Construction Technology

TECHNICAL DRAWING

Bertrand HOUX September 2016

Construction Technology Technical Drawing

Technical Drawing

SUMMARY
I – Generalities
1.1 - Purpose of technical drawing
1.2 - A little history
1.3 - Types of drawings............................................................................................2

II – Fundamental conventions of technical drawing...........................................4

2.1 – Principles of representation ............................................................................4
2.1.1 – Views of an object.........................................................................................4
2.1.2 – Image projection
2.1.3 - Orthographic representation................................................................6
2.1.4 – Fundamental Principles
2.1.5 – Designation and arrangement of views .........................................................7
2.2 – Characteristics of documents
2.2.1 - Scales ....................................................................................................7
2.2.2 – Standardized formats..................................................................................8
2.2.3 - Cartouche
2.2.4 – Nomenclature
2.2.5 – Main features
2.3 - Representative Views
2.3.1 – Partial views........................................................................................10
2.3.2 – Interrupted views .................................................................................11
2.3.3 – Symmetrical parts ................................................................................11
2.3.4 - Auxiliary Views ......................................................................................11
2.3.5 – Detail views.........................................................................................11

III – Cuts and sections...........................................................................................12

3.1 - Coupes .................................................................12
3.1.1 - Representation.......................................................................................12
3.1.2 – Hachures
3.1.3 – Additional rules........................................................................13
3.2 – Half-Coupes
3.3 – Partial couplings ..........................................................................................14
3.4 – Broken couplings with parallel plans ............................................................... 14
3.5 – Broken coupes with oblique plans..................................................................14
3.6 – Sections
3.6.1 - Exit sections......................................................................................15
3.6.2 – Folded sections..................................................................................15

IV - Representation of threads .........................................................15

4.1 - Definition........................................................................................................15
4.2 - Representation
4.2.1 – Threaded element .........................................................................................15
4.2.2 – Threaded Element.....................................................................................16
4.2.3 - Examples ...............................................................................................16

V – Representation of the rating..........................................................................16

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I – Generalities

1.1 - Purpose of technical drawing

Technical drawing is the basic graphic document that defines the geometry.
of an object or a product. It allows for the transition from idea to realization. Therefore, it is essential
to master one's understanding. Technical drawing is a technical language that allows
to express ideas about the forms of a technical object. It is the essential means of
communication between the various partners involved in the development of a project.

1.2 - A bit of history

Modern technical drawing was developed from the works of Gaspard Monge.
(1746 - 1818) who is recognized as the inventor of descriptive geometry. The geometry
descriptive fut kept secret until 1795. Subsequently, the teaching of this field
is transmitted in France, Germany, and the United States. The original descriptive geometry
uses the principle of the 'first dihedral'. This means that the top view is located below
the front view and the right view are placed on the left side of this one.
Since the beginning of the 20th century,
we use the projection on the
third dihedral (top view
at the top of the front view and the view of
right to the right of this one) in the States-
United and in Canada. This difference
between Europe and America endures.

Figure 1: Projection method

Technical drawing continued its evolution throughout the 20th century, particularly in
level of interchangeability of parts. Various standards (ANSI, CSA, ISO) and books have
were created to standardize communication through technical drawing and tolerancing
(which ensures the interchangeability of parts).
Since the end of the 20th century, paper and pencil have gradually been replaced by
Computing. The first software was used to reproduce by computing what one
was done on a drawing table. Little by little, specialized software appeared.
These software programs allow for the virtual modeling of an object. The software can then create,
almost automatically, the technical drawing.

1.3 - Types of drawings

Technical drawings are divided into several complementary families:
VThe overall drawings: they allow for a non-representational depiction
schematic, more or less detailed, to a certain scale, of installations,
machines, buildings, various technical systems, etc. made up of
various basic elements (commercial components, parts…).

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We will add all the views

necessary for the good
understanding of the device.
Functional games will be
stipulated. All the parts
will be referenced.

Figure 2: Overall drawing of a

punch with nomenclature

Figure 3: Overview drawing of an air compressor

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VThe definition drawings: they complement the previous ones and define
completely each of the basic elements of a product and the requirements to which
It must satisfy. They are often used to establish contracts between designers and
directors or between clients and executors, particularly for control or
the reception.

Figure 4: Design definition of a sheath

In addition to the specifications relating to the mechanical and chemical characteristics of

materials, the definition of the finished product must include a functional specification
specifying the permissible material limit states and possibly prescriptions
geometric correction and surface condition.
They can be considered as a specification document.

II – Fundamental conventions of technical drawing

As specified in §I, these conventions are described in detail in
different standards that will be referred to.

2.1 – Principles of representation

2.1.1 - Views of an object
A photograph or a drawing in perspective will show any object such as
it appears to the eye of an observer. No matter the viewpoint of such an image, one cannot
fully and accurately describe the true dimensions.

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In the industry, it is essential to have the exact and complete description of an object.
to manufacture it according to the specifications of its designer. To achieve this,
The use of multi-view drawings proves to be very useful.
Such a drawing can usually consist of one, two, or three views or more.
to define the object. The choice of the view or views and the number of them depends on the
complexity of the object to be represented.
Since an object has three main dimensions: width, height and
Depth is normally represented in technical drawing using three views.
main: front view, top view, right side view.

