8 UNIT 3” (er Phototabe, Scintillatisn Countar, Phot mubtiobiar Tube (P m1) Photavotlarc, phate conctuctne call, photaceicles , photabrannilr, Comparten photoeleetic hancuces, Ophual Aiplacman Semors and opbreal enaders , Photoelechic ‘active trans clucy- fytuvalente cércace and th Chara sities. © Preterut| +A phetotube 01 Photo elechne cet ga type 4 geerdilled er vacuum tube Haat sensitive ta light ~ x Such. a tube & & protoemigive cetl: & Phote tubo, avuere mote © orte chi Called Previousty more | tidal used but are Now replaced yp man applications by Solid stat, pholedaticters, > Operating Prineifla i + Phototu boy opesats aceaiding fe the, pretseleeme — effect « * Incoming photon, Strike a Phols cathode, Knocking elector, out ef it wre alia, Surface , valve fe an omode » ¥ thy current is dependent on the droppers. ard {ota nai % Peom te, Photons -we, o § No ampliqccation takes place, 5 the cuTent Prough te chorion Lypleelly ap the onder 4 dex Pnicroomperss. over whieh fe Ts. Jighk wavelength davies Uo 4enittive dapends on th photaemrssive Cathode . Vacuum clevices hove 2 naar Contant Anode Current ter o. ren Seveh of ilfuminatidn vetahive & the modarial used Por Onode volinge & Gar qld dowesr Are move sensitive, Pe Ge modulated (lurinahon full feng eee off ak lower frequencias Compared & tke Vacuum Aaw'ce, . * The frequency Yes porue canine & qenrig Merle hy Hee eum tine 4 the ely.chony Gem Catheda mode. Hand Bl dhows the schomote cheagram 4 ef vacuun ane dt bog hte Ieee fig 24 chaneahi Aingran of Photstubetracks fer prosecttd fm Op plication. “Ore here photetioan, omy ar a : 1 = I: me Tabor Counter) A secntitlahhn counter am tigtrument qo sebctog and measuring ionizing toiktation by uaa the excitation etfrek 4 Joe thetdont radeutten OY A sembillathg material and date china the resultant Legh pulses. photrtl ta 1) “fale 6 & fig 24 Schematic showing incident high’ energy noten Witting &” pcinbittates i ? " te | Acinkillakg engt). De cont 4 2. deintlloley ushich general Phowows th Yeaponn te — ticident — gadiabezm, a fonsitive Prceceider Cunially, a. padimultiptier tobe, charge Coupled dlevies'C¢cp): camera 64 act da)—, ai ® > mot I rch converts the Ligh b a9 eet and elecbronces Ee procen thi aig yaea & Scintiflaben coun are wid ae maltrah, aadioho an ' ~ prtacton, aay of oe ord pres yewae® — Pecauune ter T > ' with qr? quent oath the” b Dhenpenively FF efficiency yard tan and ta enrgy Ff srkansty maaiuye incident redgekort’ _> Operation | Operation + hen on toning material, ate paviele pase inte exctted along my ve a . the Acentlater a “track Segoe ok aubiclds Ye frack, 3 the fob o$ the ‘ole at pr 1B pre oy (whoa) ar emi th Converted “Ban energeti selachon via eitey fe phetretechic effect 1 Conptor Scattering oy pare production. f “4 The. alowed ex cle -excrtatis im the | scintillator preduce a muttitide of low-energy pote, typically yeor te = blue end off the. Vibe — Apechum - The gtientty a prrertinl be the energy Aepositia hoy the Noninty, postiele .