Below is a consolidated document containing answers to all questions from the provided

question bank and past examination papers for the subject **GE3451 - Environmental
Sciences and Sustainability**. The answers are structured with traditional definitions and
explanations, organized by document, unit, and part (A, B, C). Each section is clearly labeled
with the document title and question details for clarity.

---

# Consolidated Answers for GE3451 - Environmental Sciences and Sustainability

## Document 1: QB-ESS.pdf

### Unit I: Environment and Biodiversity

#### Part A (2 Marks)

1. **What is the scope and importance of environmental science?**

**Answer**: Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interaction
between humans and the environment, encompassing physical, biological, and social aspects.
Its scope includes understanding ecosystems, pollution, resource management, and
sustainability. Its importance lies in addressing environmental challenges, promoting
sustainable development, and raising awareness to mitigate issues like climate change and
biodiversity loss.

2. **Define Eco-System with an example.**

**Answer**: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their
physical environment, functioning as a unit. Example: A forest ecosystem, where trees,
animals, microorganisms, soil, and water interact to sustain life.

3. **What is energy flow in an eco-system?**

**Answer**: Energy flow in an ecosystem refers to the transfer of energy from one
organism to another through food chains and food webs, starting from producers (plants) to
consumers (animals) and decomposers. Energy is derived from the sun and flows
unidirectionally, with some loss as heat at each trophic level.
4. **Draw ecological pyramid.**
**Answer**: An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the trophic structure
and energy flow in an ecosystem. It includes:
- **Pyramid of Numbers**: Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level.
- **Pyramid of Biomass**: Represents the biomass at each trophic level.
- **Pyramid of Energy**: Depicts the energy transfer between trophic levels.
(Note: Since text-based responses cannot include diagrams, students should sketch a
triangular pyramid with producers at the base, followed by primary, secondary, and tertiary
consumers at higher levels.)

5. **Define food chain and food web.**

**Answer**: A **food chain** is a linear sequence of organisms where each serves as a
food source for the next, e.g., Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake. A **food web** is a
complex network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem, showing multiple feeding
relationships.

6. **Define ecosystem diversity.**

**Answer**: Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of ecosystems within a region,
including different habitats, ecological processes, and interactions, such as forests, wetlands,
and grasslands.

7. **Define ecological succession.**

**Answer**: Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and
develop over time, leading to a stable community. It involves a series of species
replacements, e.g., from bare rock to a forest.

8. **Difference between primary and secondary succession.**

**Answer**:
- **Primary Succession**: Occurs in lifeless areas with no soil, e.g., on bare rock or lava. It
starts with pioneer species like lichens.
- **Secondary Succession**: Occurs in areas with existing soil after a disturbance, e.g.,
after a forest fire. It is faster as soil and seeds are already present.

9. **List the examples of ecological succession.**

**Answer**:
 - Primary succession: Formation of a forest on a lava flow or sand dunes.
- Secondary succession: Regrowth of a forest after logging or a fire.

10. **Difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification.**

**Answer**:
- **Bioaccumulation**: The gradual accumulation of pollutants in an organism’s body
over time.
- **Biomagnification**: The increasing concentration of pollutants at higher trophic levels
in a food chain, e.g., DDT concentration increasing from plankton to fish to birds.

11. **Define biodiversity.**

**Answer**: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including genetic,
species, and ecosystem diversity, encompassing all plants, animals, and microorganisms.

12. **Define hotspot of biodiversity.**

**Answer**: A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of
biodiversity that is threatened by human activities, containing at least 1,500 endemic plant
species and having lost 70% of its original habitat.

13. **What is habitat degradation?**

**Answer**: Habitat degradation is the deterioration of a natural habitat due to human
activities (e.g., deforestation, pollution) or natural events, reducing its ability to support
species.

14. **What is poaching of wildlife?**

**Answer**: Poaching is the illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wildlife, often for
commercial purposes like ivory or fur, leading to species decline.

15. **What is TCP?**

**Answer**: TCP likely refers to the **Tiger Conservation Project** in India, aimed at
protecting tigers and their habitats through conservation programs and anti-poaching
measures.

16. **Define endangered and endemic species of India.**

 **Answer**:
- **Endangered Species**: Species at risk of extinction due to low population, e.g., Bengal
Tiger, Indian Rhino.
- **Endemic Species**: Species found only in a specific region, e.g., Nilgiri Tahr, Lion-
tailed Macaque.

17. **Define biodiversity conservation.**

**Answer**: Biodiversity conservation involves protecting, preserving, and managing
ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity to ensure their survival for future generations.

18. **List the examples of in-situ and ex-situ conservation.**

**Answer**:
- **In-situ Conservation**: National parks (e.g., Jim Corbett), wildlife sanctuaries (e.g.,
Periyar).
- **Ex-situ Conservation**: Zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks.

19. **What is biosphere reserve?**

**Answer**: A biosphere reserve is a designated area for conserving biodiversity,
promoting sustainable development, and supporting research, e.g., Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

20. **What are the reasons to conserve biodiversity?**

**Answer**:
- Maintains ecosystem balance and services (e.g., pollination, water purification).
- Provides resources like food, medicine, and timber.
- Supports cultural, aesthetic, and economic values.

21. **Define environmental studies.**

**Answer**: Environmental studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the
interactions between humans and their natural, social, and built environments to address
environmental issues.

22. **Name some endangered and endemic species of India.**

**Answer**:
 - **Endangered**: Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Lion, Indian Rhino.
- **Endemic**: Nilgiri Tahr, Andaman Wood Pigeon, Lion-tailed Macaque.

23. **List the types of ecosystem.**

**Answer**:
- Terrestrial ecosystems: Forests, grasslands, deserts.
- Aquatic ecosystems: Freshwater (lakes, rivers), marine (oceans, coral reefs).

24. **Define photosynthesis.**

**Answer**: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen, occurring in chloroplasts.

25. **What are the threats to biodiversity?**

**Answer**:
- Habitat loss (deforestation, urbanization).
- Pollution, poaching, climate change, invasive species.

#### Part C (15 Marks)

1. **Explain the characteristics of ecological succession and types of it in detail.**

**Answer**: Ecological succession is the gradual process of change in species composition
in an ecosystem over time, leading to a stable climax community.
- **Characteristics**:
- Progressive replacement of species.
- Increase in biodiversity and biomass.
- Changes in soil structure and nutrient availability.
- Stabilization of the ecosystem.
- **Types**:
- **Primary Succession**: Occurs in barren areas (e.g., volcanic lava) with no soil.
Pioneer species like lichens colonize, followed by mosses, grasses, and trees. Example:
Succession on a newly formed volcanic island.
 - **Secondary Succession**: Occurs in areas with soil after disturbances like fires or
logging. It is faster due to pre-existing soil and seeds. Example: Regrowth of a forest after a
fire.
- **Stages**: Pioneer stage → Intermediate stage → Climax community.
Succession enhances ecosystem stability and biodiversity.

2. **Explain the case study of biomagnification with measures and remedies.**

**Answer**: Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of toxic substances (e.g.,
DDT, mercury) in organisms at higher trophic levels.
- **Case Study**: Minamata Bay, Japan (1950s). Mercury from industrial waste
accumulated in fish, consumed by humans, causing neurological disorders and deaths.
- **Measures and Remedies**:
- Reduce pesticide use and promote biodegradable alternatives.
- Implement strict industrial waste regulations.
- Monitor and clean contaminated water bodies.
- Raise public awareness about bioaccumulative substances.
- Use bioremediation techniques to detoxify environments.

3. **Explain the types of biodiversity in detail and give different services that are contributed
in various ways by it.**
**Answer**:
- **Types of Biodiversity**:
- **Genetic Diversity**: Variety of genes within a species, enabling adaptation (e.g.,
different rice varieties).
- **Species Diversity**: Variety of species in an ecosystem (e.g., mammals, birds, insects
in a forest).
- **Ecosystem Diversity**: Variety of ecosystems in a region (e.g., forests, wetlands,
grasslands).
- **Services of Biodiversity**:
- **Provisioning Services**: Food, water, timber, medicines (e.g., aspirin from willow
bark).
- **Regulating Services**: Pollination, climate regulation, water purification.
- **Cultural Services**: Aesthetic, spiritual, recreational benefits (e.g., ecotourism).
- **Supporting Services**: Soil formation, nutrient cycling, oxygen production.
4. **Explain the cultural, social, and ethical values of biodiversity.**
**Answer**:
- **Cultural Values**: Biodiversity inspires art, religion, and traditions (e.g., sacred groves
in India).
- **Social Values**: Provides resources for communities (e.g., food, medicines) and
supports livelihoods through ecotourism and agriculture.
- **Ethical Values**: Intrinsic value of all species; humans have a moral responsibility to
protect biodiversity for future generations and ecosystem health.

