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Photoelectric Effect-Exam Questions+MS

The document consists of a series of questions related to the photoelectric effect, covering concepts such as the emission of electrons from metal surfaces when exposed to electromagnetic radiation, the work function, and the relationship between photon energy and electron kinetic energy. It includes calculations for maximum kinetic energy, de Broglie wavelengths, and the effects of varying light intensity and frequency on electron emission. Additionally, it discusses the wave-particle duality of light and provides experimental scenarios to illustrate these principles.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

61 views71 pages

Photoelectric Effect-Exam Questions+MS

Uploaded by

longdudedo

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Q1.

In the photoelectric effect, electromagnetic radiation incident on a metal surface causes

electrons to be emitted from the surface.

(a) State and explain one aspect of the photoelectric effect that suggests the existence
of photons.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Ultra-violet radiation of wavelength 320 nm falls on a sodium surface. Sodium has a
work function of 3.7 × 10–19 J.
speed of electromagnetic radiation, c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
the Planck constant, h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s
mass of an electron, me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
(i) State what is meant by the work function of a surface.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Show that the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the
sodium due to the incident ultra-violet radiation is about 2.5 × 10 –19 J.

(2)

(iii) Determine the de Broglie wavelength associated with the emitted electrons.

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q2.

Page 1 of 71
In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it is irradiated
with electromagnetic radiation. The graph below shows the variation of the maximum
photoelectron kinetic energy with the frequency of the radiation incident on the emitting
surface.

(a) Use the data from the graph to calculate the Planck constant.

(3)

(b) Determine the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the target
metal.

(2)

___________________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 71
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.
The photoelectric effect is one piece of evidence that suggests that light behaves like a
stream of particles or photons.
(a) State what is meant by the threshold frequency in an experiment to investigate the
photoelectric effect.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) State and explain the effect of increasing the intensity of light on the rate at which
electrons are emitted.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) In an experiment to investigate the photoelectric effect the radiation incident on the
surface caused the emission of electrons of energy 1.5 × 10 −19 J. The work function
of the surface was known to be 3.2 × 10 −19 J.

The Planck constant h is 6.6 × 10−34 J s.

The speed of electromagnetic radiation is 3.0 × 10 8 m s−1.
The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10 −31 kg.

(i) Calculate the wavelength of the incident radiation.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the emitted electrons.

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q4.
(a) Discovery of the photoelectric effect was largely responsible for the development of

Page 3 of 71
the theory that electromagnetic radiation can behave as a particle or as a wave
under different circumstances. The diagram below shows an experimental
arrangement used to demonstrate aspects of the photoelectric effect. When
photoelectrons are emitted the ammeter registers a current.

(i) The metal plate is illuminated with radiation but does not emit photoelectrons.
The intensity of the radiation is increased. State and explain what effect this
increase in intensity has.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The metal plate is illuminated with radiation such that photoelectrons are
emitted. The intensity of the radiation is increased. State and explain what
effect this increase in intensity has.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) The metal plate is illuminated with radiation such that photoelectrons are
emitted. Air is now allowed to enter the enclosure. State and explain what
effect allowing air into the enclosure has.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) Show that the de Broglie wavelength of an electron travelling at 0.15 c should
be approximately 1.6 × 10 –11 m.

the Plank constant, h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s

the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
the mass of an electron, me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg

Page 4 of 71
(2)

(ii) Suggest a suitable material to give an observable diffraction pattern with

electrons. Explain your choice.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q5.
(a) (i) State what is meant by the wave-particle duality of electromagnetic radiation.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Which aspect of the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation is demonstrated

by the photoelectric effect?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A metal plate is illuminated with ultra violet radiation of frequency 1.67 × 10 15 Hz.
The maximum kinetic energy of the liberated electrons is 3.0 × 10 –19 J.

(i) Calculate the work function of the metal.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The radiation is maintained at the same frequency but the intensity is doubled.
State what changes, if any, occur to the number of electrons released per
second and to the maximum kinetic energy of these electrons.

number per second ______________________________________________

maximum kinetic energy __________________________________________

(iii) The metal plate is replaced by another metal plate of different material. When
illuminated by radiation of the same frequency no electrons are liberated.
Explain why this happens and what can be deduced about the work function of
the new metal.

Page 5 of 71
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(8)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6.
The diagram below shows how the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted from the
cathode of a photoelectric cell varies with the frequency of the incident radiation.

(a) Calculate the maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that can release
photoelectrons from the cathode surface.
Speed of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum = 3.0 × 10 8 m s–1

(3)

(b) Another photoelectric cell uses a different metal for the photocathode. This metal
requires twice the minimum energy for electron release compared to the metal in the
first cell.

(i) Draw a line on the diagram to show the graph you would expect to obtain for
this second cell.
(1)

(ii) Explain your answer with reference to the Einstein photoelectric equation.

Page 6 of 71
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q7.
(a) A particular photocell is designed to emit electrons when visible light is incident on
its cathode. When yellow light of wavelength 570 nm is incident on the cathode the
electrons are emitted with almost zero kinetic energy.

speed of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum = 3.0 × 108 m s–1

the Planck constant = 6.6 × 10–34 J s
charge on electron = –1.6 × 10–19 C

(i) Show that the threshold frequency of the cathode material is about 5 × 10 14
Hz.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the work function of the cathode material.

(2)

(b) Ultra-violet radiation of photon energy 4.7 × 10 –19 J and of the same intensity as the
visible light in part (a) is now incident on the cathode.

(i) Calculate the maximum velocity of the emitted electrons.

mass of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg.

(4)

(ii) State and explain the effect on the number of electrons emitted per second
resulting from this change in the photon energy of the incident radiation.

______________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 71
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q8.
(a) In the photoelectric effect equation

hf = ϕ + Ek

state what is meant by

hf _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

ϕ _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Ek ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Monochromatic light of wavelength 3.80 × 10 −7 m falls with an intensity of

6.0 μW m−2 on to a metallic surface whose work function is 3.2 × 10 −19 J.
Using data from the Data Sheet, calculate

(i) the energy of a single photon of light of this wavelength,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the number of photons emitted per second from 1.0 × 10 –6 m2 of the surface if
a photon has a 1 in 1000 chance of ejecting an electron,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the maximum kinetic energy which one of these photoelectrons could possess.

______________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 71
(5)
(Total 8 marks)

Q9.
Electrons may be emitted when electromagnetic radiation is incident on a metallic surface

(a) The photoelectric equation is

hf = ϕ + Ek,

where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency of the incident radiation.

Explain the meanings of

work function, ϕ ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Ek
_________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In a typical experiment to investigate the photoelectric effect, Ek was measured for
photons of different wavelengths, λ ,and the values in the table were obtained.

λ/nm 200 300 400 500 600

Ek × 10–19/J 6.72 3.30 1.68 0.66 0.05

(i) By rearranging the photoelectric equation, show that a graph of Ek (y-axis)

plotted against (x-axis) will give a straight line.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Use the above data to plot this graph on the grid provided and use your graph
to determine values for ϕ, in eV, and the Planck constant, h.

______________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 71
______________________________________________________________

(9)

(c) Using the same axes, sketch the graph which you would expect to obtain if the
experiment were repeated with a metal having a larger value of ϕ.
(2)

(d) In a simple demonstration of the photoelectric effect, a metal plate is given a

negative charge and illuminated with, in turn,

(i) red light from a laser,

(ii) an ultraviolet lamp.

The ultraviolet lamp causes the plate to lose charge but the laser has no effect.
Explain why this is so.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 71
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Q10.
(a) The photoelectric effect is represented by the equation

hf = Φ + Ek.
Name the following terms and explain their significance in this equation.

Φ _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Ek ________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) In the photoelectric apparatus shown, the incident ultraviolet radiation has a
wavelength of 220 nm and the current is 2.0 μA.

(i) Give the value of the current when the intensity of the incident radiation is
doubled whilst keeping the wavelength constant.

