HUMAN
CANCER CELL
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CONTENT
S.NO TOPIC Page.no
.
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 TYPES OF CANCER CELL 4
3 NORMAL CELL VS 9
CANCER CELL
4 CAUSES OF CANCER 10
5 TREATMENT FOR 12
CANCER
6 PREVENTION FOR 13
CANCER
7 SCHEME FOR CANCER 14
PATIENTS
8 CANCER IN INDIA 19
9 CONCLUSION 21
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22
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INTRODUCTION
HUMAN CANCER CELL
Cells are the basic units that make up the human body. Cells grow and
divide to make new cells as the body needs them. Usually, cells die when
they get too old or damaged. Then, new cells take their place.
Cancer begins when genetic changes interfere with this orderly process.
Cells start to grow uncontrollably. These cells may form a mass called a
tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is
malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A
benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread.
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1.Bladder Cancer
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Bladder cancer begins when healthy cells in the bladder lining—most
commonly urothelial cells—change and grow out of control, forming a mass
called a tumor. Urothelial cells also line the renal pelvis and ureters and
urethra. Cancer that develops in the renal pelvis and ureters is also
considered a type of urothelial cancer and is often called upper tract
urothelial cancer. In most cases, it is treated in much the same way as
bladder cancer and is described in this guide.
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2.Breast Cancer:
Cancer begins when healthy cells change and grow out of control, forming
a mass or sheet of cells called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or
benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread
to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but
will not spread.
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3.Thyroid Cancer:
Thyroid cancer begins in the thyroid gland. This gland is part of the
endocrine system, which regulates hormones in the body. It absorbs iodine
from the bloodstream to produce thyroid hormones to regulate the body's
metabolism.
A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant,
meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor
means the tumor can grow but will not spread.
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4.Prostate Cancer
Cancer begins when healthy cells in the prostate change and grow out of
control, forming a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous
tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the
body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread.alled
nodules, and about 90% of all thyroid nodules are benign.
The prostate continues to enlarge as people age. This can lead to a
condition called benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), which is when the
urethra becomes blocked. BPH is a common condition associated with
growing older, and it has not been associated with a greater risk of having
prostate cancer.
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5.Brain and spinal cord cancers
Cancer can start in the cells of the brain or spinal cord. The brain controls
the body by sending electrical messages along nerve fibres. The fibres run
out of the brain and join together to make the spinal cord, which also takes
messages from the body to the brain.
The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system. The brain is
made up of billions of nerve cells called neurones. It also contains special
connective tissue cells called glial cells that support the nerve cells.
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Causes of Cancer
Obesity: Obese people are more likely to develop cancers of the breast (in women who
have gone through menopause), colon, rectum, endometrium (uterine lining),
esophagus, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Tobacco: The usage of tobacco is a major cause of cancer and cancer-related
mortality. Because tobacco products and passive smoking include many chemicals that
disrupt DNA, those who use tobacco products or are regularly exposed to ambient
tobacco smoke (also known as secondhand smoke) have a higher risk of cancer
Alcohol Consumption: Consuming excess alcohol increases your chances of
developing cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx (voice box), liver, and
breast cancer. The more you drink, the higher your risk. Those who drink alcohol and
smoke tobacco have a substantially increased risk of cancer.
Chronic Inflammation: Inflammation is a normal physiological reaction that assists in
the healing of wounded tissue. When damaged tissue releases chemicals, the
inflammatory process begins. White blood cells respond by producing chemicals that
cause cells to divide and increase in order to help repair the harm. The inflammatory
process will be over once the wound is healed.
Age Factor: The major risk factor for cancer in general, as well as for many specific
cancer types, is growing older. Overall, cancer incidence rates rise consistently with
age, from fewer than 25 cases per 100,000 people in age groups under 20 to around
350 cases per 100,000 people in age groups 45–49, and more than 1,000 cases per
100,000 people in age groups 60 and older.
Radiation: Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that has enough energy to damage
DNA and cause cancer. Radon, x-rays, gamma rays, and other high-energy radiation
are examples of ionizing radiation. People have not been found to get cancer from
lower-energy, non-ionizing kinds of radiation, such as visible light and the energy from
cell phones.
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FACTORS CAUSING CANCER:
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Common Types of Cancer Treatment
Cancer treatment may include—
Surgery: An operation where doctors cut out tissue with cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Special medicines that shrink or kill cancer cells.
Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays (similar to X-rays) to kill cancer
cells.
Hormone therapy: Blocks cancer cells from getting the hormones they
need to grow.
Immunotherapy: A treatment that works with your body’s immune system
to help it fight cancer cells or to control side effects from other cancer
treatments.
Stem cell transplant (bone marrow transplant): Replace bone marrow
cells lost due to very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Most commonly used to treat blood cancers and cancers in lymph nodes.
