia S/S
Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around mouth, horizontal ridges on nails,
Convulsions,
Positive Chvostek sign,
Positive Trousseau sign,
*Pt at risk for tetany.
Chovstek's sign
Tap facial nerve=> Muscle spasm
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
Trousseau's sign
arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause of hypoparathyroidism
Cause of hypoparathyroidism
Thyroid or parathyroid surgery, autoimmune, congenital
___________ inhibits PTH secretion
hypomagnesemia
Hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome)
hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands
S/S of Cushing's
truncal obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, purple striae, moon face, buffalo hump , glucose
intolerance
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
preferred treatment for hypercorticolism
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Hypercortisolism
(Addisonian crisis) onset
hypotension
N/V confusion, abdominal pain, extreme weakness, hypoglycemia, dehydration, decreased BP
Cause of Addisonian crisis
acute withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy,
ACTH increased, serum and urine cortisol levels are decreased in....
primary hypercortisolism
smoking vitamin d deficiency and Epstein barr virus are risk factors of....
Multiple sclerosis
cluster headache
Unilateral, severe periorbital headache with tearing and conjunctival erythema.
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
migraine headache
a headache characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head, pain worsens with activity,
and is followed by nausea , vomiting or photophobia
tension headache
pain is like a band squeezing the head. Most prevalent type of headache. Bilateral pain
Bell's Palsy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of
the face
Clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis
fever, nuchal rigidity, photophobia, headache, positive brudzinski and kernig's sign, confusion,
skin rash, and changes in LOC
Kernig's sign
inability to extend the leg completely when the thigh is flexed
Brudzinski's sign
Final Exam Study Guide: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/
2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions
and Answers| 100% Correct Elaborations | Grade A –
Chamberlain
pain with resistance and involuntary flex of hip/knee when neck is flexed to chest when lying
supine
Aca infarct results in
Motor deficits contra lateral paralysis
Basilar artery infarct deficits
Contra lateral loss of sense of position and movement sensations
Rosacea
Familial , increased by sun, heat, alcohol, hot beverages, hormones, derm mites,stress
Melanoma
The most serious form of skin cancer, thickness impacts diagnosis
Plaque Psoriasis
the most common type of psoriasis, characterized by plaques of thick, scaly red