______________________________________________________________

Explain your answer, stating any assumptions you make.

______________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 71
(ii) The wave length of the incident radiation is now increased and at 350 nm the
current falls to zero. Calculate the threshold frequency and Φ.

threshold frequency ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Φ ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q11.
(a) When monochromatic light is incident on a particular metal plate, electrons are
emitted. The intensity of the light is then increased.

Explain

(i) why the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons does not change,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) why the number of electrons emitted per second increases.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) A potassium metal plate is illuminated with incident light of wavelength 5.10 × 10 –7
m. The work function of potassium is 3.58 × 10 –19 J.

(i) Show that the frequency of the incident light is approximately 6 × 10 14 Hz.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the energy, in J, of an incident photon.

______________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 71
______________________________________________________________

(iii) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy, in J, of an emitted electron.

______________________________________________________________

(iv) The table gives the work function of four metals.

metal work function/J × 10–19

caesium 3.04

silver 7.57

sodium 3.94

tungsten 7.33

Which of these metals would emit electrons when illuminated with light of
wavelength 5.10 × 10–7 m?

______________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 10 marks)

Q12.
(a) When monochromatic light is incident on a metal plate, electrons are emitted only
when the frequency of the light exceeds a certain threshold frequency. Explain, in
terms of energy, why this threshold frequency exists.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) A sodium metal surface is illuminated with incident light of frequency 9.70 × 10 14 Hz.
The maximum kinetic energy of an emitted electron is 2.49 × 10 –19 J.

Calculate

(i) the wavelength of the incident light,

______________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 71
______________________________________________________________

(ii) the energy, in J, of each incident photon,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the work function, in J, of sodium,

______________________________________________________________

(iv) the work function, in eV, of sodium.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 10 marks)

Q13.
(i) Calculate the longest wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that will cause
photoelectric emission at a clean lithium surface.
work function for lithium φ = 4.6 × 10 –19 J

Longest wavelength = ____________________ m

(3)

(ii) Calculate maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted when electromagnetic
radiation of frequency 8.5 × 10 14 Hz is incident on the surface.

Page 14 of 71
Maximum energy = ____________________ J
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q14.
In the apparatus shown, monochromatic ultraviolet radiation is incident on the surface of
metal X. Photoelectrons are emitted from X and are collected at electrode Y.

(a) Calculate the work function of X, given that each photon in the incident radiation
has 3.2 × 10–19 J of energy.
The maximum kinetic energy possessed by a single photoelectron is 2.1 × 10 –19 J.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The source of the incident radiation is replaced with a new source. The wavelength
of the radiation from the new source is half the wavelength of the original radiation.

Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 15 of 71
Q15.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term work function of a metal.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In an experiment on the photoelectric effect, the maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted photoelectrons is measured over a range of incident light frequencies. The
results obtained are shown in the figure below.

(i) A metal of work function Φ is illuminated with light of frequency f. Write down
the equation giving the maximum kinetic energy, EK, of the photoelectrons
emitted in terms of Φ and f.

EK =

(ii) Use the data in the figure to determine the work function of the metal.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Determine the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons when the
frequency of the incident radiation is 2.5 × 10 15 Hz.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)

(c) The experiment is repeated but with the light incident on a metal of lower work
function. Draw a new line on the figure that results from this change.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 16 of 71
Q16.
(a) The photoelectric effect is represented by the equation

hf = + Ek.

What does Ek represent?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A metal plate is illuminated with electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 190 nm.
The metal has a work function of 7.9 × 10 –19 J.

(i) Calculate the frequency of the incident electromagnetic radiation.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Show that the metal plate will emit photoelectrons when illuminated with
radiation of this wavelength.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) The radiation incident on the metal plate remains at a constant wavelength of
190 nm but its intensity is now doubled.
State and explain the effect this has on the emitted photoelectrons.

You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 17 of 71
Q17.
The apparatus shown in the figure below can be used to demonstrate the photoelectric
effect. Photoelectrons are emitted from the metal cathode when it is illuminated with white
light which has passed through a blue filter.

You may be awarded additional marks to those shown in brackets for the quality of written
communication in your answers to parts (a) and (b).

(a) The intensity of the light source is reduced. State and explain the effect of this on
the emitted photoelectrons.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Explain why no photoelectrons are emitted when the blue filter is replaced by a red
filter.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) When a metal of work function 2.30 × 10 –19 J is illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
of wavelength 200 nm, photoelectrons are emitted.

Page 18 of 71
Calculate

(i) the frequency of the ultraviolet radiation,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the threshold frequency of the metal,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons, in J.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 11 marks)

Q18.
The diagram below shows the apparatus used to
demonstrate the photoelectric effect. A clean zinc plate
is placed on the cap of a gold leaf electroscope. The
plate is then charged negatively and both visible and
ultraviolet radiation are shone onto the plate. The gold
leaf is seen to fall.

(a) Explain why the gold leaf falls.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A clear sheet of glass, placed between the radiation sources and the zinc plate,
absorbs some of the radiation.

(i) Which type of radiation is absorbed?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 19 of 71
(ii) Explain why this effect stops the gold leaf from falling further.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The glass sheet is removed and the zinc plate is now charged positively. Again
visible and ultraviolet radiation are shone onto the surface. Suggest why the gold
leaf does not fall.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Calculate the maximum speed of electrons emitted when radiation of wavelength
320 nm is shone onto a caesium plate.

work function of caesium = 3.04 × 10 –19 J

maximum speed ____________________ m s –1

(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Q19.
(a) Experiments based on the photoelectric effect support the particle nature of light. In
such experiments light is directed at a metal surface.

(i) State what is meant by the threshold frequency of the incident light.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain why the photoelectric effect is not observed below the threshold
frequency.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Monochromatic light of wavelength 5.40 × 10 –7 m is incident on a metal surface

which has a work function of 1.40 × 10 –19 J.

(i) Calculate the energy of a single photon of this light.

Page 20 of 71
answer = ____________________ J
(2)

(ii) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of an electron emitted from the surface.

answer = ____________________ J
(2)

(iii) Calculate the maximum speed of the emitted electron.

answer = ____________________ m s–1

(2)

(iv) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the fastest electrons.

answer = ____________________ m
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q20.
When light of a certain frequency is shone on a particular metal surface, electrons are
emitted with a range of kinetic energies.

(a) Explain
• in terms of photons why electrons are released from the metal surface, and
• why the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons varies upto a maximum value.

The quality of your written communication will be assessed in this question.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 21 of 71
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) The graph below shows how the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons varies
with the frequency of the light shining on the metal surface.

(i) On the graph mark the threshold frequency and label it f0.
(1)

(ii) On the graph draw a line for a metal which has a higher threshold frequency.
(2)

(iii) State what is represented by the gradient of the graph.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The threshold frequency of a particular metal surface is 5.6 × 10 14 Hz. Calculate the
maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons if the frequency of the light striking the
metal surface is double the threshold frequency.

answer = ____________________ J
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 22 of 71
Q21.
When monochromatic light is shone on a clean metal surface, electrons are emitted from
the surface due to the photoelectric effect.

(a) State and explain the effect on the emitted electrons of

(i) increasing the frequency of the light,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) increasing the intensity of the light.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The wave model was once an accepted explanation for the nature of light. It was
rejected when validated evidence was used to support a particle model of the nature
of light. Explain what is meant by validated evidence.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The threshold frequency of lithium is 5.5 × 10 14 Hz.

(i) Calculate the work function of lithium, stating an appropriate unit,

______________________________________________________________

answer ____________________
(3)

(ii) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons when light of
frequency 6.2 × 1014 HZ is incident on the surface of a sample of lithium.

Page 23 of 71
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

answer ____________________ J
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q22.
(a) When illuminated with electromagnetic waves, a metal surface can exhibit the
photoelectric effect. The maximum wavelength that causes the emission of
photoelectrons with zero kinetic energy is 6.8 × 10 –7 m.

