SAN CARLOS UNIVERSITY OF GUATEMALA

FACULTY OF AGRONOMY
TECHNOLOGICAL AREA
SUBAREA OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

MANUAL OF TECHNICAL DRAWING

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PRACTICE I

INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL DRAWING AND LETTERING

1. INTRODUCTION

The recording of information on paper or any other surface requires a series of

instruments for its execution. Each of the straight or curved lines requires
tools to place them on paper accurately and efficiently, even when it comes to
from freehand strokes.

Using different types of lines, all necessary information is graphically expressed in the
construction and/or representation of plans or structures. This information may include dimensions of
its measurements, notes on characteristics, titles and/or subtitles, among others. The objective is
to create labels that are legible, uniform, and quickly executed (García, 1991).

In this practice, the proper use of instruments, freehand drawing, and

subsequently the labeling used in technical drawing. Taking into account the execution
correct boxes for placing essential information in the exercises.

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General

That the student acquires the skills and dexterity for freehand drawing and the
labeling used in the field of agricultural engineering.

2.2. Specific

That the student knows the main parameters for the selection and use of
instruments in technical drawing.
That the student acquires the skills and abilities of freehand drawing.
That the student acquires the skills and abilities for proper labeling.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. Selection of instruments

Sometimes the student is tempted by the idea of buying cheap instruments to

to learn, with the hope of acquiring better ones later. With care
reasonable, a good quality toolset will last a lifetime, while those of
poor quality will cause difficulties from the beginning.

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The main features of the instruments are presented below

frequently used in technical drawing focused on agronomy:
Drawing boards
The edge of the board must be straight and should be checked with a ruler. The materials
For their construction, they must be rigid, strong, and lightweight.
Drawing paper
The paper must be of a sufficiently thick grain to grip the pencil, it should be
pleasant to the eye, having a resistant surface that does not easily yield to pressure
of the pencil leaving its mark and being of good qualities for erasing.
Adhesive tape
A strip is used across each corner of the edge of the paper, it is used to secure.
the paper and allows it not to move and to remain firm.
Pencils
The basic instrument is the graphite stick pencil, which is made in various hardnesses.
manufacturers classify their drawing pencils using numbers and letters starting from 6B,
very soft and black, the intermediates 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, and HB up to medium F grade, and
after H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H and 8H up to 9H, the hardest.
Sharpener
It is of utmost importance to have this tool, which allows sharpening.
adequately the pencil that is being used or the lead. Many people prefer the
conical tip for general use, while others find the tip more suitable
minted to draw straight lines.
Rule T
The rules with transparent edges are the best. They are mainly used
to draw horizontal lines and to guide the squares when drawing lines
vertical and inclined.
Squads
The 45° and 30° x 60° squares are common in ordinary work. It should be
check for any dents by running your thumb along the edges of the stroke.
Scale ruler
Drawing and measuring instrument that consists of a triangular prism on which it
six rulers graduated to different graphic scales are available. Depending on the use to which
if destined, the stair gauges present different exact graduations, which range between
greater than 1:10, between 1:10 and 1:100, between 1:100 and 1:1,000, or less than 1:1,000.
Technical pen or rapidograph
You can choose an assortment of pens to create letters, graduated from the stroke.
thick to fine. Common technical pens have a nib size of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.2.
Erasers
The eraser, whether for pencil or ink, is useful for cleaning the paper of marks.
and dirt left by the fingers, which harm the appearance of the finished drawing.
Other instruments
The most important ones include: compass, protractor, circle template or
of letters, cleaner or pad, 30 cm ruler, etc.

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3.2. Box

A box is the outline to a blank format of margins and fields for data.
drawer. Whatever the type of worksheet, it must contain boxes
that contain general data of the student and the exercise being carried out. The
dimensions are detailed below.

2 25% 25% 10% 10% 25% 5%

25% 25% 10% 10% 25% 5%

NO.
FACULTY OF EXERCISE: SCALE: FECHA AGUILAR MARTINEZ

AGRONOMY USE OF 1:1 07/02/2016 CARLOS EDUARDO 1

INSTRUMENTS

3.3. Labeling

The labeling in technical drawing is characterized by being composed of inclined lines,

vertical, horizontal, and curved. To limit the height of the letters they must be drawn.
always two guiding lines, when these are not used, you can support using
ruling devices that feature printed letters and numbers (ruling devices from Nomografo and Leroy). It may
a vertical and/or inclined labeling should be used, it is emphasized that both must be done with
accuracy, readability, and consistency (García, 1991).
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3.3.1. Types of labels.

In technical drawing language, three different letter heights are used depending on the type.
of labeling to use, these are:
Labeled for titles
The height for labeling a title will be: If it is drawn in inches 3/8" and if it is
drawing with centimeters the height will be one centimeter.
Labeled for subtitles
The height for labeling subtitles will be: If you are drawing in inches 1/4" and if
If it is being drawn in centimeters, the height will be half a centimeter.
Labeled for general notes
The height for labeling general notes will be: if it is being drawn in inches 1/8"
and if it is being drawn in centimeters, the height will be 3 millimeters (García,
1991).

3.3.2. Recommendations for labeling.

Always trace guide lines: For drawing letters, first trace guide lines.
horizontal and vertical. The horizontals allow the letters to be maintained with the
same exact height, and the verticals allow maintaining the verticality of the
lines (Spencer, Dygdon & Novark, 2009). The guideline lines should be
Use a 2H pencil or another pencil that produces fine and light lines.

Guidelines

WIDTH TOO MUCH TOO MUCH DO NOT TRACE

CORRECT WIDE VERTICAL DOUBLE LINE.

Uniformity: this is one of the main requirements for a good

labeling. Uppercase letters should never be mixed with lowercase letters, the
spaces between the letters must be equal (Spencer, Dygdon & Novark, 2009).

SPACE SPACE The top of the label must touch

UNIFORM NO UNIFORM ALWAYS THE TWO GUIDE LINES.

At the end of labeling a note, separate approximately the width of a letter.

to continue. Finish well the beginning and the end of each stroke (García, 1991).
By avoiding the mixing of thick and thin strokes, one achieves support with
hold the pencil firmly.

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MATERIALS

Double letter size white paper of 120 grams

Pencils 2H, HB, and 2B
45° and 30°-60° triangles
Rapidographs 0.2, 0.5 and 1.2 mm
Masking tape
T rule of 50 cm.
Calculator

5. EXERCISES

Exercise 1

Draw the box and divide the format into four equal parts. In each quadrant, carry out the
indicated exercises. Box: 2B, exercise and labeling: HB and guide lines: 2H.

EXERCISE: USE OF INSTRUMENTS

0.5 cm

0.5 cm

SQUAD
AT 45°
0.5 cm

1 cm

45°

0.5 cm

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Exercise 2

Draw the box and divide the format into four equal parts (use 2B pencil). The lines
guidelines should be drawn with a 2H pencil. And all exercises should be drawn with an HB pencil, just like
that the labels. Fill the box with your data.