¢ Thai cay ms be the phot cathode of A phebmmulkiplier fabe wehch emi akmesk OM elitron fer each — aaviving photon chu & the Prots electric effect - & Tha Gor % primary elachon & Clecherfoticatly — accelerated ad fpened bf on olachicat potantink go thak they Bhrike be dwede of Ye lube 2M npack | % angle elechon on te asnet release, a vomer of setondory elechons whith are th burn accolevatedl & shike the Aeeond Agpode.. + Each subsequent alyied wepack releases further easton, and yo there & current anni offect ak each Ayroda Stage. ok Each stoge ak a Wher potentiat than “the previews ty provide He tee . qe. The Yesulkank, oukpuk ». atgrat at te nda 6 a mepaurable, pale — dr cath group i gets pene 27 ogi wrizing everk th © fa deinttileles, fhak arrived > ak the photecatheds earria —Ihkamakin” about § dhe «energy origrab thetdant " Aadeakin and oy te(8 ; PA et a ed be Corts Mee, 0 VAchy vate ae ere UMAR, which tig pule Cutpar pel te He one ray ay the particle apis te. Acinkillaby . obtaed what pro ptnat * Such — pubs abo ave trfermadisa ctbouk: the tents of the sraadiakton. # The Acintillatey «must bbe shelled © or, alt Ombient Lega $0 Hed: externa. photon de wok vamp the Wnimtiin events radiation , Wig as Masarial, Merial, catined 4 trtidand KT Suhel conauyt, 414 Bends | Chial = wamallgn tes aa te ian i” Regula thee on ston striple % Ventisrg radrektn dfor the debs, ROY, Costum tecide B wd ar th’ Aurhilaby;! for datich 9 patel, Chains "edie COD" Ze Subphode ch wae, Co rr ee Be gown pean “Aaticke #608: Soduar:, telly Contaiing 4 a Amable “amount 4 “halbum we aya ceintillabey | ‘ ey aon debit, Jathium todéde 4 eued - et@ => Yes 4 StuinNllatisn counters Kgl 4 SERtMlats i Mtountty + Thee are tio types 4 suintitl ators Thy are, O® Plate Orgad seinhtlaben ; SD Coyptatine or trorgenitseanfllaors + Thay ave organic photon rey the VBibL. spechum . whan > paviele pate through then k Tks muchonim cleffen fom tak 4 ‘nnganit maliaial, sao The Franihes 4 enogy foveh 4 4 Age Protect, tare, — dlatorertence or Acinhillahin matartal. dak emit charged Harough organic material. a FHysrerconee, tr, organ matirial could be vin ghseived im ary thelr phystel Staten, tracludang Vapour, liquidi, ard — aolid., 8 Crys « managaeterred b high’~ teiape mature dpanates owe thargane SeintiWaton - + Trorgonte makyials tpietly Aunt lebe, ak a Slower vate tha. organs Trmabirial, . # Inorganic Scintillation owe BA éxtremely \ arma de teetian» ct a crear ga ieee eatYe. Bole eee sh ho mole tyoer 4 materia thee Counters: @ sid Surtillaliss Countos ® Mapid scnbrlakan Contos 7> Applicalions r hakton To mauve yadiabh th yadie achive carter yadunti< harvey malver, medital immagirg etc - & Used th screendg Gchatquer, Cancey Yertarch, epigeneté changes ond callelar veseareh ® Used "tn profers intrectitn debctra, ® Used in a lhe pharmaceutteal and Aciertrfic work. 3. [Phot Muligier Tube (pm) # Prob midlipler he” og i a} ene he BT ate Aah oe went Light ‘ntenita The tee Condi, | a Photsscmuitive | Cathode ard has multiple — cas eaded Stoges 4 elecbon _ ooepliggtaln ih ede te achteve a large amplification 4 tre primary photocurrent within the “envelope 40 Protohube - ‘bel . A The... elechrena querzed ak the Photocattade are, nebtracked by ithe, ont elechode » cattect Ayre wrhorh, give oak Petondary-elachon,(@) & There ray be 4-16 Ayre (Ag 2.2). iy Princip proto route plier Aube 4 The dyed tomob 4 & Plate 4 mateviak Cooked with a, Stbstance, heeving ao predt — dares 4, abby avkion dpe the Seaprrg elachons . Pak inopingng, election Alslodges Jecodory ebevers from te dared 4 Under the taftuince 4 pasitne —potanhiak , there , Chactrom are aceoleretid bo tha Secor Lyne ound , $0 on. “Tho, prean & nepeated © atk, Ha © puctonive Ayrade with "ae Operated. ok Volks deeastig- in