(i) Show that the threshold frequency for the surface is approximately 4.4 × 10 14
Hz.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Show that the work function for the surface is approximately 2.9 × 10 –19 J.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted from the surface
when it is illuminated with ultraviolet radiation of frequency 7.8 × 10 14 Hz.

______________________________________________________________

Page 24 of 71
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

maximum kinetic energy ____________________ J

(2)

(b) Explain why the photoelectric effect cannot be explained by the wave theory of light.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q23.
When a clean metal surface in a vacuum is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of a certain
frequency, electrons are emitted from the metal.

(a) (i) Explain why the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons has a maximum
value.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Explain with reference to the work function why, if the frequency of the
radiation is below a certain value, electrons are not emitted.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) State a unit for work function.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 25 of 71
(b) Light energy is incident on each square millimetre of the surface at a rate of
3.0 × 10–10 J s–1. The frequency of the light is 1.5 × 10 15 Hz.

(i) Calculate the energy of an incident photon.

answer = ______________________ J
(2)

(ii) Calculate the number of photons incident per second on each square
millimetre of the metal surface.

answer = ______________________
(2)

(c) In the wave theory model of light, electrons on the surface of a metal absorb energy
from a small area of the surface.

(i) The light striking the surface delivers energy to this small area at a rate of
3.0 × 10–22 J s–1.
The minimum energy required to liberate the electron is 6.8 × 10 –19 J.
Calculate the minimum time it would take an electron to absorb this amount of
energy.

answer = ______________________ s
(1)

(ii) In practice the time delay calculated in part c (i) does not occur. Explain how
this experimental evidence was used to develop the particle model for the
behaviour of light.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 26 of 71
(Total 12 marks)

Q24.
The maximum kinetic energy, Ek(max), of photoelectrons varies with the wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation incident on a metal surface.
This variation is shown in the graph.

(a) (i) Define the term work function.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Show that the work function of the metal is approximately 4 × 10 −19 J.

Use data from the graph in your calculation.

(3)

(b) Monochromatic radiation is incident on the metal surface.

Photoelectrons are ejected with a maximum speed of 4.6 × 10 5 m s−1.

Determine the wavelength of the incident radiation.

Page 27 of 71
wavelength ____________________ m
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q25.
(a) State what is meant by the photoelectric effect.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Violet light of wavelength 380 nm is incident on a potassium surface.

(i) Calculate the energy of a photon of this light.

______________________________________________________________

photon energy ______________________ J

(3)

(ii) Show that this photon can cause the photoelectric effect when incident on the
potassium surface.

work function of potassium = 2.3 eV

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The potassium surface is now given a positive charge.

Explain why no photoelectric effect is observed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 28 of 71
Q26.
(a) When monochromatic light is shone on a clean cadmium surface, electrons with a
range of kinetic energies up to a maximum of 3.51 × 10 –20 J are released. The work
function of cadmium is 4.07 eV.

(i) State what is meant by work function.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Explain why the emitted electrons have a range of kinetic energies up to a
maximum value.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(iii) Calculate the frequency of the light. Give your answer to an appropriate
number of significant figures.

answer = ____________________ Hz
(4)

(b) In order to explain the photoelectric effect the wave model of electromagnetic
radiation was replaced by the photon model. Explain what must happen in order for
an existing scientific theory to be modified or replaced with a new theory.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q27.

Page 29 of 71
When ultraviolet light of frequency 3.0 × 10 15 Hz is incident on the surface of a
metal,electrons of maximum kinetic energy 1.7 × 10 –18 J are emitted.

(a) Explain why the emitted electrons have a range of kinetic energies up to a
maximum value.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) Show that the work function of the metal is 1.8 eV.

(3)

(ii) Calculate the threshold frequency of the metal. Give your answer to an
appropriate number of significant figures.

threshold frequency____________________Hz
(3)

(c) (i) State and explain the effect on the emitted electrons of decreasing the
frequency of the incident radiation whilst keeping the intensity constant.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) State and explain the effect on the emitted electrons of doubling the intensity
of the incident radiation whilst keeping the frequency constant.

Page 30 of 71
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q28.
Sodium metal has a work function of 2.28 eV. An atom of sodium has an ionisation energy
of 5.15 eV.

(a) (i) State what is meant by work function.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) State what is meant by ionisation energy.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Show that the minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation needed for a photon
to ionise an atom of sodium is about 1.2 × 10 15 Hz.

(2)

Calculate the maximum possible kinetic energy of an electron that is emitted when a
photon of this radiation is incident on the surface.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

maximum kinetic energy = ____________________ J

(3)

(d) Calculate the speed of an electron that has the same de Broglie wavelength as the
electromagnetic radiation in part (b).

Page 31 of 71
speed = ____________________ m s–1
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q29.
(a) Describe what occurs in the photoelectric effect.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Violet light of wavelength 380 nm is incident on a potassium surface.

Deduce whether light of this wavelength can cause the photoelectric effect when
incident on the potassium surface.

work function of potassium = 2.3 eV

(4)

State and explain one piece of evidence that suggests that light also possesses
wave properties.

Page 32 of 71
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q30.
Figure 1 shows a photocell which uses the photoelectric effect to provide a current in an
external circuit.

Figure 1

(a) Electromagnetic radiation is incident on the photoemissive surface.

Explain why there is a current only if the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation
is above a certain value.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) State and explain the effect on the current when the intensity of the electromagnetic
radiation is increased.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 33 of 71
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) A student investigates the properties of the photocell. The student uses a source of
electromagnetic radiation of fixed frequency and observes that there is a current in
the external circuit.
The student then connects a variable voltage supply so the positive terminal is
connected to the electrode with a photoemissive surface and the negative terminal
is connected to the wire electrode. As the student increases the supply voltage, the
current decreases and eventually becomes zero. The minimum voltage at which this
happens is called the stopping potential. The student’s new circuit is shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2

The photoemissive surface has a work function of 2.1 eV. The frequency of the
electromagnetic radiation the student uses is 7.23 × 10 14 Hz.

Calculate the maximum kinetic energy, in J, of the electrons emitted from the
photoemissive surface.

maximum kinetic energy = ____________________ J

(3)

(d) Use your answer from part (c) to calculate the stopping potential for the
photoemissive surface.

Page 34 of 71
stopping potential = ____________________ V
(1)

(e) The student increases the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation.

Explain the effect this has on the stopping potential.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q31.
The photoelectric effect can be demonstrated by illuminating a negatively charged plate,
made from certain metals, with ultraviolet (UV) light and showing that the plate loses its
charge.

(a) Explain why, when ultraviolet light is shone on a positively charged plate, no
charge is lost by the plate.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Threshold frequency and work function are important ideas in the study of the
photoelectric effect.

Tables 1 and 2 summarise the work functions of three metals and photon energies
of three UV light sources.

Table 1

Metal Work function /

Zinc 4.3

Page 35 of 71
Iron 4.5

Copper 4.7

Table 2

Light source Photon energy /

1 4.0

2 4.4

3 5.0

Discuss the combinations of metal and UV light source that could best be used to
demonstrate the idea of threshold frequency and the idea of work function.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(c) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy, in J, of the electrons emitted from a zinc
plate when illuminated with ultraviolet light.

work function of zinc = 4.3 eV

frequency of ultraviolet light = 1.2 × 10 15 Hz

maximum kinetic energy ____________________ J

(3)

(d) Explain why your answer is a maximum.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 36 of 71
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Q32.
Figure 1 shows an arrangement used to investigate the photoelectric effect.

Figure 1

A current is measured on the microammeter only when electromagnetic radiation with a

frequency greater than a certain value is incident on the photoemissive surface.

(a) Explain why the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation must be greater than a
certain value.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The apparatus in Figure 1 is used with a monochromatic light source of constant intensity.
Measurements are made to investigate how the current I in the microammeter varies with
positive and negative values of the potential difference V of the variable voltage supply.