5. **Explain endangered and endemic species of India.**

**Answer**:
- **Endangered Species**: Species at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, poaching, or
climate change. Examples: Bengal Tiger (threatened by poaching), Indian Rhino (habitat
loss), Great Indian Bustard (low population).
- **Endemic Species**: Species unique to India, found nowhere else. Examples: Nilgiri
Tahr (Western Ghats), Lion-tailed Macaque (Western Ghats), Andaman Wood Pigeon
(Andaman Islands).
- Conservation efforts include protected areas and breeding programs.

6. **Explain the values, services, and carrying capacity of an ecosystem.**

**Answer**:
- **Values**:
- **Ecological**: Maintains balance, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation.
- **Economic**: Provides resources like timber, food, and medicines.
- **Cultural**: Aesthetic and spiritual significance.
- **Services**:
- Provisioning (food, water), regulating (pollination, flood control), supporting (soil
formation), cultural (recreation).
- **Carrying Capacity**: The maximum population an ecosystem can sustainably support
without degradation, determined by resource availability and environmental conditions.

7. **Explain about wildlife poaching and soil erosion.**

**Answer**:
 - **Wildlife Poaching**: Illegal hunting or capturing of animals for products like ivory,
skins, or horns. Impacts: Reduces biodiversity, disrupts ecosystems, and threatens species
like tigers and rhinos. Control: Anti-poaching laws, patrols, and awareness campaigns.
- **Soil Erosion**: Loss of topsoil due to wind, water, or human activities (e.g.,
deforestation, overgrazing). Impacts: Reduces soil fertility, affects agriculture, and causes
sedimentation in water bodies. Control: Afforestation, contour plowing, and terracing.

### Unit II: Environmental Pollution

#### Part A (2 Marks)

1. **What is environmental pollution?**

**Answer**: Environmental pollution is the contamination of air, water, soil, or other
environmental components by harmful substances, causing adverse effects on living
organisms and ecosystems.

2. **Differentiate between degradable and non-degradable pollutants.**

**Answer**:
- **Degradable Pollutants**: Broken down naturally by microorganisms (e.g., organic
waste like food scraps).
- **Non-degradable Pollutants**: Cannot be broken down naturally, persist in the
environment (e.g., plastics, heavy metals).

3. **What is water pollution?**

**Answer**: Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (rivers, lakes, oceans)
by harmful substances like chemicals, sewage, or industrial waste, affecting aquatic life and
human health.

4. **List the types of pollutant medium with examples.**

**Answer**:
- Air: Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide.
- Water: Sewage, pesticides.
- Soil: Heavy metals, plastic waste.
- Noise: Traffic, industrial machinery.
5. **Difference between point source and non-point source pollution.**
**Answer**:
- **Point Source Pollution**: Originates from a single, identifiable source (e.g., factory
discharge pipe).
- **Non-point Source Pollution**: Comes from diffuse sources (e.g., agricultural runoff,
urban stormwater).

6. **List the water pollutants.**

**Answer**: Sewage, industrial effluents, pesticides, fertilizers, heavy metals (e.g., lead,
mercury), oil spills, plastics.

7. **List the control measures for preventing water pollution.**

**Answer**: Sewage treatment, industrial effluent treatment, reducing fertilizer use,
banning single-use plastics, oil spill cleanup, and public awareness.

8. **List the control measures for preventing soil pollution.**

**Answer**: Proper waste disposal, reducing pesticide use, afforestation, soil conservation
practices (e.g., contour plowing), bioremediation.

9. **List the control measures for preventing air pollution.**

**Answer**: Using cleaner fuels, installing pollution control devices (e.g., scrubbers),
promoting renewable energy, afforestation, and enforcing emission standards.

10. **What is air pollution?**

**Answer**: Air pollution is the presence of harmful substances (e.g., gases, particulates)
in the atmosphere, adversely affecting human health, animals, and ecosystems.

11. **What is soil pollution?**

**Answer**: Soil pollution is the contamination of soil with harmful substances like
chemicals, pesticides, or waste, reducing its fertility and affecting plant and animal life.

12. **List the earth atmosphere layers and distances.**

 **Answer**:
- Troposphere: 0–12 km.
- Stratosphere: 12–50 km.
- Mesosphere: 50–80 km.
- Thermosphere: 80–700 km.
- Exosphere: 700–10,000 km.

13. **Difference between primary and secondary pollutants.**

**Answer**:
- **Primary Pollutants**: Emitted directly into the atmosphere (e.g., carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide).
- **Secondary Pollutants**: Formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere (e.g., ozone,
smog).

14. **List the factors and causes of air pollution.**

**Answer**:
- Factors: Industrial emissions, vehicle exhausts, burning fossil fuels, deforestation.
- Causes: Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds
(VOCs).

15. **List few air pollutants.**

**Answer**: Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate matter
(PM10, PM2.5).

16. **What is noise pollution?**

**Answer**: Noise pollution is excessive or harmful sound levels from sources like
traffic, industries, or construction, affecting human health and wildlife.

17. **List the noise pollutants.**

**Answer**: Traffic noise, industrial machinery, construction activities, aircraft,
loudspeakers.
18. **What are the measurement of intensity of sound?**
**Answer**: Sound intensity is measured in decibels (dB). Common levels: Whisper (20
dB), normal conversation (60 dB), traffic noise (80–90 dB).

19. **Define solid waste management.**

**Answer**: Solid waste management involves the collection, treatment, and disposal of
solid waste to minimize environmental and health impacts.

20. **What are the control measures of urban and industrial wastes?**
**Answer**: Recycling, composting, incineration, proper landfill management, waste
segregation, and reducing waste generation.

21. **What are the main components of wastes?**

**Answer**: Organic waste (food, paper), inorganic waste (plastics, metals), hazardous
waste (chemicals, batteries), and e-waste (electronics).

22. **What is solid waste management hierarchy?**

**Answer**: The hierarchy prioritizes:
- Reduce: Minimize waste generation.
- Reuse: Use items multiple times.
- Recycle: Convert waste into new products.
- Recover: Extract energy or materials.
- Dispose: Safe landfill disposal.

23. **Define recycle and reuse.**

**Answer**:
- **Recycle**: Converting waste materials into new products (e.g., plastic bottles into
fibers).
- **Reuse**: Using an item multiple times for the same or different purpose (e.g., reusing
glass jars).

24. **What is hazardous waste management?**

 **Answer**: Hazardous waste management involves handling, treating, and disposing of
waste that is toxic, flammable, or reactive (e.g., chemicals, batteries) to prevent harm to
health and the environment.

25. **What are the characteristics of hazardous wastes?**

**Answer**: Ignitability (flammable), corrosivity (acidic or alkaline), reactivity (explosive
or unstable), toxicity (harmful to health).

26. **What are the environmental problems and health risks caused by hazardous wastes?**
**Answer**:
- **Environmental Problems**: Soil and water contamination, ecosystem disruption.
- **Health Risks**: Cancer, respiratory issues, neurological disorders, birth defects.

27. **What is E-waste?**

**Answer**: E-waste refers to discarded electronic devices like computers, mobile
phones, and TVs, containing hazardous materials like lead and mercury.

28. **List the preventive measures of E-waste.**

**Answer**: Recycling electronics, promoting extended producer responsibility,
refurbishing devices, and raising awareness about proper disposal.

29. **What is OHASMS?**

**Answer**: OHASMS (Occupational Health and Safety Management System) is a
framework to manage workplace health and safety risks, ensuring employee well-being and
compliance with regulations.

30. **Define marine pollution.**

**Answer**: Marine pollution is the contamination of oceans and seas by substances like
plastics, oil, chemicals, or sewage, harming marine life and ecosystems.