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Preventing Cancer
Don’t smoke
In the United States, smoking causes approximately 30 percent of all
cancers and 90 percent of lung cancers. About half of all smokers will die
from a smoking-related disease, like cancer, heart disease, and chronic
obstructive lung disease. Globally, toba that the way we eat has a real
impact on cancer risk. Perhaps surprisingly, cco causes just over five
million deaths a year (6) and is projected to cause 1 billion deaths
worldwide by the end of the century
Maintain a healthy weight
Although weight is one of the most important risk factors for cancer, recent
surveys by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the American
Society for Clinical Oncology found that around half of people are unaware
of the link (3, 9). Very good evidence, though, suggests that maintaining a
healthy weight and adopting other healthy lifestyle habits could prevent
nearly half of deaths due to cancer
Exercise regularly
The health benefits of regular physical activity are well known. In addition
to lowering the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, and
high blood pressure, it also helps prevent cancer. Overall, in the United
States, it’s estimated that five percent of cancers are linked to lack of
regular exercise, which is largely accounted for through the link with two
common cancers, breast cancer and colon cancer
Eat a healthy diet
Make fruits and vegetables a part of every meal. Put fruit on your cereal.
Eat vegetables as a snack.
Choose chicken, fish or beans instead of red and processed meat.
Choose whole-grain cereal and whole-wheat bread instead of sugary
cereal and white bread.
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CANCER IN INDIA:
SCHEME FOR CANCER PATIENTS:
The “Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund
(HMCPF) within the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi
(RAN)” was set up in 2009.
It is a scheme to provide financial
assistance to poor patients living below
poverty line and suffering from cancer, for
their treatment at 27 Regional cancer
centers (RCCs). Revolving Funds have
been created in all the 27 Regional Cancer
Centres (RCCs) and funds up to Rs. 50
lakhs will be placed at their disposal.
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Government schemes that can help
fund your cancer treatment:.
1. Health Minister’s Cancer Patient
Fund
The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
offers the Health Minister’s Cancer Patient
Fund (HMCPF) under Rashtriya Arogya
Nidhi. This is available for patients living
below the poverty line.
2.The Health Minister’s Discretionary
Grants
Also under The Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, the HMDG offers up to a maximum
of Rs. 50,000 to poor patients in cases
where free medical facilities are not
available at government hospitals.
3.The Central Government Health
Scheme (CGHS)
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Applicable for retired Central Government
employees & dependents, which offers
coverage for cancer treatment at approved
rates from any hospital, apart from the
hospitals set up under CGHS.
4.National Health Protection Scheme
An Ayushman Bharat initiative, the National
Health Protection Scheme provides
coverage up to 5 lakh rupees per family per
year for secondary and tertiary care
hospitalization
5.The Prime Minister’s National Relief
Fund
Originally intended for victims of natural
disasters also provides partial coverage for
heart surgeries, kidney transplantation,
cancer treatment, and more such
treatments.
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SCHEME BY THE GOVERNMENT
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CANCER IN INDIA:
The estimated number of incident cases of
cancer in India for the year 2022 was found
to be 14,61,427 (crude rate:100.4 per
100,000). In India, one in nine people are
likely to develop cancer in his/her lifetime.
Lung and breast cancers were the leading
sites of cancer in males and females,
respectively. Among the childhood (0-14 yr)
cancers, lymphoid leukaemia (boys: 29.2%
and girls: 24.2%) was the leading site. The
incidence of cancer cases is estimated to
increase by 12.8 per cent in 2025 as
compared to 2020.
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According to the Global Cancer
Observatory (GLOBOCAN) estimates, there
were 19.3 million incident cancer cases
worldwide for the year 20201. India ranked
third after China and the United States of
America. GLOBOCAN predicted that
cancer cases in India would increase to
2.08 million, accounting for a rise of 57
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CONCLUSION:
A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a key
component of any overall cancer control plan. Its main goal is to
cure cancer patients or prolong their life considerably, ensuring a
good quality of life. In order for a diagnosis and treatment
programme to be effective, it must never be developed in
isolation.
As and when more resources become available, the programme
can be extended to include other curable cancers as well as
cancers.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
https://breastcancernow.org/news-and-blogs/news/nice-decide-not-to-
recommend-use-of-tumour-profiling-tests
Hamilton, A. B. (1999). Psychological aspects of ovarian cancer.
https://breastcancernow.org/news-and-blogs/news/nice-decide-not-to-
recommend-use-of-tumour-profiling-tests
https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2014/jan/31/why-we-
should-opt-out-of-the-governments-new-patient-database
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/breast-cancer-chemotherapy-
genetic-test-hormone-therapy-survival-a8380906.html
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