The Figure 2 shows how the results of the investigation can be used to find the stopping
potential.

Figure 2

Page 37 of 71
(b) Determine the number of photoelectrons per second leaving the photoemissive
surface when the current is a maximum.

number of photoelectrons per second = _______________

(2)

(c) Explain why I reaches a constant value for positive values of V.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Explain why I decreases as the value of V becomes more negative.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 38 of 71
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) The investigation is repeated with a different photoemissive surface that has a
smaller value of the work function. The source of electromagnetic radiation is
unchanged.

Discuss the effect that this change in surface has on the value of the stopping
potential.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q33.
An isolated metal plate is given a negative charge. Electromagnetic radiation is incident
on the plate. The plate loses its charge due to the photoelectric effect.

(a) Discuss how the rate of loss of charge from the plate depends on the frequency and
intensity of the incident radiation.

In your answer you should explain why:

• the plate loses its charge

• the photoelectric effect occurs only for frequencies greater than a particular
value
• the rate of loss of charge increases with intensity for radiation above that
particular value of frequency.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 39 of 71
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) Charged particles are emitted from the metal plate with a maximum kinetic energy of
1.1 eV when radiation of frequency 1.2 × 1015 Hz is incident on the plate.

Calculate, in eV, the work function of the metal.

work function = _______________ eV

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q34.
Scintillation counters are used to detect beta particles. A scintillation counter consists of a
scintillation material and a photomultiplier tube (PMT).

(a) Beta particles collide with atoms in the scintillation material, which emits photons of
light as a result.

Explain how photons are produced by collisions between beta particles and atoms.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 40 of 71
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A photon of light from the scintillation material enters the PMT, as shown in Figure
1. The front of the PMT contains a thin photocathode. The photon strikes the
photocathode to release an electron.

Figure 1

The longest wavelength of light that releases an electron from this photocathode is
630 nm.

Calculate the minimum photon energy required to remove an electron from the
photocathode.

minimum photon energy = _______________ J

(2)

(c) The PMT consists of an evacuated glass tube containing the photocathode, an
anode and three metal electrodes, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Page 41 of 71
The electrodes, anode and photocathode are connected to a potential divider
consisting of four identical resistors R. The emf of the electrical supply is 3.0 kV.

The potential difference between the photocathode and the first electrode
accelerates the electron along the path shown in Figure 2.

Calculate, in J, the maximum kinetic energy transferred to the electron when it

accelerates from the photocathode to the first electrode.

maximum kinetic energy = _______________ J

(2)

(d) The electron hits the first electrode and causes the release of several electrons.
Figure 3 shows how a series of accelerations and collisions produces a large
number of electrons. These electrons hit the anode and produce a pulse of current
in an ammeter.

Figure 3

The Figure 4 shows the variation of current in the ammeter with time due to this
pulse.

Figure 4

Page 42 of 71
Determine the number of electrons that flow through the ammeter.

number of electrons = _______________

(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 43 of 71
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) relevant observation explains why this supports photons or
does not support waves

Examples

electrons are emitted with no noticeable delay

if wave theory time would elapse while an electron gains sufficient

energy to leave the surface or wtte

there is a threshold frequency below which there are no electrons emitted

photons have to have sufficient energy to cause emission and photon

energy is frequency related
B1

or if a wave energy could build up over time to cause electron emission

for a given frequency of light there is a given max KE for the emitted electron

a photon gives all its energy to an electron to remove it and give it KE

intensity of the light does not affect the KE of the emitted electrons

high intensity waves would be expected to give higher kinetic energy to an

electron

do not allow increased intensity increases number of electron

(b) (i) energy to remove an electron or to cause photoelectric emission

minimum energy to remove an electron (from the surface)

A1
(2)

(ii) photon energy = hc / λ

or Ek(max) = hc / λ – ϕ
B1

max KE = = 6.2 × 10–19 J – 3.7 × 10–19 stated explicitly

allow 2 for correct substitution in Ek(max) = hc / λ – ϕ

B1
(2)

(iii) λ = h / mv
C1

velocity of electron = 7.4 × 10 5 m s–1

or momentum of electron = 6.75 × 10 –250 (kg m s–1 )

Page 44 of 71
wavelength = 9.78 or 9.8 × 10 –10 m (value correct)
A1
(3)
[9]

Q2.
(a) use of gradient
C1

correct data extracted including power of ten

6.60 × 10–34 J s ± 0.15 × 10–34 J s

A1
(3)

(b) extrapolation of graph to ordinate

5.0 × 10–19 J ± 0.5 × 10–19 J

or Φ = hf0 (f0 = 7.4 × 1014 Hz)

5.0 × 10–19 J
A1
(2)

alternative to (a) + (b)

hf = Φ + ½mv2
M1

both pairs of coordinates from graph

substitution of both pairs of values

Φ in above range
A1

h in above range
A1

(c) energy to remove electron supplied by electromagnetic radiation

if photon energy below threshold: no photoelectron

or f < f0 => no electrons

energy only absorbed in discrete quanta, not continuously

each photon releases 1 photoelectron

increasing intensity of electromagnetic radiation increases number of

Page 45 of 71
photoelectrons
B1

electrons emitted even with low intensity radiation

any three points

(3)
[8]

Q3.
(a) the frequency needed to liberate an electron (electrons) from the surface of a
material
or
minimum frequency to cause photoelectric effect
C1
the minimum frequency of the radiation / light / photon needed to liberate an
electron (electrons) from (the surface of) a material or from the surface
A1
(2)

(b) the rate increases or more electrons per second

M1
there are more photons striking the surface each second
A1
no change in rate if frequency is below threshold frequency – allow 1
(2)

(c) (i) Calculation using hc / E for (4.7 or 1.5 or 3.2) × 10 –19 J

use of 1.5 leads to 1.32 × 10 –6;
use of 3.2 leads to 6.2 × 10–7
C1
4.2 × 10–7 m
A1
(2)

(ii) use of 1.5 × 10–19 J

B1
p = √(2mE) and λ = h / p or E = ½ mv2 and λ = h / mv
C1
correct answer for their energy
1.26 × 10–9 m for 1.5 × 10–19 J
1.2 × 10–9 m for 1.7 × 10–19 J
0.86 × 10–9 m for 3.2 × 10–19 J
0.71 × 10–9 m for 4.7 × 10–19 J
A1
(3)
[9]

Q4.
(a) (i) no electrons will be released / no current / no effect
B1

work function energy not being exceeded / insufficient

photon energy to exceed work function / photon
frequency below threshold frequency
B1

(ii) more electrons released per second / current increases

Page 46 of 71
more photons (of sufficient energy) striking metal surface per second
B1

(iii)

answers must be in corresponding pairs below

cause – B1 consequence – B1

electrons collide with air less electrons reach anode

molecules (s–1)

less photons reach plate so

photons absorbed by air
fewer electrons emitted (s–1)

(work function ↑) so fewer

photons sufficiently
air contaminates plate
energetic
to release electrons

cause must be
ammeter reading or current
everything in one
falls
pair of boxes above

(b) (i) λ= or correctly substituted values irrespective of powers of 10

1.61 × 10–11 m N.B. “show that”

(ii) crystal (or named crystalline material) / graphite

atomic spacing (condone atomic diameter or distance

between nuclei) ≈ λ electrons
B1
[10]

Q5.
(a) (i) electromagnetic radiation behaves either as a particle or as a wave (1)

(ii) (electromagnetic radiation) behaves as a particle (1)

(2)

(b) (i) hf = φ + Ek (1)

φ = (6.63 × 10–34 × 1.67 × 1015) – (3.0 × 10–19) (1)
= 8.1 × 10–19 (1) J (1) (8.07 × 10–19)

(ii) (number per second) doubled (1)

(maximum kinetic energy) remains constant (1)

(iii) (all) electrons have insufficient energy to leave the (new) metal (1)
the work function of the (new) metal is greater than hf
[or the work function of the (new) metal is greater than
that of the original metal] (1)