31. **What is particulate matter?**

**Answer**: Particulate matter (PM) refers to tiny particles (PM10, PM2.5) suspended in
the air, originating from dust, smoke, or industrial emissions, causing respiratory and
environmental issues.
32. **What is thermal pollution?**
**Answer**: Thermal pollution is the increase in water temperature due to industrial
discharges (e.g., power plants), disrupting aquatic ecosystems and reducing oxygen levels.

33. **What is PAN? Give its detrimental effect.**

**Answer**: PAN (Peroxyacyl Nitrate) is a secondary pollutant formed in photochemical
smog. **Detrimental Effect**: Causes eye irritation, respiratory problems, and crop damage.

34. **Mention the effects of nuclear waste in humans.**

**Answer**: Radiation exposure, cancer, genetic mutations, organ damage, and long-term
health issues.

35. **List the effects of acid rain.**

**Answer**: Soil and water acidification, damage to forests, aquatic life mortality,
building corrosion, and respiratory issues in humans.

36. **Draw the biohazard label and model barcode.**

**Answer**:
- **Biohazard Label**: A symbol with three curved lines forming a circle, often red or
black, indicating biological hazards.
- **Model Barcode**: A series of parallel lines of varying widths, used for waste tracking.
(Note: Students should sketch these symbols as diagrams cannot be included in text.)

#### Part B (13 Marks)

1. **Explain the classification of pollutants.**

**Answer**: Pollutants are classified as:
- **Primary Pollutants**: Emitted directly (e.g., CO, SO₂).
- **Secondary Pollutants**: Formed by reactions (e.g., ozone, PAN).
- **Degradable**: Broken down naturally (e.g., organic waste).
- **Non-degradable**: Persist in the environment (e.g., plastics).
 - **Point Source**: Single source (e.g., factory pipe).
- **Non-point Source**: Diffuse sources (e.g., agricultural runoff).
- **By Medium**: Air (smoke), water (sewage), soil (pesticides), noise (traffic).

2. **Explain the sources, effects, and preventive measures of water pollution.**

**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Industrial effluents, sewage, agricultural runoff, oil spills.
- **Effects**: Contaminated drinking water, aquatic life mortality, ecosystem disruption,
diseases (e.g., cholera).
- **Preventive Measures**: Sewage treatment, industrial waste regulation, reducing
pesticide use, oil spill cleanup, public awareness.

3. **Explain the sources, effects, and preventive measures of soil pollution.**

**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Pesticides, industrial waste, plastics, improper waste disposal.
- **Effects**: Reduced soil fertility, crop toxicity, groundwater contamination.
- **Preventive Measures**: Organic farming, proper waste disposal, bioremediation,
afforestation.

4. **Explain the sources, effects, and preventive measures of air pollution.**

**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Vehicle emissions, industrial activities, burning fossil fuels, deforestation.
- **Effects**: Respiratory diseases, acid rain, smog, global warming.
- **Preventive Measures**: Emission standards, cleaner fuels, pollution control devices,
afforestation.

5. **Explain the sources, effects, and preventive measures of noise pollution.**

**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Traffic, industrial machinery, construction, loudspeakers.
- **Effects**: Hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbance, wildlife disruption.
- **Preventive Measures**: Noise barriers, soundproofing, regulating industrial noise,
public awareness.
6. **What are the advantages of OHASMS and its rules? And explain the aim of
OHASMS.**
**Answer**:
- **Advantages**: Reduces workplace accidents, improves employee health, enhances
productivity, ensures legal compliance.
- **Rules**: Risk assessment, safety training, emergency preparedness, regular audits.
- **Aim**: To create a safe and healthy workplace by identifying and mitigating
occupational hazards.

7. **Explain the success factors of OHASMS.**

**Answer**:
- Management commitment to safety.
- Employee participation and training.
- Regular risk assessments and audits.
- Clear safety policies and procedures.
- Continuous improvement and monitoring.

8. **Explain the environmental protection acts.**

**Answer**: Key acts in India include:
- **The Environment Protection Act, 1986**: Regulates environmental pollution and
hazardous substances.
- **The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974**: Controls water pollution.
- **The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981**: Regulates air pollution.
- **The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972**: Protects wildlife and habitats.
These acts enforce standards, penalties, and conservation measures.

9. **Explain the water quality parameters and their importance.**

**Answer**:
- **Parameters**: pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
turbidity, heavy metals, nitrates.
 - **Importance**: Indicates water safety for drinking, aquatic life, and agriculture; helps
monitor pollution levels and guide treatment processes.

10. **Demonstrate the various classes of water pollution and enumerate in detail about the
following: i) Domestic waste, ii) Storm water, iii) Industrial waste.**
**Answer**:
- **Classes**: Organic (sewage), inorganic (heavy metals), thermal, radioactive.
- **Domestic Waste**: Sewage, food waste, detergents from households. Causes
eutrophication and disease spread.
- **Storm Water**: Runoff carrying pollutants like oil, pesticides, and debris. Causes
sedimentation and water contamination.
- **Industrial Waste**: Chemicals, heavy metals, and effluents from industries. Toxic to
aquatic life and humans.

11. **Identify the sources of the following air pollutants and their effects on human health:
Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxide, Sulphur oxide, and particulate matter.**
**Answer**:
- **Carbon Monoxide (CO)**: **Source**: Vehicle exhausts, incomplete combustion.
**Effect**: Reduces oxygen in blood, causing headaches, dizziness, or death.
- **Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)**: **Source**: Vehicles, power plants. **Effect**:
Respiratory issues, smog formation.
- **Sulphur Oxide (SOx)**: **Source**: Industrial emissions, coal burning. **Effect**:
Acid rain, respiratory problems.
- **Particulate Matter (PM)**: **Source**: Dust, smoke, industries. **Effect**: Lung
diseases, cardiovascular issues.

12. **Write an elaborate note on chemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.**
**Answer**:
- **Chemical Reactions**: Pollutants like NOx and SOx react with water vapor to form
acids, causing acid rain.
- **Photochemical Reactions**: Sunlight triggers reactions between NOx and VOCs,
forming ozone and PAN, leading to photochemical smog. These reactions degrade air quality
and harm health and ecosystems.

13. **What are the effects of heavy metals in aquatic environment?**

 **Answer**: Heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury) cause toxicity in aquatic organisms,
bioaccumulation in food chains, reduced reproduction, and ecosystem disruption. They also
contaminate drinking water, posing health risks.

14. **What is a particulate matter, how is it controlled by using equipment?**

**Answer**: Particulate matter (PM) is tiny particles in the air (e.g., PM10, PM2.5) from
dust, smoke, or emissions. **Control Equipment**: Electrostatic precipitators, bag filters,
cyclone separators, and scrubbers capture PM before release.

15. **Explain photochemical reactions taking place in the atmosphere.**

**Answer**: Photochemical reactions involve sunlight breaking down pollutants like NOx
and VOCs to form secondary pollutants like ozone and PAN. These reactions create
photochemical smog, affecting air quality and health.

16. **Endless the rules of management and handling biomedical waste and analysis critically
the problems associated with implantations.**
**Answer**:
- **Rules**: Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 1998, mandate segregation, color-
coded bins, treatment (incineration, autoclaving), and safe disposal.
- **Problems**: Poor segregation, lack of awareness, inadequate facilities, illegal
dumping.
- **Solutions**: Training, stricter enforcement, and advanced treatment technologies.

#### Part C (15 Marks)

1. **Explain the sources, effects, and preventive measures of solid waste management.**
**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Household waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, construction debris.
- **Effects**: Land pollution, health hazards, greenhouse gas emissions.
- **Preventive Measures**: Reduce, reuse, recycle, composting, incineration, and proper
landfill management.

2. **Explain the sources, effects, and preventive measures of hazardous waste

management.**
 **Answer**:
- **Sources**: Industries, hospitals, chemical plants.
- **Effects**: Soil and water contamination, health risks (cancer, toxicity).
- **Preventive Measures**: Secure storage, treatment (incineration, neutralization), strict
regulations, and recycling.

3. **Explain the sources, effects, and preventive measures of E-waste management.**

**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Discarded electronics (computers, phones).
- **Effects**: Toxic leaching (lead, mercury), environmental pollution.
- **Preventive Measures**: Recycling, extended producer responsibility, refurbishing, and
awareness campaigns.