aps 4 Go- lov - t AThae cledios one dtrally counasa ok the Gollecks —elaehncls - ae the Sentai of the Protoraabtiplior fake con be Varied by epetatng the velloge of He it oomelldayng soa -¥ Became 4 Be cdkey swell polandral AaHlorente — beta te” tivo achody, the sesporie . Linea vette | spar 0g He Preemie a os Leta te si “tsa: | veoh ob] dps rare, * Connquirtiy, oily lew inkswit aadisrd met ! Can be meotured witout Cauing ony ‘appciabe. heakg effed on Ha elechmdss surface. & they Cr weowre Mahe titomiti ute 1a! Fimey Wweakey Phan these Madiurabl. “sith on ordinary photshebe ma ga reason, Hay shoutd Aheeting bon Sing tga a bbe care dyebty 4 The tik vey fod be weapbbie when Predus, opt oy igs dusiation. & dred Ue ta weed th Batali tlade — ountirs AR deeck — current power supply & oreqwnd Sporake a pletamulkipler, the Stability 4 whack mut bx akLeost one urddos 4 im aap ede. cotter than He desired “precision _ massurenert * Salton and Sabina, — tan oceuy ak high Doreh, +) The dayton’ ame fomitin & elaches Sits Yak ay on oko om Costly an othe Photsclochic Senors . 4 Phob mlhiptin one nek tundra, Jeri: ove fhe whale specmumn and dd prashiee , MOnabachuren iMluawinaionirra, ‘st bie aut Yr peg pane der buch Ha iwhrumant > Sins x Tn te cme’ of gecko photonelio, Ha phets. mubdtplion nove supplied cov oung the range of \&- SSO mmf & Ror reauurrement. ak log woes te, Spertal nod pemitive tubes One onfered . * ‘They wver & spechod vronqe fon tes Boone uk Ore Jom Somitive ak twa Iolew Asn Thon the siondand pietomablipes, ® spare tage) & Photo voltaic oF barrier layer cal, cauall consul Go semiconducking, gubstance which & gene's Selenium deposited on o metal ove, whch mag be iron aad whith ach one of te ededhrodus - x Th Semiandictrg substance & covered witty a ths ager oh Bier or geld dagari tad be cathedte — daposifiba (vacuum. “Th logger att 04 a callackha, elacho das. * iy 4A Brows the combuchd, 4 % pret votre cots When padiant energy aps sagen the demidorducter duqacer ik excites te elechor ak % Silver Selenium tnturdace .= Cy i | i | | fmm eg ro am 4 qr tre tirminal tr 4 Construchen 4 & phols-vollart cett oT ent ae tone Leased ancl Colle chy, OE the Colbacesg Clechods ‘ y ; The coll G enclosed ih a hounng 4, ulna maura and covered with & Sheek af gion The two ot, cea Chroda are connect e & tes ushith connec the Pee 84 Yo alashiiel, cree, MY er * Photo voltat cally ave Vey robust in cons buckian 7 Needs no exterml electra aupoly, Ord produce a phobeunerk — somatines Shonger hen other photeseniitie elements. k Typeet Phobournnts produssd by thee Colh are a high a I2oua / lumen.& Ae contac —tamparature, the current Sat op th the colt tually shows a linear relaboruhip woth the cident Laght the nally & Selenium photocell. have ve Lew taterna wesstawe and therefore, ie te daffrcule amplify the cutre* they produa by de amplefiers The curves ame (ast measured clirectly connecking the, terminal 4, the colt f& avang Bons itive qaanemetr 4 & Selenium Call oe worelengths of the Spechun . Semrtte akmot the entie “eae eS + Rowever thax Sensitivity 9 grate he voib Spechun ard highest: Hh Be Zone rear te He yall warclengtio » * Ry 4.2. shes Spechal respome af the wth Attantum phobett and ka human eye. 1 2 v an tye ge aa ° fl jpobeelt er" zs gee Vy Joo Yor H 600 100 B00 Waselaagth me Kaa Speched, Resgore 4 9 Selenium Pholedl and te hanon te K Seleniyat eats 6 