EXERCISE: FREEHAND DRAWING

1 cm

0.5 cm

1 cm 1 cm

0.5 cm 0.5 cm

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Exercise 3

For the lines of the box, use a 1.2 mm rapidograph. For the labels, use a rapidograph.
0.5 mm. And for the guide line strokes use 2H pencil.

EXERCISE: LABELING WITH A RAPIDOGRAPH

ABCDEFGHIJKLMN ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZ– 01234569 - A
0PQRSTUVWXYZ-0 0.5 cm
BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
3456789-ABCDEFG
1cm

0.5cm

0.5 cm

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-0123
3456789-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0.3 cm

0.3 cm

0.5 cm

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

García De León, N.W. 1991. Practical Method of Technical Drawing. Updated Edition. Council
Education Technician, Graphic Expression, Guatemala. 127 pages.

Technical Drawing
USA Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V., Mexico. 640 pages.

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PRACTICE II

SCALES AND LIMITS

1. INTRODUCTION

In Technical Drawing, the process of annotating the measurements of an object is essential, for this reason
it is important to understand the general principles of this technique. The technique of
LIMITED consists of the representation of the real measurements of a drawing through
symbols (usually arrows) and numbers.

There are cases where small-sized objects (up to microscopic) are present that
in order to capture them on paper, the use of enlargement scales is essential, that is,
that proportionally increases the size for better visualization. Meanwhile, in others
cases will present objects that are very large in reality and to depict them on paper
reduction scales must be used.

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General

That the student acquires the skills and abilities for the correct use of
scales and restricted.

2.2. Specific

That the student understands and applies the types of constraints.

That the student recognizes and applies the scales of reduction and application.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. SCALES

A scale represents the relationship between the drawing or plan dimension and
Regarding its real dimension. Scale = Drawing: Reality

3.1.1. Types of scales

It is when the physical size of the piece represented in the plan matches the
reality. There are several standardized formats of plans to ensure that most of
Parts to be machined should be drawn to full scale, that is, scale 1:1.

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Enlargement: When it is necessary to make the drawing of very small parts or details of a
the plan uses the enlargement scale in this case the numerator value is higher than
the value of the denominator, that is, it must be divided by the numerator to know the
real value of the piece.
Reduction: It is used when the physical size of the plan is smaller than reality.
scale is widely used to represent housing plans (E: 1:50), or physical maps of
territories where the reduction is much greater. To know the real value of a
to obtain the dimension, you need to multiply the measurement of the plane by the value of the denominator.

3.1.2. Examples for scale calculations.

Example 1: Represent a length of 69 meters at a scale of 1:600

1 cm paper ------------------------- 600 cm real

X 6,900 real cm (equivalent to 69 meters).

Example 2: Represent a length of 3 centimeters on a 10:1 scale.

10 cm paper ------------------------- 1 cm real

X 3 real cm

Example 3: Represent at a scale of 1:20 a length of 50 inches.

1 cm paper ------------------------- 20 cm actual

X 127 cm real (equivalent to 50 inches *)

1 cm = 2.54 inches. Perform conversion

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Table of equivalences
Length measures
1k 1000 m; 0.621 miles
1m = 39.37 pulg ; 3.281 pies ; 1.094 yardas ; 0.0006214 millas
1 cm 0.3937 inches; 10 mm
1 inch = 2.54 cm; 25.4 mm; 0.0254 m
1 mile 1.609 km
1 rod = 0.81 m
1 yard = 3 feet
Surface Measurements
1 acre 4000 m243,560 square feet20.4047 Has
1 Mz = 7000 m210000 yards216 strings of 25 v2and 6.5 plots of 40 v2
1 Ha 10000 m21.43 acres
1 Cb = 64 apples; 45 hectares
1 m2 10.764 feet21.196 yards2
1 yard2 = = 0.836 m2

3.2. BOUNDARIES

It is the process of noting down, using lines, figures, signs, and symbols, the measurements of a
object, based on a previous drawing of it, following a series of rules and
conventionalisms, established through norms.

3.2.1. General Principles of Dimensioning

A dimension will only be indicated once in a drawing.

The dimensions will be placed over the views that clearly represent the
corresponding elements of the object in the drawing.
All dimensions in a drawing are expressed in the same units.
The dimensions will be placed outside the drawing. Placing them inside will be allowed.
as long as the clarity of the drawing is not lost.
The dimensions must be distributed with order, clarity, and aesthetics.
It has been correctly limited when the indications of the used dimensions are
minimal, sufficient, and adequate.

3.2.2. Components of a bounded

Level lines: Lines parallel to the surface of the part being measured.
Contour figures: It is the number that indicates the magnitude on the contour line. It will be
to be situated in the middle of the elevation line, interrupting it, or on it, but
A single criterion will be followed in the same drawing.
Dimension line symbols: The dimension lines will be finished at their ends.
by a symbol, which could be an arrow tip, a small diagonal stroke at 45º
or a small circle.

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Auxiliary dimension lines: They are lines that come from the drawing of a shape
perpendicular to the surface to be dimensioned, and limit the length of the dimension lines.
They should slightly exceed the contour lines, approximately by 2 mm.
Reference dimension lines: They are used to indicate a dimensional value or a note.
explanatory in the drawings, through a line that connects the text to the piece.

It is important to take into account that one must follow the direction of the projection lines.
Both in angle and verticals. The lines that will be made for dimensioning must
Generally, dimension lines are drawn with fine leads, that is, 2H pencil or
0.2 mm rapidograph.

IN SOME CASES IT IS
NECESSARY TO PLACE LIMITS THE HEIGHT OF THE SIGNAGE
INSIDE THE DRAWING IT IS 3 MILLIMETERS

2 3 mm

THE LINE OF
LIMITED NO
MUST STICK
NEVER TO THE DRAWING

SEPARATION Partial quota

BETWEEN THE LINES OF
1 CENT.
TOTAL COTA

4. MATERIALS

White double letter sheets of 120 grams

Pencils 2H, HB, and 2B
45° and 30°-60° triangles
Rapidographs 0.2, 0.5, and 1.2 mm
Masking tape
T rule of 50 cm.

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5. EXERCISES

Exercise 1

Divide the useful area of the format into 10 parts, in each space you must draw the following
figures, indicate the scale and their respective external dimensions. The units of the cubes
are expressed in meters, the format must be done with a rapidograph and must leave
certificate of your procedure (attach sheets).