4. **Explain the environmental protection in detail.**

**Answer**: Environmental protection involves policies, laws, and actions to preserve
ecosystems, reduce pollution, and promote sustainability. Key measures include:
- Enforcing acts like the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
- Promoting renewable energy and waste management.
- Conservation of biodiversity through protected areas.
- Public awareness and international cooperation (e.g., Paris Agreement).

5. **Explain in detail about the various process of Biomedical Waste Management and
handling rules 1998.**
**Answer**:
- **Processes**: Segregation (color-coded bins), collection, transportation, treatment
(incineration, autoclaving), and disposal.
- **Rules 1998**: Mandate proper handling, treatment, and disposal of biomedical waste to
prevent health and environmental risks.
- **Key Features**: Categorization of waste, training for handlers, and monitoring by
authorities.

6. **Explain the roles of individuals in prevention of pollution.**

**Answer**:
 - Reduce waste generation (e.g., using reusable bags).
- Recycle and segregate waste.
- Use energy-efficient appliances and public transport.
- Plant trees and support conservation efforts.
- Raise awareness about pollution control.

7. **What are ozones? Explain their functions and depletion mechanism.**

**Answer**:
- **Ozone**: A gas (O₃) in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful UV rays, protecting life.
- **Functions**: Shields Earth from UV radiation, regulates climate.
- **Depletion Mechanism**: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) release chlorine, which breaks
down ozone molecules, thinning the ozone layer, especially over Antarctica.

### Unit III: Renewable Sources of Energy

#### Part A (2 Marks)

1. **What are the types of natural resources?**

**Answer**:
- Renewable: Solar, wind, water, biomass.
- Non-renewable: Coal, oil, natural gas, minerals.

2. **Define energy conservation.**

**Answer**: Energy conservation is the practice of reducing energy consumption through
efficient use and technologies to minimize waste and environmental impact.

3. **What is energy crisis?**

**Answer**: An energy crisis is a shortage of energy resources due to high demand,
depletion of non-renewable sources, or supply disruptions, leading to economic and
environmental challenges.

4. **List the different sources of energy.**

 **Answer**: Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal, biomass, nuclear, coal, oil, natural gas.

5. **What is energy management?**

**Answer**: Energy management involves planning and controlling energy use to
optimize efficiency, reduce costs, and minimize environmental impact.

6. **Name some of the reasons behind energy crisis?**

**Answer**: Overpopulation, over-reliance on non-renewable sources, inefficient energy
use, geopolitical conflicts, and climate change impacts.

7. **Differentiate renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.**

**Answer**:
- **Renewable**: Naturally replenished, e.g., solar, wind; sustainable and eco-friendly.
- **Non-renewable**: Finite, e.g., coal, oil; cause pollution and depletion.

8. **What is the role of an individual in conservation of natural resources?**

**Answer**: Use energy-efficient appliances, reduce waste, recycle, plant trees, and
support sustainable practices.

9. **Write any two objectives for replacing non-conventional energy resources from
conventional energy resources.**
**Answer**:
- Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Ensure long-term energy security by using sustainable sources.

10. **Name some of the tidal power plants in India?**

**Answer**: Proposed tidal power plants include Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Cambay, and
Sundarbans.

11. **What are the needs of new energy sources?**

**Answer**: To meet rising energy demand, reduce pollution, combat climate change, and
replace depleting fossil fuels.
12. **What are the applications of hydrogen energy?**
**Answer**: Fuel for vehicles, power generation, industrial processes, and energy storage.

13. **List the merits and demerits of OTEC.**

**Answer**:
- **Merits**: Renewable, clean energy; constant power generation.
- **Demerits**: High installation costs, environmental impact on marine ecosystems.

14. **List the potential OTEC plants in India.**

**Answer**: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, and Tamil Nadu coast.

15. **What is tidal energy conversion?**

**Answer**: Tidal energy conversion is the process of generating electricity from the
movement of tides using tidal barrages, turbines, or tidal stream generators.

16. **List the potential geothermal energy in India.**

**Answer**: Puga Valley (Ladakh), Tattapani (Chhattisgarh), Manikaran (Himachal
Pradesh).

17. **What is energy resources?**

**Answer**: Energy resources are natural sources used to generate energy, including
renewable (solar, wind) and non-renewable (coal, oil) sources.

18. **What is electrolysis of water?**

**Answer**: Electrolysis of water is the process of splitting water into hydrogen and
oxygen using electricity, used to produce hydrogen as a clean fuel.

19. **What is thermochemical method?**

**Answer**: The thermochemical method uses heat and chemical reactions to produce
hydrogen from water or biomass, often at high temperatures.
20. **What is biophotolysis?**
**Answer**: Biophotolysis is the production of hydrogen using photosynthetic
microorganisms (e.g., algae) that split water into hydrogen and oxygen under sunlight.

21. **What are the impacts due to construction of OTEC plant?**

**Answer**: Marine ecosystem disruption, water temperature changes, high costs, and
potential chemical leaks.

#### Part B (13 Marks)

1. **Explain production of hydrogen.**

**Answer**: Hydrogen is produced via:
- **Electrolysis**: Splitting water using electricity.
- **Steam Reforming**: Extracting hydrogen from natural gas.
- **Thermochemical**: Using heat to split water or biomass.
- **Biophotolysis**: Using algae or bacteria under sunlight.
These methods aim to produce clean hydrogen for energy applications.

2. **Explain hydrogen-powered vehicles and storage.**

**Answer**:
- **Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles**: Use fuel cells to convert hydrogen into electricity,
powering electric motors; emit only water.
- **Storage**: Stored as compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, or in metal hydrides; challenges
include high costs and safety concerns.

3. **Explain ocean energy resources.**

**Answer**: Ocean energy includes:
- **Tidal Energy**: Generated from tidal movements using barrages or turbines.
- **Wave Energy**: Captured from wave motion using wave energy converters.
- **Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)**: Uses temperature differences between
surface and deep water to generate electricity.
4. **Explain the classification of tidal plant.**
**Answer**:
- **Single Basin, Single-Effect**: Generates power during one tidal phase (flood or ebb).
- **Single Basin, Double-Effect**: Generates power during both flood and ebb tides.
- **Double Basin**: Uses two basins for continuous power generation.

5. **i) List the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy. ii) List the
environmental problems from geothermal energy.**
**Answer**:
- **Advantages**: Renewable, low emissions, reliable power supply.
- **Disadvantages**: High initial costs, location-specific, risk of seismic activity.
- **Environmental Problems**: Land disturbance, greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., CO₂,
methane), water contamination.

6. **Explain tidal energy conversion.**

**Answer**: Tidal energy conversion harnesses the kinetic and potential energy of tides
using:
- **Tidal Barrages**: Dams that trap water and release it through turbines.
- **Tidal Stream Generators**: Underwater turbines driven by tidal currents.
- **Tidal Lagoons**: Enclosed basins generating power during tidal cycles.
It is renewable but requires high investment and may impact marine ecosystems.

#### Part C (15 Marks)

1. **Explain the concept, origin of geothermal energy.**

**Answer**:
- **Concept**: Geothermal energy uses heat from the Earth’s interior to generate
electricity or provide heating.
- **Origin**: Derived from radioactive decay in the Earth’s core and residual heat from
planetary formation.
- **Power Plants**: Dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants convert geothermal
heat into electricity.
2. **What are the components of the tidal power plant and explain in detail? How are they
classified?**
**Answer**:
- **Components**: Barrage/dam, turbines, sluice gates, power house, transmission lines.
- **Explanation**: The barrage traps tidal water, which flows through turbines to generate
electricity. Sluice gates control water flow.
- **Classification**: Single basin (single/double-effect), double basin.

3. **Explain in detail OTEC and environmental impacts of OTEC plant.**

**Answer**:
- **OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)**: Uses temperature differences between
warm surface water and cold deep water to drive a heat engine, generating electricity.
- **Environmental Impacts**: Marine ecosystem disruption, chemical leaks, thermal
pollution, and high construction costs.

4. **Explain the thermochemical method and biophotolysis of hydrogen production.**

**Answer**:
- **Thermochemical Method**: Uses high-temperature chemical reactions to produce
hydrogen from water or biomass.
- **Biophotolysis**: Uses photosynthetic microorganisms (e.g., algae) to split water into
hydrogen and oxygen under sunlight.
Both are sustainable but require technological advancements for scalability.