hates a Yagh mperedire Loaf hicienk and, Foredore GEG very necenary bs® he. allow Ha urument be liar Up Beteve He readsigs a commenced . Ee als, show Pakique Sock ¥ Selenium cell are not sutfable for operations WW iyhument when te gevat, Plurinakien change apitly 1 beeaue Fhe ful & respond Vowadwakaly & doe changes + are thus not Suctable whore Mechanial “ cheppes are ured & ty texrupt Light 1s - Go times a Second. © [Frchoainee aa * A plete conductive Clk Ga too en terminal samicordu ets clauite ohare the terminal Veststance Varies linearly Compared te dhe. fobensiby % the theidont Inge - *k Thy Photaconduckive fell are ale lenow, 8 photovesti tre device, | BMke bee prim makeriab wey & mariachi PMetecondutinn eth on cadmium’ sulfide and a Ty Vo Hoge % Spplid acre the Oe HY dpurd te Very beth delight totithy, # With ono Mluminekeas , Conductivity dactharg and CSC rease, with HMlumination* The” phobenduckive coll, usrork nthe principle @ Gleb contuctive effet based % The — phobeonducive opp O * proton which the Conductivity af a Semicorductey matariat Changes aceon ding to the mavelengts and wotanity GF the radsadida , > Circuit srt) orm rob a Tew Conde rw? Sexip Co prc gemiie al Ffg s-\ Civouth ages > Cons fru dior 2 Workin aw ermink devia th ushed EO the Semiconductar mossriak an mada th the é ; {rr 4 zig -204 ships with Rar end being attadd 4 _exbrel pry: the whole aster bly is enclmed th a gia» Cover or protected th dram paver plastic x Apart from Cadmium sulfide and codmen Selenide, Mb Lead selenrde and . dead tallenie are alo wed i the manurfiactste of phot Conductiv Cell.Te Simple ctcult for protecorduckivo tohp Brawn Sig $2 Tranigaeet Light . ae rated / Ve \_ ‘ \ wh battery AT tha civenul, the photraductive cell % i ep baread rrenitanee CR) whs * A bias voltoge i Phetacemaduckive colt, to Tn th abene 4 lighhs the Jaltous, plo Conduckive tell vers hugh ard Narco the Current moauured 1 aloo vey lows Thi unrest & cated ogk Gumnk cand the Testfanie coves ponding to ths UG Colled ‘dork Testotena. jets rede tutte Yaods 2 velloge drop acres the load serrtes & & usta the PhobUnductive Call & expend & extarnal Wight , the Yerstore oy the Dro talerduchine Celt Aecrean, , resulting th a lange Curret “plow & THE Became” the” li Ome sapped Yo te phot conductive ‘eat, cates ts “Covalent bond, |= f be broke 5 tok 4, Festi wh otke Creniishn 4 Clochoae hote bans: i * De b try reredse th th a ; 4 Nitrbey 4 harge Carrier, the terctanee Of the u PYeportionat (. th Numbey oJ material Charye Conicrs A pplvcatisns @ Used oh light wsensitthe — aborms Lars Yebaiclny Sihiekeny, aubmati Shek light , Lightning Contra) oke Dood bw Geboring lowtin 4 ariomph 2 dups with te help 4 yadvabbn, com rag out dhe oxhawt @ usd b eithes Cuvitth on th Clechante Circuit: (GD Used ab LED arent level. ay + A photedires & a PN- junchin diode thot — eoniuma leg ht: elochic tu rvenk - * Sometime Tt @ abo cotled a Photo - Clete choy, a Light detector gud phots-seruor- ar aff the dant; ensrgy bo produce a4@ i eS iaeke noe » Thor dodo =o” aa niacin Hil work th yavese — bios condstionsy ce inne al P- sid q, the photadinde anocialad wi side a th the ragatie terminal ce ene th ‘nal. Werte uy Connected to the — pasthine bem 4°Thi dude 8 very Senate t light Shes Laght ah on He lib it easly { th an elechic curverk - Changes teght Onis) | ppd Os est curyent well dle from dhe anode to the