Page 47 of 71
The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for
the quality of answers to this part.
(8)
[10]

Q6.
(a) Use of 4 × 1014

Use of c = fλ

7.5 × 10–7 m

A1
3

(b) line parallel to first intersecting x-axis at twice threshold freq

(i) gradient is h so unchanged

(ii) intersection with x-axis is double because

hf = φ at zero ke for e–

B1
3
[6]

Q7.
(a) (i) f = c/λ or correct substitution irrespective of powers

5.26 × 1014 (Hz) not 5.2 × 1014

A1
2

(ii) Ф = hf or substitution irrespective of powers

3.3 – 3.5 × 10–19 J

A1
2

(b) (i) statement or clear use of photoelectric equation

Page 48 of 71
max ke = 1.2 – 1.4 × 10–19 (J)

½ mv2 or substituted values ecf for max ke

5.1 – 5.6 × 105 ms–1 (cao)

A1
4

(ii) same intensity and shorter wavelength

=>less photons incident per

second
fewer electrons emitted per second

condone argument for unchanged numbers of electrons

(based on 1 to 1 correspondence between photons and
electrons)
2
[10]

Q8.
(a) hf = photon energy (1)
ϕ = work function (1)
Ek = maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons (1)
(3)

(b) (i) (1)

(ii) energy on surface = 6.0 × 10 –12 J mm–2 s–1 (1)

(1)

(iii) (1) × 10–19 = 2.0 × 10–19 J (1)

(5)
[8]

Q9.
(a) ϕ is minimum energy needed to remove electron (1)
Ek is maximum energy of emitted electron (1)
(2)

(b) (i) Ek = hf – ϕ

Page 49 of 71
f= ∴ Ek = hc – ϕ (1)

cf y = mx + c (1)

(ii)

λ / nm 200 300 400 500 600

Ek × 10–19 J 6.72 3.30 1.68 0.66 0.05

0.0050 0.0033 0.0025 0.0020 0.0017

values correct (1)

both axes correctly labelled (1)

five points correctly plotted (1)
sensible scale and straight line (1)

graph for this question

Page 50 of 71
from intercept, ϕ = 3.3 × 10–19 J (1) = 2.1 eV (1)

h= = 6.7 × 10–34 J s (1)

(max 9)

(c) straight line to right of present curve (1)

parallel to it (1)
(2)

(d) ultraviolet high frequency (1)

above f0 for emission (1)
[or red light low frequency (1)
below f0 for emission (1)]

[alternative (d)

Page 51 of 71
ultraviolet [red light] photon energy is high [low] (1)
above [below] work function (1)]
(2)
[15]

Q10.
(a) Φ : work function (1)
minimum energy (1)
required to remove an electron (from the photocathode) (1)
(or energy required to remove electron from surface)

maximum kinetic energy (1)

Ek of emitted (photo)electron (leaving the metal) (1)

(5)

(b) (i) 4.(0) μA (1)

doubling the intensity doubles the number of photons (per se) (1)
(which) doubles the number of electrons released (per se) (1)
current = rate of flow of charge (1)
assume one photon liberates one electron (1)
(or assume all the photoelectrons are collected) (1)

(ii) (f0 = c/λ0 gives) f0 = 3.0 × 10–8/350 × 10–9 (1)

= 8.6 × 1014 Hz (1) (8.57 × 1014 Hz) (1)

(Φ = hf0 gives) Φ = 6.6(3) × 10–34 × 8.57 × 1014 (allow e.c.f. for f0)

= 5.7 × 10–19 J (1) (5.68 × 10–19 J) (1)

(max 5)
[10]

Q11.
(a) (i) the energy of a photon does not depend on the intensity (1)
so electron gains no extra energy
[or the energy is dependent on the wavelength / frequency] (1)

(ii) the intensity of the light determines the number of photons per second
(1)
one photon interacts with one electron
[or hence more interactions with electrons] (1)
3

(b) (i) (use of c = fλ gives) f = (1)

= 5.88 × 1014 (Hz) (1)

(ii) (use of E = hf gives) E = 6.63 × 10-34 × 5.88 × 1014 (1)

(allow C.E. for value of f from (i))
= 3.9(0) × 10-19(J) (1)

(iii) (use of hf = ϕ + Ek gives) 3.9 × 10-19 = 3.58 × 10-19 + Ek (1)

(allow C.E. for value of E from
(ii))

Page 52 of 71
Ek = 3.2 × 10-20(J) (1)

(iv) caesium (1) (allow C.E. for value of E from (ii))

7
[10]

Q12.
(a) the energy of each photon/the light increases with frequency (1)
electrons need a minimum amount of energy to leave the metal (1)
this amount of energy is equal to the work function (1)
3

The Quality of Written Communication marks are awarded for the quality of
answers to this question.

(b) (i) (use of ν = fλ gives) λ =

= 3.09 × 10–7m (1)

(ii) (use of E = hf gives) E = 6.63 × 10–34 × 9.70 ×1014 (1)

= 6.43 × 10–19(J) (1)

(iii) (use of hf = ϕ + Ek gives) 6.43 × 10-19 = ϕ + 2.49 × 10-19 (1)

(allow C.E. from (b)(ii))

ϕ = 3.94 × 10-19(J) (1)

(iv) ϕ= = 2.46 (eV) (1) (allow C.E. from (b)(iii)

7
[10]

Q13.
(i) recognition that work function = hf0 or hc/λ0 (1)

rearrangement or correct substitution of values (1)

4.3 × 10-7 m (1)

(ii) Einstein’s equation seen or used (1)

work function subtracted from energy of incident photon (1)

1.0(1) × 10-19 J (1)

[6]

Q14.
(a) (use of hf = + Ek gives) 3.2 × 10–19 = + 2.1 × 10–19
= 1.1 × 10–19 (1) J (1)

Page 53 of 71
3

(b) incident energy of each photon is doubled

6.4 × 10–19 = 1.1 × 10–19 + Ek
Ek = 5.3 × 10–19 J (1)
3
[6]

Q15.
(a) minimum (energy/work done) (1)
energy required to remove an electron from
the surface (of the metal) (1)
2

(b) (i) Ek = hf – (1)

f0 = 0.50 × 1015 (Hz) (1)

(= hf0) = 6.6 × 10–34 × 0.50 × 1015 (1)

= 3.3 × 10–19 J (1)

(ii) (use of Ek = hf – gives)

Ek = (6.6 × 10–34 × 2.5 × 1015) – 3.3 × 10–19 (1)

= 1.3(2) × 10–18 J (1)

(allow C.E. for incorrect value of from (ii))

[or (using gradient = h = ∆Ek/∆f)

∆Ek = 6.6 × 10–34 × 2 × 1015 (1)

= 1.3(2) × 10–18 J (1)]

(c) same gradient (1)

drawn above existing line with smaller x intercept (1)
2
[10]

Q16.
(a) (Ek =) maximum (1)
kinetic energy of the (emitted) (photo) electrons (1)
2

(b) (i) (use of f = gives) f =

= 1.6 × 1015 Hz (1) (1.58 × 1015 Hz)

(ii) energy of incident photon (= hf) = 6.6 × 10–34 × 1.6 × 1015

or 1.1 × 10–18 (J) (1)

Page 54 of 71
(allow C.E. for value of f from (i))

(use of f = 1.58 × 1015 gives energy = 1.04 × 10–18 (J))

incident energy is greater than the work function (1)

[or threshold frequency (= )=

= 1.2 × 1015 (Hz) (1)

(incident) frequency is greater than the threshold frequency (1)]

(iii) number of photons per sec is doubled

(maximum) photon/electron (kinetic) energy is constant
number (of photoelectrons) emitted (per second) is increased
(or doubled)
one photon collision with one electron (any three) (1) (1) (1)
6
QWC 1
[8]

Q17.
(a) intensity determines the number of photons per second (1)
fewer photoelectrons per second (1)
(individual) photon energies are not changed (1)
with no change in the (kinetic) energy/speed (1)
one photon interacts with one electron (1)
3