5. **What is the need for energy? Explain the types of new energy resources.**
**Answer**:
- **Need**: To meet growing demand, reduce fossil fuel dependence, and combat climate
change.
- **Types**: Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal, wave, hydrogen, and biomass.

### Unit IV: Sustainability and Management

#### Part A (2 Marks)

1. **Define sustainable development.**
**Answer**: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

2. **What are the challenges of environmental sustainability?**

**Answer**: Population growth, resource depletion, pollution, climate change, and lack of
awareness.

3. **What is the concept of sustainable development?**

**Answer**: It integrates economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-
being to ensure long-term resource availability and quality of life.

4. **What are the goals of sustainable development?**

**Answer**: The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include no poverty, zero
hunger, clean water, affordable energy, and climate action.

5. **What are the necessity of sustainable development?**

**Answer**: To preserve resources, reduce pollution, ensure equity, and combat climate
change for future generations.

6. **What is green GDP?**

**Answer**: Green GDP adjusts traditional GDP by accounting for environmental costs
(e.g., pollution, resource depletion) to reflect sustainable economic growth.

7. **Write four pillars of sustainability.**

**Answer**: Environmental, economic, social, and cultural sustainability.

8. **What is social sustainability?**

**Answer**: Social sustainability focuses on improving quality of life, ensuring equity,
and promoting social cohesion and justice.

9. **Differences between sustainable and unsustainable development.**

 **Answer**:
- **Sustainable**: Balances economic, social, and environmental needs; renewable
resource use.
- **Unsustainable**: Depletes resources, causes pollution, and prioritizes short-term gains.

10. **What are the 8 millennium development goals?**

**Answer**: Eradicate poverty and hunger, universal education, gender equality, reduce
child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, environmental sustainability,
global partnership.

11. **Define climate change.**

**Answer**: Climate change is the long-term alteration in weather patterns due to human
activities (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions) and natural factors, causing global warming and
extreme weather.

12. **List the effects of carbon credit.**

**Answer**: Reduces greenhouse gas emissions, promotes clean technologies, supports
sustainable projects, and incentivizes pollution control.

13. **List the examples of environmental management in industry.**

**Answer**: Waste recycling, energy-efficient processes, pollution control devices, and
ISO 14001 compliance.

14. **What is social sustainability?**

**Answer**: Social sustainability ensures equitable access to resources, education,
healthcare, and opportunities while fostering community well-being.

15. **What are the economy sustainability and environmental sustainability?**

**Answer**:
- **Economic Sustainability**: Promotes long-term economic growth without depleting
resources.
- **Environmental Sustainability**: Protects ecosystems and reduces pollution for future
generations.
16. **What is human sustainability?**
**Answer**: Human sustainability focuses on improving human well-being through
health, education, and equitable opportunities while preserving resources.

17. **List the examples of sustainability.**

**Answer**: Renewable energy use, waste recycling, green buildings, sustainable
agriculture.

18. **What is climate change?**

**Answer**: Climate change is the long-term shift in weather patterns due to human
activities like burning fossil fuels, leading to global warming and extreme weather events.

19. **What is climate intervention?**

**Answer**: Climate intervention involves deliberate actions (e.g., carbon capture,
geoengineering) to mitigate climate change impacts.

20. **What are the examples of climate action?**

**Answer**: Reforestation, renewable energy adoption, carbon pricing, and energy
efficiency programs.

21. **List the greenhouse gases contributed to climate change?**

**Answer**: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O),
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

22. **What is global warming?**

**Answer**: Global warming is the increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to
greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels.

23. **What is ozone layer depletion?**

**Answer**: Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the stratospheric ozone layer due to
chemicals like CFCs, increasing UV radiation reaching Earth.

24. **What are indirect impacts?**

 **Answer**: Indirect impacts are secondary effects of environmental changes, e.g.,
economic losses from climate-induced crop failures or health issues from pollution.

25. **List the potential effects on health due to sea level rise?**
**Answer**: Waterborne diseases, displacement, mental health issues, and malnutrition
due to loss of agricultural land.

26. **What is energy efficiency in steel rolling mills?**

**Answer**: Energy efficiency in steel rolling mills involves using technologies like heat
recovery systems and efficient motors to reduce energy consumption.

27. **What is waste to energy?**

**Answer**: Waste-to-energy is the process of generating energy (electricity or heat) from
waste through incineration, gasification, or anaerobic digestion.

28. **What is rooftop solar PV?**

**Answer**: Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into electricity
using solar panels installed on building rooftops.

29. **What is carbon footprint?**

**Answer**: Carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an
individual, organization, or activity, measured in CO₂ equivalents.

30. **List the options to reduce carbon footprint.**

**Answer**: Use renewable energy, improve energy efficiency, reduce waste, use public
transport, plant trees.

#### Part B (13 Marks)

1. **Explain the history of sustainable development.**

**Answer**:
- **1972**: UN Stockholm Conference introduced environmental concerns.
- **1987**: Brundtland Report defined sustainable development.
 - **1992**: Rio Earth Summit launched Agenda 21.
- **2000**: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set sustainability targets.
- **2015**: UN adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

2. **Differences between sustainable and unsustainable development.**

**Answer**:
- **Sustainable**: Balances economic, social, and environmental needs; uses renewable
resources.
- **Unsustainable**: Exploits resources, causes pollution, and prioritizes short-term gains.

3. **Explain 8 millennium development goals.**

**Answer**:
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
- Achieve universal primary education.
- Promote gender equality and empower women.
- Reduce child mortality.
- Improve maternal health.
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
- Ensure environmental sustainability.
- Develop a global partnership for development.

4. **Explain the targets, indicators, and intervention areas in climate change.**

**Answer**:
- **Targets**: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, limit global warming to 1.5°C.
- **Indicators**: CO₂ levels, renewable energy adoption, forest cover.
- **Intervention Areas**: Renewable energy, reforestation, carbon pricing, and climate
adaptation measures.

5. **Explain climate change in India.**

**Answer**: India faces rising temperatures, erratic monsoons, and extreme weather.
Impacts include agricultural losses, water scarcity, and coastal flooding. Mitigation includes
renewable energy expansion and afforestation.
6. **Explain global warming in detail.**
**Answer**: Global warming is the rise in Earth’s temperature due to greenhouse gases
like CO₂ and CH₄ trapping heat. Causes include fossil fuel burning, deforestation, and
industrial activities. Effects include melting glaciers, sea level rise, and extreme weather.
Mitigation involves renewable energy and emission reductions.

7. **Explain climate change case study in India.**

**Answer**: **Case Study**: Himalayan Glacier Melting. Rapid glacier retreat due to
warming affects water supply for rivers like Ganges. Solutions include watershed
management, renewable energy, and climate adaptation policies.

8. **Explain the various sources and impacts on climate change.**

**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Fossil fuel burning, deforestation, agriculture, industrial emissions.
- **Impacts**: Rising temperatures, extreme weather, sea level rise, biodiversity loss, and
health risks.

9. **How to control climate change with regional and local environmental issues?**
**Answer**: Use renewable energy, promote afforestation, enforce emission regulations,
improve waste management, and raise local awareness.

10. **What are effects of carbon credit and carbon footprint?**

**Answer**:
- **Carbon Credit**: Incentivizes emission reductions, funds clean projects, and promotes
sustainability.
- **Carbon Footprint**: Measures emissions to identify reduction areas; high footprints
contribute to global warming.

11. **Explain the four pillars of sustainability in detail.**

**Answer**:
- **Environmental**: Protects ecosystems and reduces pollution.
- **Economic**: Ensures long-term economic growth without resource depletion.
- **Social**: Promotes equity, education, and health.
 - **Cultural**: Preserves cultural heritage and diversity.

#### Part C (15 Marks)

1. **Explain clean development mechanism.**

**Answer**: The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), under the Kyoto Protocol,
allows developed countries to fund emission reduction projects in developing countries,
earning carbon credits. It promotes sustainable development and reduces global emissions.

2. **Explain top options for reducing carbon footprint.**

**Answer**: Use renewable energy, improve energy efficiency, reduce waste, adopt
sustainable transport, and plant trees.

3. **Explain any three case studies in environmental management in industry.**

**Answer**:
- **Tata Steel**: Implemented energy-efficient technologies and waste recycling.
- **ITC**: Adopted green building practices and renewable energy.
- **Infosys**: Achieved carbon neutrality through energy efficiency and solar power.