Catreda, wher 2, * he tocurre ~ wi ih auvetecirectn, bite tecuvrent plowde in dhe > Conihrucktda : * The — photedode & made wing feo Bomveorducts Like P-type a N-type, & Ta this asi | the formate 4 Py pe. from the Affe. 4 matarial Can Pe Aone G lightly doped. subshab “wn P-type ton layer Con be yond Soi Me Pt because of the. Beffuston method. Ren Monte 5 oh ulate Ce epitaxtal lager Gon be, qrinecoating F aq 4S gag tow Aoi i \ wosk J | i Potyoe cae ) layer v Rauthay type gil PI junction Neback Contact = cheffusion Ri Ack Melatizatisa Cathscete a 6: Photachade Con buctron # The development pt effusni lager Can be" done ow 4 heavily doped Ne bype pital lager, K The Gortact are clesiqned — vith mefal, te make foo terminal, Ike Qeods and cattode « * Th front vegies q the Adda can be Seperated xt, two bype Ike actin “Nor-ackive Surfncns % The designing be Aone with Silicon dioxide ($102) es the non-active suxfaa, con # On an ache Surface , the light ays Can Skike vver it, uhevean, On A Non. active surface woe the light rap cannot cshike and the active, surface con be covered Ahrough dhe makirich of. ants Ye hlechso So fret the energy 4 leght: Cannock lose and the heghat of it Can be changed ht the Curreat -the grode, ead a Je + Whee a photon 4 Veneray Shrike» the diady’ i makes m couple of an elechon- hole. Thi Mechandm abo called ha _tnnar-phebrelechic effect Th the aborphin ania 1h the Geplehon Yegton —omchon, thar the Commis are -pemoved fom the urchin Pq the Mburlt — oleebse ied | of the — depletion regen. [Toca Protons © ©” tniviric e * 6:2 Phots discle Workirg Principle , % Therefore holes tthe Adie? move ttward elechons move beward i rd fhe Cathode and o — phobbeurrent willbe generated. | + The hve current Through the deade the yume of) the absense g light ard the \ phots current « So the brant tuvent must be Teduced be 0 mortmize dh Sensitivity the device.® 7 Node 4 tht ne Ope ran tne udes Mode the photo dade tives moclos rhomely phobvoltad made, Phote conductive — and awalanchs. toda mode, > Photsdude Ope w pe hes Sper k When the dade U connected Feverse bi | ties the deplets, layer wrath cm be WACreaued . * So dhs will dhtmingh the fancten Capacitance ancl the Yespone time - & ths bianig will Care qurcker respome time forthe cle So the — Aelatién between photocurrent and MlumAaree Qinearly — propor nal , > Phoks diode circle fey 6.3 Cireurt diagrom~ = ——o 22 * The ne hs dusde com be cep an th ‘divalen of the abyorbed pha tons which dont te te — photo. current - + for thse elects Ma phetocurret exprexed a, Te SPz lel). P Whe ve 1) 2 quan hum egprerondy © achage Of the electron ha energy of Te poh. + The Yesponiivity 6 given by Re 1 (env) => Tyee 4 Photodiode + Bajot on thety — Comttruckon -4-furchary Photadisde, are — Clanified 13 & @ PN phetsdinds @ PIN protclad. ® Aralanche Photacioch, @ Sebo tty Photsdisde Sr Adwoniag, 4 Prefedande 5 » Log westlance k Long life Span A Quitk od begh Operation Speed Bark current Glen auontin effrcenty Loy robe * tdim @ Qe ¥ Spectral resporme uv ord * Fregua ney Terpomme & gerd = Diadindags 4 prota dade 4 Tempe rata Ye Srabilig & peor & Reive ava small yp Len Sonar tvity x Dt wo — offset voltage. > Replat cmoke qetedtos ctv and remote conbrl # Used 1A & Vod th — Computer tomography de tectars & Used bled qe moni lor sve cheraclerstre, aga GOONIES 4 oN i YAUA inde. characterition 4 Pphotedte ny 64 VI-