2.1.2 – Projection of an image

Usually, two methods are used to project an image:
VThe conical projection: rays
convergent to the eye,

Figure 5: conical projection

VThe orthogonal projection: rays

parallel to the eye,

Figure 6: orthogonal projection

Conical projection Parallel projection

Figure 7: perspective representation Figure 8: isometric view representation

The different projection methods used in technical drawing are defined by

the standard NF EN ISO 5456-1. This standard defines three types of projection:
VThe orthogonal projection (NF EN ISO 5456-2),
VThe axonometric projection (NF EN ISO 5456-3),
VThe central projection (NF EN ISO 5456-4).
It is the so-called orthographic representation that is commonly used.

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2.1.3 – Spelling representation

This representation is
obtained through projections
orthogonal parallel and gives
of the views two-dimensional
systematically positioned
each other.

Figure 9: orthogonal projection

2.1.4 – Fundamental principles

First principle:
Each view of a room is in
correspondence with the other views.
We will use the angles for this purpose.
fictitious of the projection cube like
Reminder lines
pivots, as well as reminder lines
for construction.

Figure 10: illustration of 1heprinciple

Reminder lines

Second principle:
On a definition drawing, the visible parts as well as the parts are represented.
hidden. For the hidden parts, we will limit ourselves to the most important for a good
understanding the forms of the play.
VThe lines seen are represented in bold.
VThe hidden lines are represented by thin dotted lines.
VThe axes of revolution or symmetry are represented in fine mixed lines.

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2.1.5 - Designation and arrangement of views

It may be necessary to use 6 views
F B positioned according to A, B, C, D, E, and F for
fully represent an object. The view the most
the characteristic of the object is normally chosen
as seen from the front. The relative layout of the views
D depends on the chosen projection method (1her
dihedral or 3thdihedral.

C
A

E
Figure 11: the different views

Next view View

A face up
B from above
C on the left
Figure 12: arrangement of views
D on the right
E from below
F from the back

Remarks:
° Never write the name of the views. It is determined by the relative position of
each view.
° In practice, a part must be completely and unambiguously defined by a
minimal number of views. We choose the most representative views and that
contain the least hidden parts (often 3 views are sufficient). In the example
the front, top and right views allow for representation
completely the room.
° Do not draw view after view, but match each line on each
seen through the construction traits.
° In Europe, the position of the views of the studied object corresponds to the method of
projection of the first dihedral. It is indicated by a symbol placed above
the scale in the cartridge.

2.2 - Document characteristics

2.2.1 - Scales
When the objects are large or small, it is necessary to make reductions or
enlargements to represent them.

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The scale of a plan indicates the ratio between the drawn dimensions and the
real dimensions.

Common scales

in true size 1:1

on reduction 1:2 1:5 1 : 10 1 : 20 1 : 50 1 : 100 1 : 200 1 : 500 1 : 1000 …

in enlargement 2 : 1 5:1 10 : 1 20 : 1 50 : 1 1 …

2.2.2 – Standardized formats

The dimensions of the sheets on which the plans are laid conform to a
normalization. The international standard ISO defines the ISO paper sizes, used in
most countries today. These formats are called folding formats because they are
obtained by subdividing the largest dimension of the previous format in 2.
The original format is A0 from which all other formats are derived.
obtained (1m² surface sheet). Thus, these formats remain proportional and can
to be easily juxtaposed or stored.
The length to width ratio must always be 2 . The A3 format (420
x 297) is derived from A4 format by multiplying the smallest dimension by two (210 x 2 =
420) and so on for the other formats.

Figure 13: main standardized formats

2.2.3 - Cartouche
The cartouche is the ID card of the drawing. Its location in the format is
indicated figure 13. This position does not depend on the reading direction of the drawing.

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It gathers the essential information of the drawing: main scale, title,

ISO symbol for layout of views, format, ... and indications on updates.
There are many models of cartridges.

Figure 14: example of a cartouche

2.2.4 – Nomenclature
The nomenclature is a complete list.
elements that make up a set. Its
the connection with the drawing is ensured by some
markers (numbers).
In the nomenclature, the specifications
which must appear for each part of a
the following are: reference, quantity of
parts of the same type, designation, material,
observations (additional information).
The order of the reference numbers is
croissant and generally indicates the order of
assembly of parts.
Put a dot at the end of the line
detachment of the reference point if it ends inside
from the piece, an arrow if it ends on its
contour.

Figure 15: overall drawing with nomenclature

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2.2.5 - Main features

We use many different strokes for drawing. Each stroke has its nature.
(continuous, interrupted, mixed), a thickness (thick, thin) and corresponds to a use.

Figure 16: main types of standardized strokes

2.3 - Representation Views

2.3.1 – Partial views

In the case where only a part of
the play is useful for understanding, one can
only draw this part.
This view must be limited by a line.
continuous line drawn freehand or in a zigzag.