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Exercise 2

Carry out the following exercises (record the procedure):

How many centimeters should be drawn on paper to represent 100 inches using a
scale of 1:10? A:________________________
How many centimeters should be drawn on paper to represent 2.3 kilometers using a
scale of 1:250,000? Answer:________________________
What is the real dimension of a property boundary in kilometers, if it was drawn on paper?
7.3 centimeters using a scale of 1:3000? Answer:______________________
What is the actual size of a building in meters if it measures 7 inches on paper?
scale of 1:15? R:________________________
What scale was used on a map if the boundary measures 6.8 centimeters on paper and the
the real dimension is 20.4 meters? A:________________________
What scale was used to draw 13 centimeters on paper to represent a road that
Does it measure in reality 0.13 kilometers? A:________________________
What is the scale used if 15 centimeters were drawn on paper to represent 3?
real millimeters? A:________________________
What is the scale used if 10 inches are drawn on paper to represent 25.4?
real centimeters? A:________________________
What scale should be used if you want to draw a road of 15 kilometers?
Do you have a space available on paper of 10 centimeters? A:________________
If 5 centimeters were drawn on paper to represent a path of 18 meters. How many
centimeters must be drawn to represent the same path if a scale of
1:500? R:________________________
If 8 centimeters were drawn on paper to represent the length of a road using
a scale of 1:750. How many centimeters should be drawn to represent the same
road if a scale of 1:200 is used? A:________________________
What is the real dimension of a length in meters if 7 centimeters were drawn on paper?
using a scale of 1:300? A:________________________
If 4 centimeters were drawn on paper to represent a road with a length of 40 meters
using a scale of 1:1,000. What is the scale used if 16 centimeters were drawn?
paper to represent the same road? R:____________________

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

García De León, N.W. 1991. Practical method of technical drawing. Updated edition. Council
education technician, Graphic expression, Guatemala. 127 pages.

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PRACTICE III

AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

Axonometric projections allow to capture a drawing in multiple views, meaning it can be

clearly represent complex designs or works. The execution of the projections
requires the student to acquire the skill of constructive imagination and a perfect
understanding of various views (floor plan, elevation, and profile).

The orthographic views (plan, elevation, and profile) project a drawing in several dimensions,
That is, they divide the axonometric projection into three different views or three projected views.
from different angles. In this practice, the goal is for the student to achieve transformation from
axonometric projections to orthographic views. Likewise, it should generate projections.
axonometrics assisted by their orthographic views.

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General

That the student acquires the skills and abilities for making projections.
axonometric and orthographic views of works applied to the use of agricultural engineering.

2.2. Specific

That the student acquires the imaginative capacity to render orthographic views.
based on axonometric projections.
That the student acquires the imaginative capacity to manifest projections.
axonometrics from orthographic views.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW

In this type of projection, the front face of the piece (elevation) is rotated to a certain angle and
also tilts forward in such a way that its three faces can be seen. These are
they are classified into 4 types: Isometric projections, Oblique projections, Cavalier projections and
Military projections.

3.1. Isometric Projection

Type of projection in which the piece is rotated 30° with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes.
vertical. In this type of projection, the 3 visible surfaces will have equal importance.

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(García, 1991). Isometric projections are commonly used not only in the
field of agricultural engineering but in graphic design, civil works, etc.

3.2. Steps for the interpretation of orthographic views.

The piece we are given must be observed in 3 different positions. Each position of the
the observer will be independent, that is; the faces that are seen from the floor will not be seen
From the elevation, and the faces of the profile, they will not be visible from the elevation.
By observing the different faces of the object, we interpret that they will be drawn together in
a single imaginary plane (projection plane), the reason is that when the different
faces to the observer the eye captures all the faces of the piece at the same time.
The projection plane was drawn using a cube with the same dimensions: height,
width and length than the given orthographic views, with the aim of knowing the area where it
would only draw.
When in the plant, two or more faces appear, they should be interpreted as one more.
higher than another, we will see the heights of each of the indicated faces in plan.
we will interpret in the elevation or profile views. In a floor plan, it will never be possible to
to interpret a height.
Interpreted the position of all the faces of the piece that are seen from the different views
proceed to draw in the floor plan, elevation, and profile, as shown in the figure
next.

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4. MATERIALS

120g white double-letter paper

Pencils 2H, HB, and 2B
45° and 30°-60° measuring triangles
Rapidographs 0.2, 0.5 and 1.2 mm
Masking tape
T-rule of 50 cm.

5. EXERCISES

Exercise 1

Divide the useful part of the format into 2, in the first part draw the orthographic views.
Presented below and in the second part its respective isometric projection. Calculate
the appropriate scale for drawing, taking into account that the dimensions are expressed in
subways.

1.5 1.5 1

PLANT

ELEVATION PROFILE

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4
1 1 2

PLANT

ELEVATION PROFILE

4
1 2 1

PLANT

ELEVATION PROFILE

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4
1 2 1

PLANT

ELEVATION PROFILE

Exercise 2

Divide the usable area of the format into two equal parts, in the first part draw the projection.
Isometric views presented below and in the second part their respective orthographic views.
Calculate the appropriate scale for drawing, keep in mind that the dimensions are expressed in
metros.

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1 1
1
1
3 1.25

1.25

2.25

1.25 1
3 3

1
2

0.5
1
2.5

2.5
3.5

2.5
1 1 1
1.5

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0.5
2.5
0.5
0.75
0.5
0.8

1.25
1.8

1.25 0.5 1.25 2

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

García De león, N.W. 1991. Practical method of technical drawing. Updated edition. Council
education technician, graphic expression, Guatemala. 127 pages.

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PRACTICE IV

DRAWING AND INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC PLANS

1. INTRODUCTION

The word Topography derives from two Greek words 'TOPOS' and 'GRAMOS' which means
place or site and drawing or description respectively, it can be said that topography is the
science that studies the set of procedures responsible for the determination of the
relative position of points above, on, or below the Earth's surface, using measurement
of the three elements of space which are: distance, elevation, and direction.

In topographic drawing and maps, representations of portions of the surface are made.
from the earth. These representations are generally of a natural character at a scale
convenient. These drawings show the relative positions of natural accidents
regarding certain points of defined location. Because the shape of the earth is
spherical any representation on a plane is somewhat distorted (Spencer, Dygdon, &
Novark, 2009).

Generally, small areas of land are worked, which is why the

deformation caused by the shape of the Earth is not a factor that alters the results. The
the creation of these maps is the next step after obtaining field data from a survey
topographical, so it is important to take all necessary data in the field to avoid
to have missing data.

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General

That the student develops the ability to generate a topographical map governed by the
requirements established by the surveying law, through data collected in
field of a topographic survey.

2.2. Specific

That understands the sequence of steps to obtain coordinates

totals.
That the student understands the procedure for calculating areas from the
matrix method with coordinates.
That the student acquires the necessary skills for the creation of plans.
topographic based on the requirements of property registration.

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3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. Angles

Typically, an angle consists of three components, which are detailed in

continuation:
Reference line
Amplitude (Angle value): The amplitude is given by the direction of rotation of
alignment.
Alignment direction: In surveying, directions are expressed by Azimuth and
Azimuthal, the angles measured in topography are classified as: Horizontal and
Vertical, depending on the plane in which they are measured (Castillo, 2016).