(b) energy of a photon is proportional to frequency (or E = hf) (1)

photon of red light has less energy than a photon of blue light
[orfred <fblue or λred > λblue] (1)
the energy is insufficient to overcome the work function of the metal
[or the frequency is below the threshold frequency] (1)
3

(c) (i) Hz (1)

(ii) (1)

=3.5 × 1014Hz (1)

(3.47 × 1014Hz)

(iii) (use of gives)

Ex = (6.63 x 10-34 x 1.5 x 1015) - 2.3 x 10-19 (1)

7.6 × 10–19 (J) (1)

(7.645 × 10–19(J))
(allow C.E for value of f from (i))
5
[11]

Page 55 of 71
Q18.
(a) energy in uv is greater than work function of zinc (1)

photoelectrons emitted so electroscope discharges (1)

B1
2

(b) (i) uv (1)

(ii) (visible has) lower frequencies or (visible energy)

less than work function (1)

B1
2

(c) higher voltage means harder for electrons to leave

zinc (owtte) (1)

B1
1

(d) use of photoelectric equation (1)

correct selection of h, c and me (1)

correct ½ mv2 (3.1 × 10–19) (1)

8.3 × 105 (1)

C1
4
[9]

Q19.
(a) (i) below a certain frequency (called the threshold frequency)
no electrons emitted (1)

or minimum frequency for electrons to overcome work function

(ii) (light travels as photons) energy of a photon depends on

frequency (1)

below threshold frequency (photon) does not have enough

energy to liberate an electron (1)

or reference to work function eg a photon does not have enough

Page 56 of 71
energy (to allow the electron) to overcome the work function
2

(b) (i) (use of E = hc/λ)

E = 6.63 × 10–34 × 3.00 × 108/5.40 × 10–7 (1)

E = 3.68 × 10–19 (J) (1)

(ii) (use of hf = Ek + )

3.68 × 10–19 = Ek + 1.40 × 10–19 (1)

Ek = 2.28 × 10–19 (J) (1)

(iii) (use of Ek = mv2/2)

2.28 × 10–19 = 1/2 × 9.11 × 10–31 × v2 (1)

v2 = 2 × 2.28 × 10–19/9.11 × 10–31 = 5.0 × 1011

v = 7.1 × 105 (m s–1) (1)

(iv) (use of λ = h/mv)

λ = 6.63 × 10–34(9.11 × 10–31 × 7.1 × 105) (1)

λ = 1.03 × 10–9 (m) (1)

2
[11]

Q20.
(a)

QWC descriptor mark

range

good- The candidate provides a comprehensive and logical 5-6

excellent explanation which recognises that light consists of photons
of energy hf and that an electron at or near the metal
surface can only gain the energy of a single photon when it
interacts with a photon. In addition, the candidate should
recognise the significance of the work function (of the
metal) in this context in relation to the maximum kinetic
energy that an emitted electron can have. The candidate
should also provide some indication of why the kinetic
energy of an emitted electron may be less than the
maximum kinetic energy. Although the term ‘work function’
might not be defined or used, the candidate’s explanation
should clearly state that each electron needs a minimum
amount of energy to escape from the metal.

modest- The candidate provides a logical and coherent explanation 3-4

adequate which includes the key ideas including recognition that light

Page 57 of 71
consists of photons of energy hf and that an electron at or
near the metal surface can only gain the energy of a single
photon when it interacts with a photon. In addition, the
candidate should be aware that each electron needs a
minimum amount of energy to escape from the metal. They
should appreciate that the kinetic energy of an emitted
electron is equal to the difference between the energy it
gains from a photon and the energy it needs (or uses) to
escape from the metal. However, the explanation may lack
a key element such as why the kinetic energy of the
emitted electrons varies.

poor- The candidate provides some correct ideas including 1-2

limited recognition that light consists of photons of energy hf and
that electrons in the metal (or at its surface) absorb
photons and thereby gain energy. Their ideas lack
coherence and they fail to recognise or use in their
explanation the key idea that one photon is absorbed by
one electron.

The explanations expected in a good answer should include most of the

following physics ideas

energy is needed to remove an electron from the surface

work function φ (of the metal) is the minimum energy needed by

an electron to escape from the surface

light consists of photons , each of energy E = hf

one photon is absorbed by one electron

an electron can escape (from the surface) if hf > φ

kinetic energy of an emitted electron cannot be greater than hf – φ

an electron below the surface needs to do work/uses energy to reach

the surface

kinetic energy of such an electron will be less than hf – φ

(b) (i)

(ii) parallel line, higher threshold frequency (1)(1)

(iii) Planck’s constant (1)

(c) (use of hf0 = )

hf = 6.63 × 10–34 × 2 × 5.6 × 1014 (1)

Page 58 of 71
= 3.7(1) × 10–19 J (1)

Ek = 2 × 3.7 × 10–19 – 3.7 × 10–19 = 3.7 × 10–19 J (1)

3
[13]

Q21.
(a) (i) the (maximum) kinetic energy/speed/velocity/momentum
of released electrons increases (1)

this is because increasing the frequency of the photons increases

their energy or correct application of photoelectric equation (1)

(ii) the number of electrons emitted (per second) increases (1)

because there are now more photons striking the metal surface
(per second) (1)
4

(b) experiment/observation needs to be performed (to test a theory) (1)

the results of (the experiment) need to be proved/repeatable/replicated/

confirmed (1)

[or threshold frequency (1) could not be explained by the wave

model (1)]
2

(c) (i) (use of = hf0)

= 6.63 × 10–34 × 5.5 × 1014 (1)

= 3.65 × 10–19 (1) J (1)

(ii) Ek = 6.63 × 10–34 × 6.2 × 1014 (1) – 3.65 × 10–19 (1)

Ek = 4.6 × 10–20 J (accept 5.1 × 10–20 J) (1)

6
[12]

Q22.
(a) (i) f = c/λ seen in this form

4.41 × 1014 seen

A1
2

(ii) Φ = hf

2.917 × 10–19 to 2.93 × 10–19 seen

Page 59 of 71
A1
2

(iii) h(7.8 × 1014) – their (ii)

2.2 × 10–19 (J) to 2.3 × 10–19 (J)

A1
2

(b) no photoemission below threshold frequency (even with

bright light)

wave theory would allow gradual accumulation of energy

to cause emission

B1
2
[8]

Q23.
(a) (i) hf is energy available/received or same energy from photons (1)

energy required to remove the electron varies (hence kinetic

energy of electrons will vary) (1)
2

(ii) (work function is the) minimum energy needed to release

an electron (1)
(or not enough energy to release electron)

below a certain frequency energy of photon is less than

work function or energy of photon correctly related to f (1)
2

(iii) joule (1) (accept eV)

(b) (i) (use of E = hf)

energy = 6.63 × 10–34 × 1.5 × 1015 (1)
energy = 9.9 × 10–19 (J) (1)
2

(ii) number of photons per second = 3.0 × 10 –10/9.9 × 10–19 (1)

number of photons per second = 3.0 × 10 8 (1)

(c) (i) (time taken = 6.8 × 10–19/3 × 10–22)

time taken = 2.3 × 103 s (1)

(ii) light travels as particles/ photons (1)

(or has a particle(like) nature)

Page 60 of 71
(which transfer) energy in discrete packets (1)
or 1 to 1 interaction
or theory rejected/modified (in light of validated evidence)
2
[12]

Q24.
(a) (i) Energy required to remove an electron
Minimum energy required to remove an electron from a (metal) surface
2

(ii) Read off λ = 550 (nm)

Use of E = hc / λ or E = hf and c = f λ
3.6 × 10-19
or
Reads st of coordinates correctly
Use of hc/λ=Φ + Ek(max)
3.6 × 10-19(J)
3