4. **Explain the challenges and goals of environmental sustainability.**

**Answer**:
- **Challenges**: Population growth, resource depletion, pollution, climate change.
- **Goals**: Preserve ecosystems, reduce emissions, ensure resource availability, and
promote equity.

5. **Explain the concept of sustainable development with neat sketch.**

**Answer**: Sustainable development balances economic growth, environmental
protection, and social well-being.
(Note: Sketch a Venn diagram with three overlapping circles labeled Economic,
Environmental, and Social.)

### Unit V: Sustainability Practices

#### Part A (2 Marks)

1. **What is zero waste?**

**Answer**: Zero waste is a philosophy aiming to minimize waste generation through
reducing, reusing, and recycling, ensuring no waste goes to landfills.

2. **List the zero waste in home.**

**Answer**: Composting food scraps, using reusable bags, recycling plastics, and reducing
single-use items.

3. **What are the steps in zero waste?**

**Answer**: Refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, rot (compost).

4. **List the examples of zero waste management in India.**

**Answer**: Alappuzha (Kerala) composting, Pune’s waste segregation, and Indore’s
waste-to-energy projects.

5. **What are the 3R’s of Environment?**

**Answer**: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

6. **Define recycle and reuse.**

**Answer**:
- **Recycle**: Converting waste into new products (e.g., plastic into fibers).
- **Reuse**: Using items multiple times (e.g., glass bottles).

7. **What is reduce and rethink?**

**Answer**:
- **Reduce**: Minimizing resource use and waste generation.
- **Rethink**: Reassessing consumption patterns to prioritize sustainability.
8. **What is circular economy?**
**Answer**: A circular economy is an economic system that minimizes waste by reusing,
recycling, and regenerating resources, unlike the linear “take-make-dispose” model.

9. **What are the benefits of circular economy?**

**Answer**: Reduced waste, resource conservation, cost savings, and lower environmental
impact.

10. **List the examples of circular economy development projects.**

**Answer**: Plastic recycling plants, e-waste refurbishing, and organic waste composting
projects.

11. **Define EMS.**

**Answer**: EMS (Environmental Management System) is a framework to manage
environmental impacts, ensuring compliance and sustainability (e.g., ISO 14001).

12. **What are the importance of EMS?**

**Answer**: Reduces environmental impact, ensures regulatory compliance, improves
efficiency, and enhances corporate reputation.

13. **List ISO 14000 series.**

**Answer**: ISO 14001 (EMS requirements), ISO 14004 (guidelines), ISO 14040 (life
cycle assessment), ISO 14064 (greenhouse gas accounting).

14. **What are the steps in life cycle assessment?**

**Answer**: Goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment,
interpretation.

15. **What are the performance of LCA?**

**Answer**: Evaluates environmental impacts of a product from raw material extraction
to disposal, aiding sustainable decision-making.

16. **What are the types of LCA?**

 **Answer**: Cradle-to-grave, cradle-to-gate, gate-to-gate, cradle-to-cradle.

17. **What is LCA software?**

**Answer**: LCA software (e.g., SimaPro, GaBi) analyzes environmental impacts of
products or processes across their life cycle.

18. **Define EIA.**

**Answer**: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) evaluates the environmental
consequences of a proposed project before implementation.

19. **What are the stakeholders in EIA process?**

**Answer**: Project developers, government authorities, local communities, NGOs, and
environmental experts.

20. **What are the salient features of 2006 amendments to EIA?**

**Answer**: Decentralized approval process, mandatory public hearings, and stricter
environmental clearance norms.

21. **What are the importance of EIA?**

**Answer**: Identifies environmental risks, ensures sustainable development, involves
public participation, and aids decision-making.

22. **What is public hearing?**

**Answer**: A public hearing is a consultation process in EIA where stakeholders voice
concerns about a proposed project’s environmental impact.

23. **What is EIA authority?**

**Answer**: The EIA authority (e.g., MoEFCC in India) is a regulatory body responsible
for reviewing and approving environmental clearances.

24. **What is sustainable habitat?**

**Answer**: A sustainable habitat is a living environment designed to minimize
environmental impact through energy efficiency, green materials, and sustainable practices.
25. **What are the maintenance of sustainable habitat?**
**Answer**: Regular energy audits, waste management, water conservation, and use of
renewable energy.

26. **What are the types of sustainable habitat?**

**Answer**: Green buildings, eco-villages, and sustainable urban communities.

27. **What is NZEB?**

**Answer**: NZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) is a building that produces as much
energy as it consumes, typically through renewable sources.

28. **What is green building?**

**Answer**: A green building is designed to reduce environmental impact through energy
efficiency, sustainable materials, and water conservation.

29. **What is LEED in green building?**

**Answer**: LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a certification
system for green buildings based on energy efficiency, water use, and sustainability.

30. **What are the benefits of green building?**

**Answer**: Energy and water savings, reduced emissions, improved indoor air quality,
and lower operating costs.

31. **List top ten green buildings in India.**

**Answer**:
- ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon.
- Suzlon One Earth, Pune.
- Infosys Hyderabad.
- CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad.
- Wipro Gurgaon.
- Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Delhi.
 - DLF Atria, Chennai.
- Olympia Tech Park, Chennai.
- Spectral Building, Noida.
- Patni Knowledge Centre, Noida.

32. **What are the components of green building?**

**Answer**: Energy-efficient systems, sustainable materials, water conservation systems,
waste management, and indoor air quality management.

33. **What are green materials?**

**Answer**: Green materials are eco-friendly materials with low environmental impact,
e.g., bamboo, recycled steel, and low-VOC paints.

34. **What are selection criteria for green materials?**

**Answer**: Low environmental impact, recyclability, energy efficiency, durability, and
locally sourced.

35. **What are the benefits of sustainable transport?**

**Answer**: Reduced emissions, lower fuel costs, improved air quality, and enhanced
public health.

36. **What is sustainable energy?**

**Answer**: Sustainable energy is derived from renewable sources like solar, wind, and
hydro, with minimal environmental impact.

37. **What are the sources of sustainable development?**

**Answer**: Renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, waste management, and green
technologies.

38. **What is conventional sources of energy?**

**Answer**: Conventional energy sources are non-renewable, e.g., coal, oil, natural gas,
and nuclear energy.
39. **What is non-conventional sources of energy?**
**Answer**: Non-conventional energy sources are renewable, e.g., solar, wind, tidal,
geothermal, and biomass.

40. **What are the types of non-conventional sources of energy?**

**Answer**: Solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, biomass, and hydrogen.

41. **What is solar energy?**

**Answer**: Solar energy is energy from sunlight converted into electricity or heat using
solar panels or collectors.

42. **What is wind energy?**

**Answer**: Wind energy is electricity generated by wind turbines harnessing wind
motion.

43. **What is biomass energy?**

**Answer**: Biomass energy is derived from organic materials like wood, crop residues,
or waste through combustion or biogas production.

44. **What is tidal energy?**

**Answer**: Tidal energy is electricity generated from the movement of tides using
turbines or barrages.

45. **What is geothermal energy?**

**Answer**: Geothermal energy is heat from the Earth’s interior used for electricity
generation or heating.

46. **What are the sources of energy?**

**Answer**: Renewable (solar, wind, hydro) and non-renewable (coal, oil, nuclear).

47. **What is hydro energy?**

**Answer**: Hydro energy is electricity generated from the movement of water in rivers
or dams using turbines.
48. **What is DAC?**
**Answer**: DAC (Direct Air Capture) is a technology that captures CO₂ directly from
the atmosphere for storage or utilization.

49. **What are carbon sources and carbon sinks?**

**Answer**:
- **Carbon Sources**: Release CO₂ (e.g., factories, vehicles).
- **Carbon Sinks**: Absorb CO₂ (e.g., forests, oceans).

50. **What is EPA?**

**Answer**: EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is a regulatory body (e.g., in the
USA) that enforces environmental laws and standards.

51. **What are the benefits in green engineering?**

**Answer**: Reduced environmental impact, resource efficiency, cost savings, and
innovation in sustainable technologies.

52. **List examples in green engineering?**

**Answer**: Solar panels, wind turbines, green buildings, and electric vehicles.

53. **What are the elements in sustainable urbanization?**

**Answer**: Green infrastructure, public transport, energy-efficient buildings, and waste
management systems.

54. **What is sustainable urbanization?**

**Answer**: Sustainable urbanization is the development of cities that balance economic
growth, environmental protection, and social well-being.