Reference line
N

Amplitude

0
Address

3.2. Angle measurement system

Sexagesimal system: divides the Cartesian plane into 360° sexagesimal, corresponding to
each quadrant, 90° sexagesimal, is the one that will be commonly used, is based on the
Units called degrees, minutes, and seconds. A vertical angle is one formed by
two lines that intersect while both are situated in the same vertical plane (Castle,
2016).

3.3. Directions

Orientation angles that help us establish directions of lines. The heading of

A line is the horizontal angle between a reference meridian and the line.
of the angle that is measured, depending on the quadrant whether from the North or the South and makes the East.
to the West and its value is not greater than ninety degrees (Castillo, 2016).

The quadrant that is found is commonly indicated by the letter 'N' or 'S'.
presiding over the numerical value of the angle and the letter 'E' or 'W' following said value
(Castle, 2016).

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N 20° W N 27° E

W E

S 77° E

S 30° W
S

3.4. Azimuth

These are horizontal angles measured (clockwise) from

any reference meridian. In flat topography, the azimuth is generally measured at
starting from the North. The azimuths vary from zero to three hundred sixty degrees (Castillo, 2016).

N
26.6°

158.5°
336.8°

W E

247.9°

3.5. Polygonal

It consists of a series of straight lines of lengths measured with utmost accuracy, which are
intercept two by two. At the intersection points, the angles are measured and recorded.
deflection formed by each pair of adjacent lines. Therefore, starting from a point
the rectangular coordinates of the other intersection points can be calculated and
applying trigonometry (Spencer, Dygdon, & Novark, 2009).

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3.6. Location plan

It is a map generally of a small area, drawn directly from a

data collection conducted in the field. It usually does not show elevations
relative to a polygonal, and is drawn for some specific purpose such as area calculations, the
location of property lines or the location of a project (Giesecke, Mitchell,
Spencer, Leroy, 1988).

The person in charge of creating topographic maps must take into account what
Next: The project's needs in terms of cartography; situational maps,
detail plans, etc. The most suitable scale or scales for each of these plans.
The tolerances that may exist. Based on these tolerances, the must be set.
methods and instruments to be used in the topographic survey (García, et.al., 1994).

3.7. Legal requirements for the preparation of topographic maps.

Every measure file must be accompanied by a registration plan which should be

comply with certain legal requirements established in the Surveying Law, which
son

The figure of the land must be traced on a record sheet whose dimensions never
they may be smaller than the dimensions of a sealed sheet of paper.
Every sheet used for registration must have a format such as the one presented in
the registration sheet. In the upper right corner it should be placed by the representative of
property registry, the data corresponding to the type of property (urban or rural),
your registration number, folio, and book where it will be registered, as well as the municipality of
jurisdiction.
For the general data at the bottom, where it says Plan, it will be necessary to place the
type of plan that is (dismembered fraction, from the rest of the parent property or from
location), in the data of Estate, Number, Folio, Book, and Jurisdiction, it will be necessary to
put those corresponding to the main estate.
Regarding the location, the municipality and department in which it is located are specified.
the farm, the information of the Grantor and the Acquirer corresponds respectively to the owner of
the main estate and the person who becomes the owner of the dismembered estate.
The data corresponding to the area must be recorded in the metric system.
decimal fundamentally in hectares. Additionally, it can be expressed in
square meters, caballerias, manzanas, and square rods.
As a complement, the numerical scale of the plan, the date, and the signature of must be indicated.
Engineer who performed the operation.
The scaled geometric figure of the land must be accompanied by the following
information:
Accompaniment notebook of the represented land (Station, Point
observed, Bearings, Horizontal distances.
Sequential identification of the observed point of each boundary of the land.

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Names of all the owners of the adjoining lands in the area

represented.
North direction (true, magnetic orientation, or both at the same time).
Situation of roads, highways, rivers, lagoons, levels, etc., that serve as
reference and that are located within or adjacent to the property.
Graphical scale (optional)
The vertices of the land shall be represented by empty circles, each one
of which must be identified according to the order given in the notebook
of accompaniment.

For topographic surveys, the most commonly used device in the field is the
theodolites and total stations. The data collected in the field are Thread
superior, lower thread and middle thread, azimuthal and vertical angle, which are seen
from the device's telescope. These data belong to a point observed from
a point at the station. With the help of this information provided by the device
At each of the vertices (corners) of the land, coordinates can be obtained.
arbitrary with the help of the Pennsylvania method in the cabinet phase.

HS
theodolite

HM

HI

POINT POINT
OF STATION OBSERVED
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE

3.8. Example

Using the data from the field notebook resulting from a topographic survey, carry out the
topographic plan corresponding on a registration sheet with the legal requirements that
establishes the surveying law.

Data from the AMELIAS FARM

36
Ricardo Morales

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North: main road, South and West: Finca Rosario, East: Finca
Palm tree

Field notebook
Statistical Threads (m)
Point Angle
Station Azimuth Hello Thread Thread
Observed Vertical
inferior upper secondary
0 1 49°38'40'' 1 1.3 1.6 90 degrees 29 minutes 40 seconds
1 2 103°36'20" 1 1.3 1.6 92°04'40''
2 3 191°52'20'' 1 1.23 1.46 89°57'20"
3 0 291 degrees 26 minutes
1 40 seconds
1.54 2.08 89°26'00"

Step 1: Calculation of horizontal distances

With the data from the notebook, we start by calculating the horizontal distances of each
boundary (Understanding boundary as the distance from station Xo to a point
observed Xn), for example from Station "0" to observed point "1".

Horizontal Distance = 100 * (Upper thread - Lower thread) * Sine2Vertical Angle

DH0-1 = 100 (1.60 - 1.00) * Sen2( 90°29′40′′ = 59.996 m

DH1-2= 100 (1.60–1.00) * Sen2( 92°04'40'' = 59.921 m
DH 2-3= 100 (1.46 - 1.00) * You2( 89°57'20" = 46.000 m
DH3-0= 100 (2.08–1.00) * You2( 89°26'00" = 107.989 m

Step 2: Calculation of X and Y coordinates.

Longitude (X) = Horizontal Distance * Sine (Bearing or Azimuth)

X 1 = 59.996 m * Sine (49°38'40'') = 45.719

X259.921 m * Sine (103°36'20") = 58.240
X3= 46.000 m * Sine (191°52´20´´) = -9.464
X0= 107.989 m * Sine (291°26´40´´) = -100.514
Latitude (Y) = Horizontal Distance * Cosine (Heading or Azimuth)

Y 1 = 59.996 m * Cosine (49°38'40'') = 38.849

Y2= 59.921 m * Cosine (103°36'20'') = -14.096
Y3= 46.000 m * Cosine (191°52´20´´) = -45.016
Y 0107.989 m * Cosine (291°26'40'') = 39.481

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Step 3: Calculation of headings

The angles represented in headings will be useful when creating the notebook.
what will be placed on the registration sheet for the final presentation of the topographic plan.