(b) Ek = 9.6 × 10-20

J converted to eV / 0.6 eV
4.35 to 4.40 × 10-7 (m), using graph
OR

Ek = 9.6 × 10-20 or Φ = 6.4 × 10-19(J)

hc/λ = 4.96 × 10-19 (using given value in (aii))

or 4.6 × 10-19 using calculated value
or f = 7.5 × 1014(Hz)

4 × 10-7 to 4.4 × 10-7 (m)

Allow ecf for second mark only (i.e. for adding incorrect KE
to work function)
3
[8]

Q25.
(a) release of electrons from (metal) surface when electromagnetic
radiation is incident on the surface

B1
1

(b) (i) use of c = f λ/ or f = 7.9 × 1014 seen (condone

power of ten)

correct sub into E = hf (condone power of ten error)

5.2(3) × 10–19 (J)

Page 61 of 71
3

(ii) work function = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10–19 (3.7 × 10–19)

or converts 5.2 × 10–19 to 3.27 eV

allow conversion to frequency if comparison made

less than answer to (b) (i) so yes (based on

comparison of cna) (allow ecf from (b) (i))

A1
2

(c) surface attracts negative electron back to positive surface

photons have insufficient energy/energy required increased

B1
2
[8]

Q26.
(a) (i) minimum energy required

to remove electron from metal (surface) OR cadmium OR the material

(ii) photons have energy dependent on frequency OR energy of photons constant

one to one interaction between photon and electron

Max KE = photon energy – work function in words or symbols

more energy required to remove deeper electrons

(iii) (use of hf = Ø + Ek(max))

6.63 × 10–34 × f = 4.07 × 1.60 × 10–19 + 3.51 × 10–20

f = 1.04 × 1015 (Hz) OR 1.03 × 1015 (Hz) (3 sig figs)

(b) theory makes predictions tested by repeatable/checked by other

scientists/peer reviewed (experiments) OR new evidence that is repeatable/
checked by other scientists/peer reviewed
2
[12]

Q27.
(a) energy of photon is constant / fixed OR energy given to electron is fixed
energy required for electron to leave / escape / emit from the surface / metal

Page 62 of 71
OR electron has to overcome work function
maximum kinetic energy is the energy of photon minus the work function
deeper electrons require energy to get to the surface OR have less E k than surface
electrons
mention of energy levels means can only score first mark
photoelectric equation alternative for third mark if φ and hf
defined
3 max

(b) (i) (use of E = hf)

energy of photon = 6.63 × 10−34 × 3.0 × 1015 = 1.989 × 10−18 (J)
work function = hf− Ek = 1.989 × 10 − 1.7 × 10−18 = 2.89 × 10−19
−18

work function = 2.89 × 10−19 / 1.6 × 10−19 = (1.8 eV)

hf gets first mark even if in wrong equation
3

(ii) work function = hf0

f0 = 1.8 × 1.6 × 10−19 / 6.63 × 10−34 = 4.3 × 1014 (Hz) (2 sig figs)
2 sig . fig stand alone mark
Accept 4.4 × 1014
3

(c) (i) decrease the energy of( incident) photons

decrease the maximum kinetic energy of electrons
OR
decrease the energy of( incident) photons
hence fewer deeper electrons escape
OR
below threshold frequency
no electrons emitted
OR
as energy of each photon decreases but intensity is constant ( there are
more photons / sec)
number of emitted electrons(/sec) must increase
for last two alternatives must get first mark before can qualify
for second mark
2

(ii) increase in photons cause increase in (emitted) electrons

double number of electrons / photons OR reference to rate /per second
if refer to energy levels / atoms can only award first mark
2
[13]

Q28.
(a) (i) the minimum energy required by an electron✓
to escape from a (metal)surface✓
if refer to atom / ionisation zero marks
2

(ii) the (minimum) energy to remove an electron(from an atom)✓

from the ground state✓
2

(b) (use of hf = eV)

6.63 × 10-34 × f = 5.15 × 1.60 × 10-19✓

Page 63 of 71
f= ✓= 1.24 × 1015(Hz)

if no working and 1.24 × 10 15(Hz) 1 mark

(c) (use of hf = Ek + Φ)
Φ = 2.28 × 1.60 × 10-19 = 3.648 × 10-19 (J) ✓
Ek = 5.15 × 1.60 × 10-19 - 3.648 × 10-19= 4.59 × 10-19 J ✓✓
3 sig figs
if clearly used 1.2 × 1015 then final answer must be to 2 sig.
figs. for last mark to be awarded
accept 4.57 in place of 4.59
3

(d) (use ofc = fλ )

λ= = 2.42 × 10-7✓

v = h / mλ = 6.63 × 10-34 / (9.11 × 10-31× 2.42 × 10-7

v = 3010 m s-1✓✓
first mark minimum working ‒ determination of wavelength
bald answer gets 2 marks
range to 3 sig figs 2900 ‒ 3030
3
[12]

Q29.
(a) Photons of light incident on the metal surface cause the emission of electrons ✔

The electrons emitted are those near the surface of the metal✔
2

(b) Use of = hc / λ condone errors in powers of 10✔

5.2 × 10−19J✔

Converts their energy in J to eV or work function to J

photon energy = 3.3 eV or work function = 3.7 × 10 −19J✔

Compares the two values and draws conclusion✔

interference patterns (light and dark fringes) using two slits or diffraction grating✔

Only waves diffract and interfere✔

2
[8]

Page 64 of 71
Q30.
(a) energy of photon ✔
1
is greater than the work function ✔
1
so electrons are emitted ✔
1
if correct reference to threshold frequency and no mention of
work function then only score one of first two marks and can
be awarded third mark

(b) increased intensity means more photons incident per second ✔

only need to see per second once
1
current greater OR more electrons emitted per second ✔
rate of photons incident OK (or rate of electrons emitted)
1

(c) (use of hf = ∅ + Ek)

∅ = 2.1 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 3.36 × 10−19 ✔(J)
if incorrect or no conversion to J then CE for next two marks
1
Ek = 6.63 × 10−34 × 7.23 × 1014 − 3.36 × 10−19
1
Ek = 1.4(3) × 10–19 ✔(J)
1

(d) (use of eV = Ek)

Vs = 1.43 × 10−19 /1.6 × 10−19 = 0.89 (V) ✔
CE from 05.3
RANGE 0.70 – 0.90
1

(e) stopping potential would be greater ✔

1
because the energy of the photons (of the electromagnetic
radiation) would be greater ✔
1
(hence) maximum kinetic energy of (photo)electrons would be greater ✔
1
[12]

Q31.
(a) The process involves the ejection of electrons which are negatively charged. ✓
1

Any electrons ejected will only make the positive charge greater. ✓
1

(b) The mark scheme gives some guidance as to what statements are
expected to be seen in a 1 or 2 mark (L1), 3 or 4 mark (L2) and 5 or 6
mark (L3) answer. Guidance provided in section 3.10 of the ‘Mark
Scheme Instructions’ document should be used to assist in marking this
question.

Page 65 of 71
Mark Criteria QoWC

6 Both ideas fully The student presents

analysed, with full relevant information
discussion of coherently, employing
alternatives. structure, style and
sp&g to render
5 Both ideas analysed meaning clear. The
with supporting text is legible.
discussion but without
alternatives

4 Both ideas analysed, The student presents

with one dealt with relevant information
satisfactorily and the and in a way which
other with some assists the
supporting discussion communication of
meaning. The text is
3 legible. Sp&g are
Both ideas analysed,
sufficiently accurate
with only one dealt
not to obscure
with satisfactorily
meaning.

2 One idea analysed The student presents

with some supporting some relevant
discussion information in a
simple form. The text
1 One idea analysed, is usually legible.
with little supporting Sp&g allow meaning
discussion to be derived although
errors are sometimes
obstructive.

0 Unsupported The student’s

combination or no presentation, spelling,
relevant analysis punctuation and
grammar seriously
obstruct
understanding.

The following statements are likely to be present.