55. **Define cradle to cradle.**

**Answer**: Cradle to cradle is a design philosophy where products are created to be
reused or recycled, eliminating waste.
56. **Define carbon credit.**
**Answer**: Carbon credit is a permit representing one ton of CO₂ emissions reduced,
traded to incentivize emission reductions.

57. **List environmental management in industry.**

**Answer**: Waste recycling, energy efficiency, pollution control, and ISO 14001
compliance.

58. **What are the types of energy?**

**Answer**: Renewable (solar, wind) and non-renewable (coal, oil).

59. **Define energy cycle.**

**Answer**: An energy cycle is the flow of energy through ecosystems or systems, e.g.,
carbon cycle, where energy is transferred via photosynthesis and respiration.

#### Part B (13 Marks)

1. **List the elements of circular economy and explain in detail of circular economy
principles.**
**Answer**:
- **Elements**: Reuse, recycling, regeneration, and resource efficiency.
- **Principles**: Design out waste, keep products in use, regenerate natural systems.

2. **Explain material life cycle assessment.**

**Answer**: Material Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact
of a material from extraction to disposal, including production, use, and recycling.

3. **Explain LCA methodology and versus other approaches.**

**Answer**:
- **LCA Methodology**: Goal definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment,
interpretation.
 - **Versus Other Approaches**: LCA is comprehensive, unlike single-factor analyses
(e.g., carbon footprint), which focus only on emissions.

4. **Explain EIA.**
**Answer**: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) evaluates the environmental effects
of a proposed project, ensuring sustainable development through stakeholder consultation and
mitigation measures.

5. **Explain history of EIA in India.**

**Answer**:
- **1978**: EIA introduced under the Environment Protection Act.
- **1994**: EIA made mandatory for certain projects.
- **2006**: Amendments decentralized the process and added public hearings.

6. **Explain EIA process.**

**Answer**: Screening, scoping, impact assessment, mitigation planning, public
consultation, decision-making, and monitoring.

7. **Explain green building in detail.**

**Answer**: Green buildings minimize environmental impact through energy efficiency,
sustainable materials, water conservation, and waste management. Features include solar
panels, green roofs, and low-VOC materials.

8. **Explain in detail about the benefits of green building.**

**Answer**: Reduced energy and water use, lower emissions, improved indoor air quality,
and cost savings over time.

9. **i) Differentiate between green and sustainable. ii) Differentiate between energy
efficiency and environmental sustainability. iii) Differentiate between renewable energy and
sustainable energy.**
**Answer**:
- **Green vs. Sustainable**: Green focuses on environmental impact; sustainable includes
economic and social aspects.
 - **Energy Efficiency vs. Environmental Sustainability**: Energy efficiency reduces
energy use; environmental sustainability encompasses broader ecological protection.
- **Renewable vs. Sustainable Energy**: Renewable energy is from replenishable sources;
sustainable energy ensures long-term environmental and social benefits.

10. **Explain energy efficient benefits.**

**Answer**: Lower energy costs, reduced emissions, extended resource availability, and
improved system performance.

11. **Explain sustainable transport.**

**Answer**: Sustainable transport minimizes environmental impact through public transit,
electric vehicles, cycling, and efficient urban planning.

12. **Explain non-conventional resources.**

**Answer**: Non-conventional resources include renewable sources like solar, wind,
tidal, geothermal, and biomass, which are sustainable and eco-friendly.

13. **Explain energy cycle.**

**Answer**: The energy cycle is the flow of energy through ecosystems or systems, e.g.,
the carbon cycle involves photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.

14. **What is carbon sequestration? Explain in detail.**

**Answer**: Carbon sequestration is the capture and storage of CO₂ to mitigate climate
change. Types include geological (underground storage), biological (forests, soils), and
technological (direct air capture).

15. **Explain the principles of green engineering.**

**Answer**: Minimize waste, use renewable resources, design for recyclability, and
prioritize energy efficiency.

16. **Explain R concept in detail.**

**Answer**: The R concept includes Reduce (minimize resource use), Reuse (use items
multiple times), Recycle (convert waste into new products), Recover (extract energy), and
Rot (compost organic waste).
17. **Explain the importance of EIA with neat diagram.**
**Answer**: EIA ensures sustainable development by assessing environmental impacts.
(Note: Sketch a flowchart showing screening, scoping, assessment, mitigation, and
monitoring.)

#### Part C (15 Marks)

1. **Explain non-conventional sources of energy?**

**Answer**: Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, and
biomass, which are renewable and eco-friendly.

2. **Differentiate between conventional sources of energy and non-conventional sources of

energy.**
**Answer**:
- **Conventional**: Non-renewable (coal, oil); high emissions, finite.
- **Non-conventional**: Renewable (solar, wind); low emissions, sustainable.

3. **Explain carbon cycle and its importance in detail.**

**Answer**: The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon through the atmosphere,
biosphere, and geosphere via photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.
**Importance**: Regulates climate, supports life, and maintains ecological balance.

4. **Explain the types of carbon sequestration.**

**Answer**: Geological (CO₂ storage in rock formations), biological (forests, soils), and
technological (direct air capture).

5. **Explain the developing tools in EPA.**

**Answer**: Tools include emission monitoring systems, pollution control technologies,
and environmental auditing software.

6. **Explain sustainable urbanization.**

 **Answer**: Sustainable urbanization involves developing cities with green infrastructure,
efficient transport, and eco-friendly buildings to ensure environmental and social
sustainability.

7. **Elaborate ISO 14000 series.**

**Answer**: ISO 14000 series includes standards like ISO 14001 (EMS requirements),
ISO 14004 (guidelines), and ISO 14040 (LCA), promoting environmental management.

8. **Explain the sources of green materials and examples of green materials.**

**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Renewable or recycled materials (e.g., bamboo, reclaimed wood).
- **Examples**: Bamboo, recycled steel, low-VOC paints, and fly ash bricks.

9. **Explain the effects on climate change.**

**Answer**: Rising temperatures, extreme weather, sea level rise, biodiversity loss, and
health risks.

---

## Document 2: GE3451-Environmental-Sciences-and-Sustainability-Nov-Dec-2023-
Question-Paper-Download.pdf

### Part A (2 Marks)

1. **What is ecological succession?**

**Answer**: Ecological succession is the gradual process of species replacement in an
ecosystem, leading to a stable climax community, e.g., bare rock turning into a forest.

2. **List out the effect of habitat loss on biodiversity.**

**Answer**: Species extinction, reduced genetic diversity, disrupted ecosystems, and loss
of ecosystem services like pollination.

3. **Mention the sources responsible for water pollution.**

 **Answer**: Sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, oil spills, and plastics.

4. **What is composting?**
**Answer**: Composting is the natural process of decomposing organic waste (e.g., food
scraps) into nutrient-rich soil.

5. **Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources.**

**Answer**:
- **Renewable**: Replenishable (e.g., solar, wind); eco-friendly.
- **Non-renewable**: Finite (e.g., coal, oil); cause pollution.

6. **What is a solar cell?**

**Answer**: A solar cell is a device that converts sunlight into electricity using the
photovoltaic effect.

7. **Define sustainable development.**

**Answer**: Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future
generations’ ability to meet theirs, balancing economic, environmental, and social factors.

8. **Enumerate the concept of carbon credit.**

**Answer**: Carbon credit is a tradable permit representing one ton of CO₂ emissions
reduced, incentivizing clean technologies and sustainability.

9. **What are the stages of a life cycle assessment (LCA)?**

**Answer**: Goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment,
interpretation.

10. **What are the benefits of environmental impact assessment?**

**Answer**: Identifies environmental risks, ensures sustainable development, involves
public participation, and aids decision-making.

### Part B (13 Marks)

11. **(a) Explain the structure and function of an ecosystem. Discuss the models of energy
flow in an ecosystem.**
**Answer**:
- **Structure**: Biotic components (producers, consumers, decomposers) and abiotic
components (sunlight, water, soil).
- **Function**: Energy flow, nutrient cycling, and ecological balance.
- **Models of Energy Flow**:
- **Single Channel Model**: Linear flow from producers to consumers.
- **Y-Shaped Model**: Separates grazing and detritus food chains.
- **Universal Model**: Energy flows through trophic levels with losses as heat.