Lindero 0-1 Azimut 49°38'40'' is in quadrant "I", since it is less than 90°.
therefore the azimuth angle is the same as the heading. N49°38'40''E

Lindero 1-2 Azimuth (103°36'20'') is in quadrant 'II', as it is located within

from the range greater than 90° but less than 180°, so to obtain its heading, it is subtracted
180° minus the value of the azimuth. 180°-103°36'20''= S76°23'40''E

Lindero 2-3 Azimuth (191°52'20'') is in quadrant 'III', as it is located

within the range greater than 180° but less than 270°, so to obtain its course, it
subtract the azimuth by 180°. 191°52'20'' - 180° = S11°52'20'' W.

Lindero 3-0 Azimut (291°26'40'') is in quadrant 'IV', so to obtain its

Heading to 360° subtract the value of the azimuth. 360°-291°26'40''= N 68°33'20'' W.

Step 4: Area calculation (matrix method) and perimeter.

Perimeter = ∑Horizontal Distances

Perimeter = 59.996 m + 59.921 m + 46.000 m + 107.989 m = 273.906 meters.

Area = (ΣY*X - ΣX*Y) / 2

Y*X X Y X*Y
45.719 x 38.849 =
2262.566 58.24 x -14.096 = -644.455
133.405 -9.464 x -45.016 = -2621.732
4524.738 -100.514 x 39.481 = -373.648
1805.032 45.719 x 38.849 = -3904.868
8725.740 -7544.703

Area = (8725.740 m2+ -7544.703 m2)/2 = 8135.222 m20.8135 hectares.

Step 5: Calculation of the scale

For plotting coordinates, a specific scale must be calculated. It must be calculated.

a scale on both the Y axis and the X axis and select the larger scale.

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Scale in X = |X (+) greater| + |X (-) lesser|

Available space on the sheet

Scale in Y = |Y (+) major| + |Y (-) minor|

Available space on the sheet

Scale in X = |58.24| + |-100.514| = 1133.957≈1:1400

0.14

Scale in Y = |39.481| + |-45.016| = 603.55 ≈ 1:800

0.14

The selected scale for the map is 1:1500.

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GENERAL REGISTER Fca. 36 No. 9 Leaf 1569 .

FROM THE REPUBLIC Book 698 of .

MAIN ROAD

0 1

FARM
2 PALM TREE

ROSARIO FARM
3

Est. P.O. DH (m) Course

0 1 59.996 N49°38'40"E
1 2 59.921 S76°23'40''E
2 3 46.000 S11°52'20" W
3 0 107.989 N 68°33'20'' W

PLAN: FINCA LAS AMELIAS

Farm 36 No. 9 Folio1569
Book 698 Of
Location Sacatepéquez
Grantor Ricardo Morales
Acquirer Edgar Rivera
Area 0.8135 hectares
Scale 1:1500
Date February 17, 2016
______________________
Us Plan File
______

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4. MATERIALS

Scientific calculator.
Pencils, eraser, technical pen.
30 centimeter rule
Millimeter sheets
Registration sheets (official).

5. EXERCISES

Exercise 1

Using the data from the field notebook resulting from a topographic survey, carry out the
topographic plan corresponding in a record sheet with the legal requirements that
establishes the surveying law.
Leticia Galindo
San Marcos
Adjacent: 7-8-0= Finca Salam, 0-1= Finca Florida, 1-2-3-4-5-6-7= Finca María.

EST PO AZIMUTH DH
0 1 171 22.33
1 2 173°47'02'' 19:30
2 3 168 degrees 55 minutes
6.95 35 seconds
3 4 79°56'13'' 33.13
4 5 80°59'54'' 49.77
5 6 80 degrees 59 minutes
100.0036 seconds
6 7 2°49'11'' 41.34
7 8 344°18'52'' 14.53
8 0 259 degrees 56 minutes
188.44 13 seconds

Exercise 2

With the data from the field notebook resulting from a topographic survey, carry out the
topographic plan corresponding on a registry sheet with the legal requirements that
establishes the surveying law.
Boundaries: 0-1-3 = Finca El Carmen, 1-2 = Main road, 2-3 = Vacant lot.
Armando Méndez
Santa Rosa

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EST PO AZIMUTH DH
0 1 31°26'45'' 49.69
1 2 120 degrees 06 minutes
114.68 40 seconds
2 3 240 degrees 11 minutes
39.94 00 seconds
3 0 290 degrees 45 minutes
97.81 56 seconds

Exercise 3

With the data from the field notebook resulting from a topographic survey, carry out the
topographic plan corresponding on a registration sheet with the legal requirements that
establish the surveying law.
Boundaries: 7-8-0= Urban Area, 0-1= Dirt Road, 1-2-3-4-5-6-7= The
Olives.
Antonio Cardona
Huehuetenango

EST PO AZIMUT DH
0 1 249 degrees 43 minutes
102.506 seconds
1 2 270 degrees 43 minutes
70.2 44 seconds
2 3 310 degrees 46 minutes
30.2856 seconds
3 4 321 degrees 39 minutes
40.3 39 seconds
4 5 322 degrees, 45 minutes,
66.5 12 seconds
5 6 13°31'36'' 36.26
6 7 33°25'36'' 51.73
7 8 92°29'06'' 65.02
8 0 142 degrees 00 minutes
143.500 seconds

Exercise 4

With the data from the field notebook resulting from a topographic survey, carry out the
topographic plan corresponding to a record sheet with the legal requirements that
establishes the surveying law.
Colindancias: 0-1-2-3 = Álvaro Nuñez, 3-4-5 = Román Alonso, 5-0 = Andrea Herrera.
Alejandro Arriaga
Manuel Álvarez
Location: San Pedro La Laguna
76

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THIS PO course DH
0 1 N70 degrees 9 minutes 0 secondsE 187.86
1 2 S 76 degrees 23E minutes
227.79
00 seconds
2 3 S 55 degrees 55E minutes
212.68
00 seconds
3 4 S21 degrees 43 minutes 00 135.6
secondsW

4 5 N 76°56'00'' W 283.46
5 0 N 18°00'00'' W 425

NOTE: For all exercises, you must document all procedures.

mathematics completed, in attached sheets.

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Montejo Castle, M. R. 2016. Topography I. Faculty of Agronomy, University of San

Carlos from Guatemala. 118 pages.

Basic Topography for Engineers

Spain. 273 pages.

Technical Drawing
York, USA. Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V., Mexico. 640 pages.