Figure 17: example of partial view

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2.3.2 – Interrupted views

In the case where the piece is very long,
one can only draw the parties
important.
Two fine continuous lines drawn by hand
lifting or zigzag limit the parts
interrupted.
Figure 18: example of interrupted view

2.3.3 - Symmetrical parts

To save time and
save space, we can
represent the symmetrical pieces
by only part of their view
(often half or a quarter).
The plane of symmetry is then
identified by a mixed trait on which
at the ends, two
fine parallel small lines.

Figure 19: example of a symmetrical part

2.3.4 – Auxiliary views
When it is not easy to
Vue F represent the play from the
usual projection plans, we can
define projection directions
anyone by an arrow with a
F reference letter. This letter must also
Vue G figure near the auxiliary view.

G Figure 20: example of auxiliary views

Detail B
2.3.5 - Detailed views
In order to show details of a room, one can
zoom in on a part of a view.
It will be necessary to indicate below the view
the scale of representation of the detail view.
Detail S

Detail B Figure 21: example of detail views

Scale 30:1 Detail S
Scale 20:1

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III - Cuts and sections

To improve the clarity of the drawings, cross-sectional views are created. This allows
to replace hidden outlines located inside the rooms with visible outlines.
We imagine a cut of the room by an imaginary plane, and we represent the part.
of the piece that remains at the back of the cutout plan.

Figure 22: principle of section views: section plan

3.1 - Coupes

3.1.1 - Representation

The cutting plan is indicated

by an axis line ending with
two small strong lines.
The sense of observation is
given by two directed arrows
towards the part to be retained.
Two uppercase letters (AA,
BB ...) allow to spot the
cutting plan and the view
correspondent.
•

Figure 23: standardized representation of the cut object

3.1.2 – Hachures
The hatching indicates the areas where the material has been
cut. They are drawn in fine continuous lines. The pattern
hatchings can indicate the nature of the material. The
different cuts of the same piece must have the
same hatching. Different pieces belonging to a
same set in cuts must have hatching
different. Figure 24: example of a section on a set

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3.1.3 – Additional rules

The ribs, pulley arms, flywheel .. are not
hashed when the cutting plane passes through their
floor plan of larger area.

Figure 25: example of

rib cut
Axe

Nerve

Figure 26: example of axis section

Full revolution coins are never cut.

Axes, trees, balls, screws, bolts, nuts, rivets, keys, ...
Visa

Bill

Figure 28: example of

cut of a ball
Nut

Figure 27: example of a bolt cross-section

3.2 – Half-Coupes
One half of the view is cut off, the other half remains in
normal view.

Figure 29: example of a ½ section

Figure 29: example
of ½ cup

Figure 30: example of a ½ section

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3.3 - Partial cuts

The partial cut allows for
show a detail inside a
piece. The hatching is limited by
a fine line drawn freehand.

Figure 31: example of partial section

3.4 – Broken coupes with parallel planes

This type of cut is used with objects having interior contours.
relatively complex and often avoids the use of several normal cuts.
The cutting plan is
built from plans of
parallel classic coupes
between them.
The correspondence
between the views is in this
sealed case.

Figure 32: example of a broken section (parallel plans)

3.5 – Broken cuts with oblique planes

The section plan consists of intersecting planes. The cut view is obtained by
bringing together in the same plane all the cut sections. The correspondence of the views is not
which is partially preserved.

Figure 33: example of a broken section (oblique planes)

3.6 – Sections
The sections are defined in the same way.
way that the cuts (cut plan,
, arrows, ...).
Unlike cuts, only the
the cut part is drawn and not the
visible parties at the back of the cut plan. Figure 34: principle of sections

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3.6.1 – Sections outputs

They are drawn, the

more often, right of the plan
of cut if the place it
allows. The registration of the plan
the cut can be omitted.

Figure 35 : examples of
exit sections

3.6.2 – Folded sections

These sections are drawn with fine continuous lines directly on the usual view. For
more clarity, the shapes of the object seen under the section will not be represented.

Figure 36: examples of folded sections

IV - Representation of threads
4.1 - Definition
The threading is the male part of a helical connection, the tapping (or threading)
interior) is the female part of such a connection.
For the screw (thread), the nominal diameter is defined at the top of the threads (d).
For the nut, the
nominal diameter is
defined at the bottom of the nets
(D).
To assemble a
you see a nut, it is necessary that
d = D. Figure 37: nominal diameters
Figure 37: nominal diameters v s andofnut
screws and nuts

4.2 - Representation

4.2.1 - Threaded element

Figure 38: Threading

nominal

Fine line representing the bottom of the net 3/4 of a circle 2/3 of a circle

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4.2.2 – Threaded element

Figure 39: threading

nominal

120°

3/4 of a circle 2/3 of a circle

2/3

4.2.3 - Examples

Figure 41: bolted assembly

Figure 40: assembly by screw

Figure 42: tapped outlet hole

V – Representation of the quotation

Dimensions (dimensional)
Dimensions (geometric)
Reminder lines

Side lines

Figure 43: writing Tolerance (dimensional)

of the quotation

Geometric tolerance

Symbol diameter
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