To demonstrate threshold frequency:
The metal should be kept the same, and the light source
varied.
Using any metal, and light sources 1 and 3,
no charge will be lost with light source 1
but charge will be lost with light source 3
because light source three has a greater photon energy
and therefore frequency (from E=hf)
and is above the threshold frequency
as the photon energy is greater than the work function of the
metal
but light source 1 has a photon energy less than the work
function of the metal
so its frequency is below the threshold frequency.
To demonstrate work function
The light source should be kept the same, and the metal
varied

Page 66 of 71
Use light source 2 as the other two will either cause all three
metals to lose their charge, or none of the metals to lose
their charge.
Use each metal in turn, so that zinc loses its charge, due to
its low work function, but copper and iron do not lose their
charge.
6

(c) Work function in joules = 1.6 x 10 -19 x 4.3 = 6.9 x 10-19 J ✓

The first mark is for converting the work function into J
1

Use of hf = work function + KEmax

The second mark is for substituting into the photoelectric
equation
1

KEmax = hf – work function

= (6.63 x 10-34) x (1.2 x 1015) + 6.9 x 10-19 ✓
= 7.9 x 10-19 – 6.9 x 10-19
= 1.0 x 10-19 J ✓
The third mark is for the final answer
Allow 1.1
1

(d) The work function is the minimum amount of energy needed to remove the
electron from the zinc surface ✓
Alternative
Reference to max ke corresponding to emission of surface
electrons whilst electrons from deeper in the metal will be
emitted with smaller ke
1
[12]

Q32.
(a) Frequency related to energy (of photon) /E = hf ✔
MP1 is for linking photon energy to frequency

There is a minimum energy (of a photon) required to remove photoelectron;

(minimum energy relates to minimum frequency). ✔
MP2 is for explaining what is meant by the work function.
If no other mark awarded, one mark can be given for
relevant mention of work function.
Do not credit mention of threshold frequency unless
explained
If no mention of a photon, 1 max.
Ignore references to energy levels.
2

(b) Evidence of use of maximum current ÷ charge on electron ✔

1.9 × 1014 (electrons per second) ✔

Expect to see 30 × 10–6 ÷ 1.6 × 10–19

Page 67 of 71
Condone e for 1.6x10-19 in MP1
Allow POT error for current in MP1
Correct answer only for MP2
2

(c) Number of photoelectrons released (per second) depends on intensity of em

radiation/number of (incident) photons (per second) (not pd.) ✔
MP1 is for relating the intensity to either the no. of incident
photons or released photoelectrons per second

Constant current reached when all photoelectrons released (each second) reach
anode (due to anode pd). ✔
MP2 is for linking constant current to all photoelectrons being
detected.
Condone ‘go round the circuit’ for ‘reach anode’.
2

(d) MP1 is for range of KE ✔

MP2 for what happens when V is negative in terms of kinetic energy or potential
energy or work done on/by electron ✔

MP3 is for link to fewer photoelectrons having necessary KE. ✔

Example statements:
MP1: photoelectrons are released with a range of KE.
MP2: (When V negative) photoelectrons lose KE/gain (E)PE
crossing to anode.
MP3: (As V is increasingly negative) fewer of the
photoelectrons (released per second) have sufficient (initial)
KE to cross to anode (so current decreases).
3

(e) Award each mark independently

If no mention of maximum KE do not award MP1.

Stopping potential related to maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons/ KEmax = eVs

✔

(Max) KE = energy of photon – work function/ ɸ.

OR (max) KE increases as (work function is lower and) radiation same ✔

(max) KE increases, so stopping potential increases. ✔

Alternative
Reference to Einstein equation in the form: hf = ɸ + eVs ✔
rearranged to

So lower work function,( with hf and e constant,) gives higher

Vs. ✔
3
[12]

Page 68 of 71
Q33.
(a) The mark scheme gives some guidance as to what statements are expected to
be seen in a 1- or 2-mark (L1), 3- or 4-mark (L2) and 5- or 6-mark (L3) answer.
Guidance provided in section 3.10 of the ‘Mark Scheme Instructions’
document should be used to assist marking this question.

M Criteria
a
r
k
6 All three areas (as outlined alongside)
covered with at least two aspects covered in
some detail.
6 marks can be awarded even if there is an
error and/or parts of one aspect missing.

5 A fair attempt to analyse all three areas. If

there are several errors or missing parts then
5 marks should be awarded.

4 Two areas successfully discussed, or one

discussed and two others covered partially.
Whilst there will be gaps, there should only
be an occasional error.

3 One area discussed and one discussed

partially, or all three covered partially. There
are likely to be several errors and omissions
in the discussion.

2 Only one area discussed or makes a partial

attempt at two areas.

1 One of the three areas covered without

significant error.

0 No relevant analysis.

The following statements are likely to be present.

Area A
Loses its charge:
• Emission of electrons from the surface (when
electromagnetic radiation is incident on plate) (A).
• Number of surplus electrons remaining on plate
decreases with time / (photo)electrons carry away
negative charge(B).

Area B
Frequency:
• Minimum energy required /work function. (C)
• A photon must supply this energy in one interaction.
(D)
• The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its
frequency / E =hf. (E)
• Minimum frequency is the threshold frequency. (F)

Area C

Page 69 of 71
Intensity:
• Increased intensity (at same frequency) results in more
photons per second incident on plate. (G)
• Must increase the number of photons (per second)
even if frequency increases. (H)
• More electrons released from plate every second so
loses charge more rapidly. (I)
6

(b) Use of E = hf or converts their photon energy in J to eV / converts 1.1

(eV) to 1.76 × 10-19 (J)✔
For use of E = hf:
6.63 × 10-34 × 1.2 × 1015 / 7.956 × 10−19 (J) / 4.97 eV seen
MP2:
rearrangement of terms is insufficient.
Correct substitution in eV or J with or without rearrangement
(condone one consistent POT error)

Use of hf = Φ + Ek(max) ✔
Expect to see
(Φ =) 4.97 − 1.1 / Φ + 1.1 = 4.97 /
(Φ =) 7.956 × 10-19− 1.76 × 10−19
/ (Φ =) 6.196 × 10-19 / Φ + 1.76 × 10-19 = 7.956 × 10-19
Condone one error in either hf or Ek(max) or signs but must be
rearranged where Φ would be subject.
Common error seen in Ek(max) = 6.875 × 1018
Examples:
(Φ =) 7.956 × 10-19 − 1.1 (= − 1.1) /
(Φ =) 6.63 × 10-34 × 1.2 × 1015 − 1.1 /
(Φ =) 4.97 − 1.76 × 10-19 (= 4.97)
Condone error in
Accept a correctly rounded answer to 2 or more significant
figure.
Condone answer (with working seen) = 6.1 or 6.07 for 2
marks.

Φ = 3.9 (eV) ✔
(Calculator displays 3.8725)
3
[9]

Q34.
(a) Idea that atoms gains energy (from beta particle) eg atoms excited or
atoms/electrons moved to higher energy levels ✔

Idea that atom loses energy by emission of light/photons eg atoms de-excite or

electrons move to lower energy levels ✔
Allow ionisation as named process
2

Page 70 of 71
(b) Use of E = OR use of c = fλ and E = hf ✔
Condone POT error for λ

3.2 × 10–19 (J) ✔

Allow 3.1 × 10–19 (J) if 6.6 × 10–34 used
2

(c) Use of W = QV OR determines pd = 750 V ✔

1.2 × 10–16 (J) ✔

(d) Max 3 from: ✔ ✔ ✔

Attempt to count squares OR calculate unit area OR Statement that area under
curve = charge flow
1 small square = 2 × 10–12 (C) ; 1 large square = 5 × 10 –11 (C)

Counts number of squares/Determines area

Converts number of squares to charge

Accept 140 to 180 small or 5.5–7 large squares

Accept base × height for triangle of base 12–

16 ns and height 50 mA

Divides their total charge by 1.60 × 10 –19

2 × 109 ✔
Allow 1 sf answer
4
[10]

Page 71 of 71

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