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PRACTICE V

DRAWING AND INTERPRETATION OF LEVEL CURVES

1. INTRODUCTION

In a plot of land, the relief must be studied, generally contour lines are used.
to represent the different levels that exist. The most common use of contour lines in
Agriculture involves soil conservation practices as it is very useful for design.
practices in the field that contribute to the reduction of water erosion, reduction
of runoff, among others.

Contour lines are represented by maps, through the connection of points that
they represent the same height. In topographic maps, the relief can be represented by
hypsometric tints and shading, in some cases a combination of two or
more of these methods. Generally using contour lines, only these are
they can be used to make satisfactory measurements of altitude and distance

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General

What is a student that understands the methodology to follow for the drawing of level curves
for the creation of a map and subsequently its analysis.

2.2. Specific

That the student acquires the skills and abilities for the creation of a grid.
from points through field data.
That the student acquires the skills and abilities for interpolation of
level curves using a grid of points.
That the student understands the importance of a leveling curve plan in the
field of agricultural engineering.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW

3.1. Contour line

The contour lines on a map represent points that have the same altitude (height
determined above sea level = m.s.n.m). The reference of the curve is made of
elevation level O, that is, the line on the coast when the sea reaches its mean level.
Data is obtained in the field for the creation of a contour map through
devices such as levels, theodolites, etc., the main objective is to take points at points with

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distances determined to later perform an interpolation of the curves of our

interest.

3.2. Equidistance:

Equidistance is the distance in height between one contour line and another.
traced, this distance or range between one curve and another is constant on a map. For
an example of a contour line representing an elevation of 20 meters (or elevation 20 m) is
the line of intersection of the surface of the land with a horizontal plane that is distant
vertically 20 meters above sea level. If the sea were to rise 20 meters, the new line
the coast would coincide with this contour line.

When the contour lines indicate altitude differences of 20 meters, the distance
vertical between them, that is 20 meters, is called equidistance." Sometimes it
they use equidistances of 50, 100, 200, and 500 meters, instead of 20 meters (which
it depends on the scale of the map, the importance of the relief, and the precision of the
uprising).

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4. MATERIALS

30-centimeter rule.
Eraser, Pencil, Technical pens.
Blank format Double legal.
Calculator.
Rule T
Squads

5. EXERCISES

Exercise 1

Draw the dot grid on a double letter format using the graphic method.
Interpolate the contour lines at every 3 meters. Indicate the scale to be used as well.
all calculations made (attach sheets).

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Exercise 2

Draw the point grid in a double letter format using the graphic method.
interpolate the curves at every 2 meters. Indicate the scale to be used as well as
all calculations made (attach sheets).

10 meters

110.0 108.1 103.9 99.2 88.2 87.1 84.6 81.9

100.2 103.2 93.5 92.3 90.2 88.5 84.0 79.1

99.2 99.7 93.2 90.1 88.3 85.9 79.0 76.8

96 93.5 91.5 88.0 91.8 84.0 77.5 73.5

95.5 92.0 90.9 86.3 85.7 83.1 78.3 74.6

Exercise 3

Create the contour plan using the following field data, which are
expressed in meters, so you will need to calculate an appropriate scale for its drawing in a
double letter format. Curves should be made at every 4 meters. Indicate all.
the calculations made (attach sheets).

X (meters) Y (meters) Z (meters)

0 0 726.7
0 15 718.3
0 30 712.3
0 45 707.4
15 0 729.3
15 15 722.5
15 30 714.3

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15 45 711.7
30 0 737.2
30 15 727.3
30 30 717.4
30 45 713.2
45 0 743.1
45 15 734.8
45 30 727.3
45 45 718.3

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PRACTICE VI

DRAWING AND INTERPRETATION OF PLANS FLOOR-SIDEPERSPECTIVE

1. INTRODUCTION

A topographic map is the representation of the Earth's surface through graphics.

There are plans designed for specific purposes, for example, plans for recording the
property, plans for the representation of contour lines and profile plans. The latter
plans according to Bañón, Beviá, (2000), are the representation of a cross-section of the
land that shows its elevation or altitude. If the scale of the altitudes is exaggerated, it will be possible to
to clearly observe the shapes of the mountains and valleys.

Profile floor plans are a very important tool in work on

Agricultural engineering such as irrigation and drainage, design, evaluation, and supervision of
irrigation systems. In addition to them for works such as drinking water transportation, works of
civil engineering, etc. The terrain profile shows the altimetry (difference in height between a
point and another within a series of stations) and it is useful in projects as it
it allows calculating the piezometric line, pipe pressures as well as the location of the
valve system.

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General

That the student acquires the skills and abilities for the design of floor plans.
topographic profile and their interpretation.

2.2. Specific

That the student creates profile maps using contour plans.

already elaborated.
That the student creates profile floor maps through a survey
topographical altimetry leveling in the field.
That the student interprets the floor plan and identifies its main features.
functions in agronomic engineering.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. Cross section of a land

The cross section of a land perfectly defines the different elements of the
which is mainly composed of its width and its cross slope, that is to say the

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different horizontal distances with respect to the different heights or altitudes that
presents a land (Bañón, Beviá, 2000).

It is worth noting that the longitudinal profile is presented through a level curve map.
mainly because it is of vital importance to have a map of this nature
for the creation of topographic profile maps.

3.2. Contour lines

A contour line is a line that connects points representing the same altitude or
height above sea level. The contour lines are closed, equidistant and not
they can cut into each other.

3.3. Use of the Topographic Map

To raise a profile or cross-section of the surface, a map that has as

minimum the contour lines and the corresponding scale. The data of the contour lines
that appear on the map are transferred to a coordinate system in which the X axis is
equal to the ground horizon and the Y-axis represents the altitude or height above sea level
sea of the land. It is important to take into account that the cut must be perpendicular to the
contour line.

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3.4. Design of hydraulic channels

One of the main uses of a topographic map profile-plan is design.

canals that allow the design of an irrigation system generally for a crop
agricultural or forestry specifically. Irrigation systems are works that allow the
transport of water from a water source or point X to another point of interest Y.
This transport originates through a flow influenced by a slope of the
surface and a hydraulic pressure (Rojas, 2013).

3.5. Example

It is intended to implement an irrigation system in the Finca Florida located in San Martin.
Jilotepeque, Chimaltenango, for a vegetable crop Therefore, it is requested to generate
a plan-profile map based on a contour map which has a scale
from 1:2000. You are asked to create the topographic profile map in the cross section.
indicated on the map.

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Transversal section

It should be taken into account that the floor profile map will be a derivative of the map.
For contour lines, the same scale should be used on the X axis. Scale X = 1:2000

For the scale on the Y-axis, the highest elevation minus the lowest elevation must be considered.
low that passes over the transverse section, this dividing the available space for
In this case, 10 centimeters were used, using the formula:

Scale Y = 1:300

With the help of a grid sheet, it should be placed just below the line
which represents the cross section. Guide lines will be drawn for the location on the axis
X of the points that have a value of BOUNDARY. Initially, it is marked on the sheet.
millimeter points that have value (that is, the exact position where it
they intercept the curves and the cross-section as well as the points of the grid.
Next, with a pencil, those points are extended with a line downward,
thus covering the available space to work (for this exercise, 10 were taken
centimeters).