11. **(b) What are hotspots of biodiversity? Which are the hotspots found in India? Discuss
their salient features.**
**Answer**:
- **Hotspots**: Regions with high biodiversity and significant threats (e.g., 1,500 endemic
plants, 70% habitat loss).
- **Hotspots in India**: Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland.
- **Salient Features**: High endemism, diverse ecosystems, threatened by deforestation
and urbanization.

12. **(a) What are the impacts of noise on human beings? Explain the various control
measures for noise pollution.**
**Answer**:
- **Impacts**: Hearing loss, stress, sleep disorders, reduced productivity.
- **Control Measures**: Noise barriers, soundproofing, regulating industrial noise, and
public awareness.

12. **(b) What are the major sources of soil pollution? How does soil pollution affect soil
productivity? What measures can be taken to control soil pollution?**
**Answer**:
- **Sources**: Pesticides, industrial waste, plastics, improper disposal.
- **Effects on Productivity**: Reduced fertility, toxic crops, disrupted nutrient cycling.
 - **Control Measures**: Organic farming, waste management, bioremediation,
afforestation.

13. **(a) How can electricity be produced from tides and waves? What is the potential of
these energy resources?**
**Answer**:
- **Tidal Energy**: Generated using barrages or turbines from tidal movements.
- **Wave Energy**: Captured using wave energy converters.
- **Potential**: High in coastal regions like India’s Gulf of Kutch; renewable and eco-
friendly but limited by high costs.

13. **(b) Compare the various types of energy with respect to its sustainability for Indian
conditions.**
**Answer**:
- **Solar**: Abundant, sustainable, but high initial costs.
- **Wind**: Viable in coastal areas, sustainable, but location-specific.
- **Hydro**: Reliable, but impacts ecosystems.
- **Coal**: Unsustainable, high emissions.
- **Geothermal**: Limited potential but eco-friendly.

14. **(a) What do you mean by sustainable development and how will you attain the
sustainability?**
**Answer**:
- **Definition**: Balances economic, environmental, and social needs for present and
future generations.
- **Attainment**: Use renewable energy, reduce waste, promote equity, and enforce
environmental regulations.

14. **(b) What is the concept of carbon credit and how it originated? How is carbon credit
calculated? How does buying carbon credits reduce pollution?**
**Answer**:
- **Concept**: Tradable permits for emission reductions.
- **Origin**: Kyoto Protocol (1997) to incentivize clean projects.
 - **Calculation**: Based on tons of CO₂ reduced, verified by audits.
- **Pollution Reduction**: Funds clean projects, offsetting emissions.

15. **(a) Enumerate and explain the various methods of carbon capture and sequestration.**
**Answer**:
- **Geological**: Storing CO₂ in underground rock formations.
- **Biological**: Using forests and soils to absorb CO₂.
- **Technological**: Direct air capture and chemical sequestration.

15. **(b) What is the importance of sustainable urbanization? Explain the components of
sustainable urban development.**
**Answer**:
- **Importance**: Reduces environmental impact, improves quality of life.
- **Components**: Green buildings, public transport, waste management, and renewable
energy.

### Part C (15 Marks)

16. **(a) How can you, as an individual, prevent environmental pollution? Why such an
effort at individual level is important?**
**Answer**:
- **Actions**: Reduce waste, recycle, use public transport, conserve energy, plant trees.
- **Importance**: Collective individual efforts reduce pollution, conserve resources, and
promote sustainability.

16. **(b) Identify and explain the present-day major threats to the biodiversity of India.
Explain the major in-situ strategies of conservation of biodiversity.**
**Answer**:
- **Threats**: Habitat loss, poaching, climate change, invasive species.
- **In-situ Strategies**: National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves (e.g.,
Sundarbans, Nilgiri).
---

## Document 3: GE3451-Environmental-Sciences-and-Sustainability-Apr-May-2023-
Question-Paper-Download.pdf

### Part A (2 Marks)

1. **Ascertain the need of public awareness on Environmental aspects.**

**Answer**: Public awareness educates people about pollution, conservation, and
sustainability, encouraging responsible actions to protect the environment.

2. **Highlight the issues happened in the society due to the poaching of wildlife.**
**Answer**: Species extinction, ecosystem imbalance, loss of tourism revenue, and ethical
concerns.

3. **Give a brief discussion on the consequences of the noise pollution.**

**Answer**: Hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbances, and negative impacts on wildlife
behavior.

4. **Give a brief description about the E-waste management.**

**Answer**: E-waste management involves recycling, refurbishing, and safe disposal of
electronic waste to prevent environmental and health hazards.

5. **Highlight about the possibilities of the new energy sources suitable for the
implementation.**
**Answer**: Solar, wind, tidal, and geothermal energy are sustainable, eco-friendly
options with high potential in India.

6. **Comment on the important applications of the hydrogen energy.**

**Answer**: Fuel for vehicles, power generation, industrial processes, and energy storage.

7. **State about the salient features of the sustainable development.**

 **Answer**: Balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity;
ensures resource availability for future generations.

8. **Give a brief description on the concept of carbon credit.**

**Answer**: Carbon credit is a permit for reducing one ton of CO₂, traded to fund clean
projects and reduce emissions.

9. **Mention about the material life cycle assessment.**

**Answer**: Material LCA evaluates the environmental impact of a material from
extraction to disposal, aiding sustainable choices.

10. **Give a specific note on the environmental impact assessment.**

**Answer**: EIA assesses the environmental consequences of projects, ensuring
sustainable development through mitigation and public consultation.

### Part B (13 Marks)

11. **(a) Elaborate in a systematic manner about the ecosystem and the respective energy
flow.**
**Answer**:
- **Ecosystem**: Comprises biotic (plants, animals) and abiotic (sunlight, water)
components interacting as a unit.
- **Energy Flow**: Unidirectional flow from producers (plants) to consumers and
decomposers, with energy loss as heat at each trophic level.

11. **(b) Elaborate in a systematic manner about the conservation of biodiversity based on
the In-situ and the Ex-situ approaches.**
**Answer**:
- **In-situ**: Conserves species in their natural habitats (e.g., national parks, sanctuaries).
- **Ex-situ**: Conserves species outside their habitats (e.g., zoos, seed banks).

12. **(a) Explain the causes, effects, and the suitable preventive measure of water and soil
pollutions.**
**Answer**:
 - **Water Pollution**:
- **Causes**: Sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff.
- **Effects**: Aquatic life mortality, health issues.
- **Preventive Measures**: Sewage treatment, waste regulation.
- **Soil Pollution**:
- **Causes**: Pesticides, industrial waste.
- **Effects**: Reduced fertility, toxic crops.
- **Preventive Measures**: Organic farming, bioremediation.

12. **(b) With a suitable case study, explain on the occupational health and safety
management system.**
**Answer**:
- **OHASMS**: Ensures workplace safety through risk assessment and training.
- **Case Study**: Tata Steel implemented OHASMS, reducing accidents through safety
protocols and audits.

13. **(a) Enumerate on the energy harnessing based on the ocean energy resources and tidal
energy conversion.**
**Answer**:
- **Ocean Energy**: Includes tidal, wave, and OTEC.
- **Tidal Energy Conversion**: Uses barrages or turbines to generate electricity from tidal
movements.

13. **(b) Enumerate in a suitable manner about the origin and power plants of geothermal
energy.**
**Answer**:
- **Origin**: Earth’s internal heat from radioactive decay.
- **Power Plants**: Dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants.

14. **(a) With a case study, elaborate on the achievement of sustainability from the
unsustainable level.**
**Answer**:
 - **Case Study**: Aravind Eye Hospital achieved sustainability by adopting solar energy
and waste management, reducing environmental impact.

14. **(b) With a case study, elaborate on the local environmental issues and the possible
solutions for them.**
**Answer**:
- **Case Study**: Yamuna River pollution. **Issues**: Sewage, industrial effluents.
**Solutions**: Sewage treatment plants, stricter regulations.

15. **(a) Explain on the practices suitable for the development towards socio-economical and
technological changes.**
**Answer**: Renewable energy adoption, green technologies, waste management, and
equitable policies promote socio-economic and technological