Next, with the Y axis scaled, the levels of each of the curves should be plotted.
at the level that passes over the line of the cross section. Then all of them must be joined
plotted points.

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100

97

94

91

88

85

82

79

76

73

70
20 40 60 80 100 120 140

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PLAN PLANT-CROSS SECTION PROFILE

100

97

94

91

88

85

82

79

76

73

70
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
DISTANCE HORIZONTAL (m), SCALE 1:2000

4. MATERIALS

30 centimeter rule
45° square
Pencil 2H
Rapidograph
Level curve plan
Calculator
Millimetered sheets

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5. EXERCISES

Exercise 1

In order to implement a water project for irrigation purposes in vegetable gardens in the
Chilibe village, San Miguel Ixtahuacán, San Marcos; a revolt developed.
topographic from the water source (station 0) to the plots to be irrigated, with the data that
A plan profile is provided to be elaborated. Document the procedure.
employee.

THIS PO DH (m) COTA (m)

0 - 00.00 1115.75
0 1 19.85 1114.31
1 2 60.04 1104.13
2 3 63.05 1096.20
3 4 66.82 1087.69
4 5 45.21 1082.35
5 6 27.38 1078.99
6 7 52.5 1070.57
7 8 35.94 1069.75
8 9 25.96 1069.52
9 10 23.95 1069.52
10 11 55.97 1068.70
11 12 49.67 1064.92
12 13 66.02 1053.85
13 14 64.95 1046.10
14 15 39.94 1044.90
15 16 44.42 1037.09
16 17 90.63 1025.88
17 18 87.34 1017.70
18 19 76.63 1007.89
19 20 24.55 1002.25
20 21 21.16 998.90
21 22 8:00 998.36
22 23 49.9 1001.06
23 24 45.46 1006.62
24 25 89.97 1008.67
25 26 103.81 1004.56
26 27 77.96 1003.52
27 28 37.98 1003.07
28 29 103.95 1000.82
29 30 73.95 1003.18
30 31 133.6 1010.95

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Exercise 2

Create the contour plan every 2 meters and then make two (2) plans.
from the plant profile in the cross sections that you wish to work on. You should leave
certificate of all calculations made.

Exercise 3

A topographic survey was conducted at the CEDA, so you are requested to

create the floor-plan profile, so you must document everything
employed procedure.

EST PO DH (meters) ELEVATION (meters)

0 1 10.00 100.00
1 2 10.00 100.66
2 3 10.00 101.24
3 4 10.00 101.71
4 5 10.00 101.11
5 6 10.00 101.73
6 7 10.00 102.61
7 8 10.00 103.11

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8 9 10.00 103.59
9 10 10.00 104.52
10 11 10.00 109.51
11 12 10.00 109.75
12 13 10.00 110.82
13 14 10.00 112.41
14 15 10:00 113.43
15 16 10.00 114.76
16 17 10.00 117.32

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bañón Blázquez, L., Beviá García, J.F. 2000. Road Manual, Volume II:
Construction and maintenance. University of Alicante. Department of Engineering.
Construction, Public Works, and Urban Infrastructure.

Rojas Rubio, H.A. 2013. Channel Design. Professional Academic School of Engineering
Civil, National University of Santa Chimbote. Nuevo Chimbote, Peru. 107 pages.

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PRACTICE VII

DESIGN AND DRAWING OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM PLANS

1. INTRODUCTION

Within agricultural production, there are various factors that directly intervene and
indirectly in achieving or not the maximum possible yields that certain can produce
types of cultivation among which we can mention: cultural practices, genetic material
used, management and control of pests, diseases and weeds, climate, plant nutrition and
irrigation, the latter being indispensable when there is no precipitation of any kind or
water input in production crop (Sandoval, 2007).

In Guatemala during the pre-colonial era in the region of Rabinal and Cubulco is where
they constituted the first irrigation systems, however, today this practice
the agronomic practice of applying a layer of water to a crop has been fully extended and has
arrived at extensive and intensive crops, for which the correct design and operation
the technique of all existing irrigation system methods is of vital importance for the
agricultural professional (Sandoval, 2007).

This practice aims to provide the student with basic notions about the plans of
irrigation systems, which focused basically on the symbolism used for the
representation of different accessories used in irrigation systems for a crop.

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General

Have the student design and draw a plan for irrigation systems under specifications already provided.
established for a crop under specific conditions.

2.2. Specific

That the student recognizes the importance of the agronomic practice of irrigation.
For the student to understand the basic criteria for designing an irrigation system.
That the student is able to recognize the graphic language that is used in the
irrigation systems.

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The economic and social development of a country largely depends on its possibilities.
to achieve agricultural sector production in line with its food needs and
in addition to having a surplus to export to other countries and serve as a basis for development
industrial. The national development programs should consider the incorporation into the

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agricultural production of new cultivated areas and intensify the use of those lands that
they have exclusively depended on the rainfall regime.

It must involve expanding the agricultural frontier through the implementation of irrigation projects and
drainage in areas that are feasible from a technical, economic, and social point of view.
through the increase of irrigated areas, agricultural production rises.
then a greater volume available to ensure human food, consumption
animal, industrial use, export, and the increase in employment. The proper use of
Water resources for irrigation have a significant impact on a country's economy.
(Sandoval, 2007).

For the agricultural professional, it is vital to know how to design and operate irrigation systems.
for which three questions must always be asked.
a) How much to water?, that is, the layer, volume or amount of water suitable to apply in each
irrigation.
b) When to water?, that is, how often should consecutive waterings be repeated and what is it?
the criterion for determining that frequency.
c) How to water?, that is, how to apply water to the soil, which constitutes the method
of irrigation (Sandoval, 2007).

3.1. Irrigation water application methods

Once the amount of water to be applied and the frequency of irrigation have been determined, it is
it is necessary to decide how it will be applied. There are different ways to do it. The
Irrigation methods can be divided into three groups, or three basic forms of application.
Irrigation: surface, pressurized, and subsurface (Sandoval, 2007).

3.2. Aspects to consider in the design and drawing of an irrigation system

Typically, there are various elements that make up the design of a system.
irrigation.
Water Source: Place where water is extracted to be applied to the crops, this
source can be a well, a reservoir, or an inflow.
Filters: Implements that are placed between the water source and the pump, and between the
pump and the emitters. It serves the function of capturing any dirt particle,
organic material or others that may cause clogging of emitters or pipes
Pumps: It is a device that drives water at a certain pressure and speed which is
powered electrically or through an internal combustion engine.
Manometers: Instrument that is placed in any type of pipe, generally
at the beginning of the main pipe, at the beginning of the manifold, and at the end of any
lateral.
Main Pipe: Pipe that is responsible for transporting water from the source
water towards the secondary pipes. These can have an external diameter of between
1½” to 3” this pipe can also be made of aluminum or PVC.

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Valves: Also called shut-off valves, which are responsible for opening or closing
irrigation plots
Irrigation Lots: Minimum production area that is irrigated with the opening of a
valve.
Manifold or multiple type pipes: Type of pipe that captures water from the main.
and distributes it to all the side pipes. These can have an external diameter
ranging from ½" to 1½", these pipes are generally made of PVC.
Pipe accessories: This classification can include: elbows, tees,
yes, pressure regulators, fertigation equipment, adapters, meters of
flow, etc.
Laterals: Type of pipe that carries water from a manifold until it arrives
to the emitter, this pipe can be made of PVC or polyethylene and can have a diameter
variable.
Emitters: Fundamental element of an irrigation system. There are various types of
emitters according to the method of water application for irrigation. For irrigation by
for spraying, metal or plastic sprinklers are used, for drip irrigation they are
rectangular segments of 2 cm in length, which discharge water very
slowly.
Distance between sides: Spacing between side and side, is generally
also the spacing between plants.
Distance between emitters: Spacing between emitter and emitter, is generally
also the spacing between plants.
Emitter area: Also called wet area, it is the extension of land that
you can irrigate an emitter and it is obtained by multiplying the distance between the sides
due to the distance between emitters.
Total irrigation area: Total area that is irrigated by opening all the valves of the system
of irrigation (Sandoval, 2007).

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Elements of
Observations
a system of Drawing
irrigation

Source of The edge is made with

Water. 0.5 rapidograph and inside it is a shade
with the rapidograph 0.2

Filters The drawing is made with

rapidograph 0.2

The drawing is done with

Bombs
rapidograph 0.2

Manometers The drawing is made with

rapidograph 0.2

Pipe The line is made with a rapidograph.

Principal 0.8

The drawing is made with

Valves
0.2 rapidograph

Installments of The line is done with a rapidograph.

Irrigation 0.8
The line is drawn with a rapidograph.
Manifold
0.5
The line is drawn with a rapidograph.
Lateral
0.2

The drawing is done with

Emitters
0.2 rapidograph

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Process for the design and drawing of a sprinkler and/or drip irrigation system.

a) Observe the production area and the location of the water source, it should be
to have a plan of curves at ground level.

b) Subsequently, the parcel or parcels to be irrigated are defined, taking into account the
dimensions of each plot.

c) Align the lateral pipes parallel to the level curves, taking into account that the
The spacing between the sides is also the spacing between the grooves.

d) Place the manifold pipe perpendicular to the contour line.

e) Draw the main pipeline that connects the water source with the
manifold

f) Trace all the accessories of an irrigation system: Pump, Valves, filters

manometers, elbows, tees, etc.

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4. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

2B, 2H, and HB pencil leads

0.2, 0.5 and 0.8mm Rapidograph pens
Double legal bond sheets
T Rule or Parallel
Masking tape
Draft
30 cm ruler
Calculator

5. EXERCISES

Exercise 1

With the following polygon, design an irrigation system, taking into account the following:

The total area of the polygon must be divided into 4 equal parts.
Crop: Avocado var. Hass
Distance between sides: 5m
Distance between emitters 5m.
Type of water source: well.
Place 2 pressure gauges, one in any part of the manifold and another at the end of
any lateral.
Place a filter between the water source and the pump.

After designing the irrigation system, calculate:

Total length of the main pipeline
Total length of a manifold
Total length of any lateral pipeline
Area per lot.
Total production area.

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6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Palacios, E. 1976. How Much, When and How to Water. Guatemala, DIRENARE. Tech. Mem. No.
4. 67 page.
Sandoval Illescas, J.E. 2007. Principles of Irrigation and Drainage. Guatemala: Editorial
University student.

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PRACTICE X

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

1. INTRODUCTION

Many objects that are produced today are drawn and designed using a
computer-aided design CAD system. Designing and drawing with a CAD system is
faster than with traditional graphic representation techniques. For example, a
an object can be drawn, saved in an electronic library, and used later as
part of another job. By reusing these graphic elements, a designer can create
new drawings in a shorter amount of time compared to what it would take using
of pencil and paper (Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, 2009).

The use of CAD systems generates greater efficiency in agronomic jobs such as:
Creation of plans using total coordinates, Level curve tracing, Plan tracing
plant profile, generation of objects and figures, etc.

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General

That the student relates to the use of CAD (Computer-Aided Design), for the
carrying out agronomic work.

2.2. Specific

That the student understands the importance of using Computer-Aided Design systems.
Computer.
That the student knows the main tools and functions that they have.
Computer-Aided Drawing Systems.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW

The tools that these systems have for creating drawings are: Menus, Icons and
Command lines. These tools are available in the areas around the
program start window.

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3.1. Menus

They are positioned at the top of the main screen of the program.
When you click on any of the Menu items, a series of options is displayed.
options (Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, 2009).

3.2. Icons

The icons represent the most used commands and functions. When you click on a
the computer icon will execute the command it represents (Spencer, Dygdon,
Novak, 2009.

3.3. Command bar

They are located at the bottom of the main screen of the program, which allows for
Type the name of an instruction. The command lines are where the CAD program
talk to the operator, since if the software detects an error or if it needs the same
additional information, it will ask for data or will ask you questions via the command line
(Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, 2009).

3.4. Drawing window

The drawing window is where everything that is indicated to the program is represented.
shape and represent.

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3.5. Drawing of polylines

List all the coordinates in a Notepad, separating the X and Y coordinates by

commas.

Copy all the coordinates from the notepad.

Open AutoCAD and select the polyline tool 'pline' by clicking on

the icon that represents the function.

In the command bar, paste all the coordinates copied earlier.

Once the polygon is created, it must be closed using the command c (ENTER).

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For area calculation, the command is used: AREA (ENTER), then the command O
(ENTER) which is an abbreviation for object and select the polygon that is being
working.

The area and perimeter of the polygon will be calculated automatically.

4. EXERCISE

The student will conduct research on Computer-Aided Drawing Systems.

computer. The research must be submitted by hand with the following content:
What is a CAD
Advantages of using CAD.
What are the commands used in a CAD.
Main applications of CAD in agronomy.

NOTE: THE RESEARCH WILL BE SUBMITTED DURING THE LABORATORY HOURS

WEEK IN WHICH THE PRESENT PRACTICE WILL BE RECEIVED THEREFORE THE
STUDENT MUST WORK ON IT IN ADVANCE.

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Technical Drawing
York, USA. Alfaomega Grupo Editor, S.A. de C.V., Mexico. 640 pages.

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